Oxidative damages to DNA by indoor PM_(10)s: Their relationships with trace element compositions

Inrecentyears,adversehealtheffectsofinhal ableparticles(PM10)havedrawnmoreattention.Moreover,epidemiologicalstudieshavehighlighteda possiblelinkbetweentheincreasesinPM10concentra tionandtheadultmorbidityandmortality[1,2].How ever,thebiologicalmechanismoftheadverseeffects isstillunclear.Therearemanyhypothesesonthe mechanismscausingpulmonarydamagebyparticulate matters,ofwhichawidelyacceptedhypothesisis thatthebioavailabletransitionmetalsonparticlesur facemayproducefreeradicals,whichplayanimpor…     

Characteristics and sources of 2002 super dust storm in Beijing

~~Characteristics and sources of 2002 super dust storm in Beijing~~     

济南市春季大气中PM2.5、PM10颗粒物分布状态及元素分析

采用扫描电镜和能谱仪对济南市区春季大气中PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)颗粒物的显微形貌、粒径分布和化学元素进行连续30 d全天候研究,对大气颗粒物的粒径与数量进行统计回归分析,绘制相应粒径变化柱状图。依据检出的元素来推断大气颗粒物化学组成和来源,提出控制大气颗粒物PM2.5、PM10污染的有效对策。实验结果显示,大气颗粒物显微形态有球状、片状、棒状等不同形状且主要集中于0～1.0μm和1.0～2.5μm粒径范围,检出C、O、Cl、Si、Ca、K、Na、Mg、Al、Fe、S等多种化学元素,大多以矿物质氧化物、硫酸盐、硅铝酸盐等形式存在,主要来源于土壤尘、风沙尘、燃煤飞灰等。该方法简单、快速、科学,值得进一步推广应用。     

Inorganic chemical composition and source signature of PM2.5 in Beijing during ACE-Asia period

Aerosol samples for PM2.5 were collected in Beijing for 38 consecutive days from March to April 2001 using an IMPROVE Sampler. Concentrations of 20 elements in PM2.5 were determined using a PIXE method. Results show that the average mineral dust concentration of PM2.5 was 14.6 Ilg/m3 during the observation period. On the sand-dust event days of March 21 and April 10, dust PM2.5 mass concentrations were 62.4 and 54.1 μg/m^3, respectively.These demonstrate that fine particle pollution by dust event in Beijing was very severe. The enrichment factors of S and Cu reached minimums on the dusty days and were high on the non-dusty days. It is considered that enrichment factors of elements in PM2.5, which are associated with human activities, can probably provide an effective method to distinguish local sources from external sources of dust. Factor analysis on the chemical composition in PM2.5 shows that sources of crustal matters, anthropogenic emission, and oil combustion contributed to PM2.5 levels in air in the springtime of 2001 in Beijing.     

环境大气可吸入颗粒物的矿物学研究

首先介绍了可吸入颗粒物中矿物颗粒的研究意义，随后对国内外矿物颗粒的研究现状和研究方向进行了详细论述；使用X射线衍射(XRD)和带能谱的扫描电镜(SEM/EDX)对北京春季可吸入颗粒物中矿物组分进行了初步研究，结果表明，北京春季可吸入颗粒物中的矿物有石英、粘土矿物、硅铝酸盐矿物、硫酸盐矿物等，以硅铝酸盐矿物为主，同时存在新生的矿物颗粒，新生矿物的存在表明有活跃的大气化学反应发生；在研究的基础上，对今后开展矿物颗粒的研究提出了建议。     

太原市小店区不同粒径大气颗粒物（PM2．5，PM5，PM10,TSP）浓度变化特征

对太原市小店区不同粒径的大气颗粒物（PM2.5,PM5,PM10,TSP）进行采集,并对其浓度变化特征进行详细分析,探讨了特殊天气对大气颗粒物浓度的影响．结果表明：在采样期间,不同粒径颗粒物的年平均浓度均超过了国家规定的二级标准,PM2．5,PM5,PM10,TSP随月份、季节的变化趋势基本一致,均为冬季最高,夏季最低．特殊气象条件对颗粒物的浓度影响较大．     

Source apportionment for urban PM10 and PM2.5 in the Beijing area

Airborne particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) samples were collected at the Beijing Normal University sampling site in the urban area of Beijing, China in dry and wet seasons during 2001―2004. Concen-trations of 23 elements and 14 ions in particulate samples were determined by ICP-AES and IC, re-spectively. Source apportionment results derived from both Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) models indicate that the major contributors of PM2.5 and PM10 in Beijing are: soil dust, fossil fuel combustion, vehicle exhausts, secondary particulate, biomass burning and some industrial sources. We have identified both regional common sources, such as vehicular emis-sions, particulate of secondary origin and biomass burning, as well as country-specific problems, such as sand storms and soil dust that should be addressed for effective air quality control.     

