塔木素高放废物预选区断层泥石英表面扫描电镜特征及断层活动性分析

断层泥是断层活动信息的良好载体,通过解析断层泥信息,可以对其活动时代及运动方式进行更深入的研究。本文利用扫描电镜（SEM）对塔木素研究区的塔木素断裂（F2）和那仁哈拉断裂（F7）断层泥的溶蚀微形貌和应力痕迹微形貌进行观察和分析。结果表明：（1）F2断裂断层泥石英微形貌主要为Ⅰa类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类,F7断裂断层泥石英微形貌主要为为Ⅰa类、Ⅰc类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类;（2）F2和F7断裂溶蚀微形貌显示两条断裂均经历了多期次的活动过程,F2断裂活动时间主要在晚更新世、早更新世早期和上新世,活动最强烈时期在早更新世早期,F7断裂活动主要在晚更新世、早更新世、上新世,活动最强烈时期在晚更新世,F2和F7断裂全新世至今基本没有活动。预选区断裂构造晚第四纪的活动性影响着有利地段的最终确定,而研究区断裂活动时代的研究对研究区未来地震发生趋势及危险分析无疑有重要的现实意义。     

内蒙古塔木素高放废物地质处置库三维地质建模研究

内蒙古塔木素地区是我国高放废物粘土岩处置库选址的重点研究区域,三维地质模型可直观、立体的展示地下深部结构空间的分布形态,是一种有效的场址评价手段。为确保地质模型的可靠性,融合了已有的地质平面图、12条浅层地震剖面,对塔木素地区进行三维地质建模研究。依据塔木素地区三维地质模型刻画的粘土岩目标层位、断裂构造空间分布特征,结合我国高放废物地质处置库选址标准,在预选地段东南处圈定了一处高放废物地质处置库的优选区域。     

欧拉反褶积方法在内蒙古塔木素粘土岩预选区的应用

内蒙古塔木素地区是我国高放废物粘土岩处置库选址的重点研究区域,断裂是处置库选址的主要调查内容之一。为快速查明处置库预选区内深部断裂空间展布,依据区域航磁资料为基础,对塔木素预选区开展了欧拉反褶积反演研究,结合研究区地质资料对研究区断裂分布进行了解释,同时为处置库选址推荐提供了有效参考。     

玉树巴塘断裂晚第四纪滑动速率及其构造意义

玉树巴塘断裂是甘孜-玉树断裂带玉树段的一条主要的分支断裂, 沿线发育第四纪巴塘盆地、波洛滩和当涌滩。通过遥感影像解译、野外构造地貌填图、断层剖面分析以及断错地貌面的光释光和14C年代测定, 发现该断裂沿线河流阶地、洪积扇断错明显, 是一条以左旋走滑为主, 兼具逆冲分量的全新世活动断裂。该断裂最新活动时代为全新世晚期, 距今2.72 ka。晚更新世晚期以来的左旋滑动速率为2.3~3.7 mm/a, 垂直滑动速率为0.2~0.6 mm/a, 该断裂在甘孜-玉树断裂带玉树段起着变形分解作用, 吸收了玉树段内约1/3的走滑变形。研究结果可以解释甘孜-玉树断裂带内玉树断裂走滑速率偏小的构造现象, 并为评价甘孜-玉树断裂带玉树段的地震危险性提供基础资料。     

横岗—罗湖断裂特征及第四纪活动性

结合前人研究资料,在开展深圳市活断层探测一期工程的基础上,对横岗—罗湖断裂特征及第四纪活动性进行讨论。该断裂以深圳水库为界,大致可分成东北段和西南段,东北段是自北向南平行相间的三条断裂,西南段是数条略向南东凸出的弧形断裂。该断裂活动特征以逆冲为主,兼具反扭,部分地段为正断层。地质、地貌、地震以及断层物质测年等资料表明,晚第四纪以来,该断裂没有活动的迹象。     

西藏喀喇昆仑断裂东南段晚第四纪活动的地质地貌特征

为了分析西藏喀喇昆仑断裂东段段第四纪活动地质地貌特征,通过对该段进行遥感影像、野外地质地貌调查、断错地貌测量等方法和手段,获得了该断裂晚第四纪活动的地质地貌特征。在扎西岗北东河流阶地中发现断裂切割全新世的阶地堆积物。同时,对断裂不同的地段进行断错测量,获得了定量的断层数据,反映了断层活动的幅度及期次。研究结果表明,该断裂东南段晚第四纪以来右旋走滑量介于2～220 m,具有多期次活动特征,活动方式以右旋走滑为主,兼具正断分量。     

元谋断裂带砂脉及其与断裂活动的关系

依据元谋断裂带砂脉发育的层位、成份、形态、围岩变形特征、区域构造背景和古气候环境, 以及断裂带晚第四纪活动特征, 结合释光年代学测试结果, 讨论砂脉的成因机理及其与断裂带的关系。结果表明, 元谋断裂带地表或近地表发育的砂脉较多, 产状近直立, 延伸较长, 沿断裂中?北段构造面平行展布。综合分析砂脉形态、内部结构以及与围岩和断层的空间关系, 揭示砂脉的形成应是断裂带强烈运动或地震活动引起的断层带上、次级断裂面上以及构造面附近局部节理面砂土液化的结果, 或为伸展构造面裂隙充填物, 且可能为同一期地质事件所为, 形成时间约为7 kaBP。这些砂脉构造对断裂活动的时限具有重要指示意义, 是元谋断裂晚第四纪一次强烈活动的伴生产物。     

大凌河隐伏断裂活动性研究

以大凌河隐伏断裂为实例,根据断裂位于大凌河床底部的特点,通过对比河流（断裂）两侧的第四纪地层和阶地,对隐伏断裂的活动性进行研究。孢粉分析和＾１４Ｃ测年数据表明,大凌河大榆树堡－凌海市段一级阶地形成于晚现新世至全新世,二级阶地形成于晚更新世,三级阶地形成更新世大凌河三级阶地形成以来位于大凌河床底部的隐伏断裂没有过活动。晚更新世以来这一地区的地壳平均上升速率为０．２０～０．２８ｍｍ／ａ。     

利用遥感、重磁数据研究昌化-普陀断裂的空间展布特征

利用遥感影像数据研究昌化—普陀断裂的构造地貌特征,通过小波多尺度方法对布格重力数据进行有效分离,并基于重力、航磁数据分析其深部结构,结合历史地震及前人人工地震资料进一步探讨该断裂的活动性。重力小波细节图表明,该断裂南倾,切穿中上地壳到达下地壳,在下地壳该断裂仍与孝丰—三门湾断裂相切;航磁场揭示该断裂具有比较强烈的活动性,推测昌化—临安段断裂是右旋走滑断裂。综合重力、航磁及前人资料可知,该断裂是杭州地区一条南倾的深大构造断裂,切穿底部基岩至下地壳,控制和影响第四纪地层沉积,至今仍具备一定的活动性和破坏性。     

崆峒山区域新构造运动研究进展

崆峒山地处青藏高原东北缘与鄂尔多斯盆地西南边界的过渡区域,强烈的新构造活动控制了该区的地质地貌演化过程。区内整体呈现为断块差异抬升,夷平面及河流阶地发育,反映了新构造运动的间歇性、阶段性及不均匀性。文章对崆峒山地区新构造特征、层状地貌、地貌演化及动力学背景等方面研究成果进行了综述,针对新构造运动研究中所存在的问题,提出了今后研究的重点:三叠系和白垩系地层的不整合界线及其岩性差异;夷平面发育特征及其形成解体时代、河流阶地调查及其对比;区域性断裂构造新活动性及其对地貌演化的影响。以真实全面还原崆峒山的构造地貌演化过程。     

Paragenesia of Quaternary pediments and river terraces on the north piedmont of Wutai Mountains

A study has been made of the paragenetic relations of the pediments and river terraces on the northern piedmont of Wutai Mountains via geomorphologic mapping of 1:10000 scale, and an analysis on the role of tectonic, climatic, and drainage factors in the parageneses. The Quaternary pediments and river terraces on the north piedmont of Wutai Mountains united to constitute six steps of geomorphic surfaces. The episodic uplifting of fault blocks was the dominant factor in the formation of the unified surfaces, however climatic change and drainage diversities led to undulation of the surfaces. The second terrace of Yangyan River (T2) was formed in the last glacial maximum, when the river was in aggradational state. The third to fifth terraces were formed in interglacial stages, when the river was in equilibrium or degradational state. It is inferred that climate had no insignificant effect on the river incision caused by tectonic uplifting. In light of terraces dating, since the Quaternary the Wutai fault-block mountains experienced six rapid uplifting events, and the starting time of the last four events was respectively 1.2, 0.6, 0.13, and 0.02 Ma B.P.     

Dating and genesis of the upper Weihe River terraces in Longxi basin, China

Seven terraces along the Weihe River in Longxi basin have been investigated. These terraces all consist of archetypal duality in structure, namely the floodplain deposits and the layer of gravels overlaid by varying thickness of the loess. By resorting to various dating approaches such as palaeomagnetic, optically stimulated luminescenece (OSL), 14C and loess-paleosol sequence, we provide preliminary timing of these seven terraces along upper Weihe River. Analysis on sedimentation characteristics and dating of these terraces showed that seven terraces may be jointly generated by tectonic uplifts and climatic changes. Tectonic uplifts may accommodate initial river incision, and climatic change may be responsible for processes of subsequent channel widening and aggradation. Aggradation normally occurs during glacial periods, in contrast to down-cuttings during transitions from glacial to interglacial period. Moreover, on the basis of the timings and heights of these terraces, we infer that the long-term rate of river incision was determined to be 0.2 m/kyr during the last 870 kyr, which differs from other river incision rates. This discrepancy may reflect spatio-temporal differentiation of tectonic activities in the Qinling orogenic belt during the Pleistocene.     

Dating and genesis of the upper Weihe River terraces in Longxi basin,China

Seven terraces along the Weihe River in Longxi basin have been investigated. These terraces all consist of archetypal duality in structure, namely the floodplain deposits and the layer of gravels overlaid by varying thickness of the loess. By resorting to various dating approaches such as palaeomagnetic, optically stimulated luminescenece (OSL), 14C and loess-paleosol sequence, we provide preliminary timing of these seven terraces along upper Weihe River. Analysis on sedimentation characteristics and dating of these terraces showed that seven terraces may be jointly generated by tectonic uplifts and climatic changes. Tectonic uplifts may accommodate initial river incision, and climatic change may be responsible for processes of subsequent channel widening and aggradation. Aggradation normally occurs during glacial periods, in contrast to down-cuttings during transitions from glacial to interglacial period. Moreover, on the basis of the timings and heights of these terraces, we infer that the long-term rate of river incision was determined to be 0.2 m/kyr during the last 870 kyr, which differs from other river incision rates. This discrepancy may reflect spatio-temporal differentiation of tectonic activities in the Qinling orogenic belt during the Pleistocene.     

Discovery of a 1.0 Ma Yellow River terrace and redating of the fourth Yellow River terrace in Lanzhou area

Based on the aeolian loess sequence-stratigraphic division and paleomagnetic datings on terraces, we found that an undiscovered terrace with the age of 1.0 Ma BP lies between the Dunwashan terrace and Wuyishan terrace. This terrace recorded an intensive Yellow River incision event during that period. Results of paleomagnetic dating and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of the Wuyishan loess section and Zaoshugou loess section on the fourth Yellow River terrace (T4) show that the age of the fourth Yellow River terrace in Lanzhou area is 0.86 Ma BP rather than the previously believed 0.6 Ma BP. This result answers a long-term question in the geomorphology community of whether there exists a 0.8 Ma terrace in Lanzhou area. The discovery of the 1.0 Ma Yellow River terrace and redating of the age of 0.6 Ma terrace in Lanzhou area provide new insights into further research on the evolution of Yellow River.     

Discovery of a 1.0 Ma Yellow River terrace and redating of the fourth Yellow River terrace in Lanzhou area

Based on the aeolian loess sequence-stratigraphic division and paleomagnetic datings on terraces, we found that an undiscovered terrace with the age of 1.0 Ma BP lies between the Dunwashan terrace and Wuyishan terrace. This terrace recorded an intensive Yellow River incision event during that period. Results of paleomagnetic dating and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of the Wuyishan loess section and Zaoshugou loess section on the fourth Yellow River terrace (T4) show that the age of the fourth Yellow River terrace in Lanzhou area is 0.86 Ma BP rather than the previously believed 0. 6 Ma BP. This result answers a long-term question in the ge-omorphology community of whether there exists a 0. 8 Ma terrace in Lanzhou area. The discovery of the 1. 0 Ma Yellow River terrace and redating of the age of 0.6 Ma terrace in Lanzhou area provide new insights into further research on the evolution of Yellow River.     

青藏高原地面抬升证据讨论

当前学术界在青藏高原地面何时达到现代高度问题上存在着许多不同观点,概括起来主要有３种：１４Ｍａ前已达到高于现代的最大高度,８Ｍａ前已达到或超过现代高度,距今３．４Ｍａ来分阶中强烈上升并逐步达到现代高度,之所以出现如此大的意见分歧,除高原面积广阔,研究程度不深和覆盖面不够的原因外,不同研究者所使用研究方法和证据的差异也是重要因素,在分析了各种证据对高原地面上升的记录机理后,我们认为夷平面、河流附地,     

天山北麓玛纳斯河河流阶地变形与新构造运动

通过对玛纳斯河阶地的野外测量,研究了河流阶地的发育特征、拱曲变形和错断变形。阶地的变形特征表明山麓背斜带和玛纳斯背斜带一直在隆升,且隆起中心有向北迁移的趋势。阶地的错断状况表明断层F₂活动可以分为2个阶段,断层F₁的活动至少可以分为4个阶段。     

后沙峪凹陷第四纪高精度地层格架及地质意义

通过对后沙峪凹陷ZK19钻孔自然伽马测井曲线进行旋回地层分析,以古地磁测年数据为年龄锚点,建立了后沙峪凹陷第四纪0.1Ma年精度的年代标尺,为后续研究后沙峪第四纪的构造演化、气候变化提供了精细的年龄标定。通过对钻孔ZK19开展沉积相分析,将地时与沉积相分析相结合,讨论本区第四纪以来的沉积演化,以及沉积环境对第四纪新构造运动的响应。分析表明,钻孔中识别出的两次浅湖沉积,沉积时间分别为2240~2152ka,1784~1475ka,分别对应了早更新世早期的西山强烈上升时期和早更新世中期的青藏运动B幕,北京地区构造以北东向断裂活动为主导。根据后沙峪凹陷浅湖相的消亡时间,确定后沙峪凹陷的形成时间大概2080ka左右。晚更新世以来,北东向断裂表现为整体运动,两盘差异不大,后沙峪地区主要为曲流河的沉积环境。