Study and case simulation of a regional dust model coupled with a nonhydrostatic dynamics model

A new regional dust model suitable for simulation and forecasting of dust storms over northern China was described. The dust model was developed by coupling the mesoscale dynamics model MM5 (the Fifth-Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model) with a set of mass conservation equations for the particles. The model includes all the atmospheric physical processes of dust storms including occurrence, lifting, transport, and dry and wet deposition. It considers the parameterization of dry and wet deposition, the dust size distribution and microphysical processes in detail. The dust flux from the surface is parameterized based on the friction velocity, which is provided by the mesoscale nonhydrostatic dynamics model, which takes account of the vegetation coverage, land use, soil category, and soil moisture. This new dust model is used to simulate the dust storm that occurred on 19--21 March, 2002 in North China. The results show that there is high dust concentration and its movement is consistent with the surface weather record and satellite monitoring images of the observed dust storm. The simulated dust concentration coincides with the observation data of the particulate concentration of PM10 (dust particles smallerthan 10 μm in diameter). The new numerical model also successfully simulates the formation and migration of the dust storm of 6-8 April, 2002 in North China.     

Characterization of PM2.5/PM2.5-10 and source tracking in the juncture belt between urban and rural areas of Beijing

Coarse （PM2.5-10） and fine （PM2.5） atmospheric particulate samples were collected in summer and winter during 2005-2007 in the juncture belt between urban and rural areas of Beijing. Elements, ions, organic/elemental carbon （OC/EC） and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） were determined to obtain some latest information about the particulate pollution in the juncture belt of Beijing. Particulate matter levels at this site were high as compared with the levels at other sampling sites in Beijing. Pollution elements, secondary ions and PAHs were enriched in fine particles rather than in coarse particles. An obvious seasonal variation of the chemical composition of PM was observed. Source apportionment results showed that secondary components were the largest mass contributor of PM2.5, accounting for 28%; whereas soil-related sources were the largest contributor of PM2.5-10, explaining about 49% of the total mass. The abnormal levels of soil heavy metals at the electronic waste disassembly site in the upwind villages suggested the potential impact of such activities to the environment.     

济南市PM_(2.5)来源的解析

采集济南市环境空气样品和污染源样品,分析其化学成分.采用化学质量平衡(Chemical Mass Balance,CMB)源解析技术,研究探讨济南市环境空气中PM2.5的来源.结果表明:对济南市有明显贡献的颗粒物源类是煤烟尘、机动车尾气尘、土壤尘、扬尘、建筑尘、钢铁尘、硫酸盐和硝酸盐等,并且城市区域尘大于外来尘的贡献,各源类PM2.5贡献值和分担率的季节变化较明显.     

The compositions, sources, and size distribution of the dust storm from China in spring of 2000 and its impact on the global environment

The average mass concentration of the aerosols in Beijing during the dust storm in the spring of 2000 was ~6000 mg·m^-3, ~30 times as high as that in the non-dust storm days. The enrichment factors of the pollution elements As, Sb and Se were higher than those in the non-dust storm days. This indicated that As, Sb and Se resulted from the pollution sources of those areas, through which the dust storm passed during their long-range transport, in addition to the local pollution sources in Beijing. The enrichment factors of the Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu were much less than those in the non-dust storm days, suggesting that the local pollution sources in Beijing area contributed to them mostly. The enrichment factors of elements Al, Fe, Sc, Mn, Na, Ni, Cr, V and Co were close to 1, showing that these elements originated from crust. The concentration of S in the dust storm was ~10 mg·m^-3, 4 times as high as that in non-dust storm. S in the aerosols resulted from the adsorption of gaseous SO₂ and the consequent transformation on it. The aerosols of the dust storm contained 16.1% and 76.9% of fine particles with the sizes less than 2.1 and 9.0 mm, respectively, while it had a large number of coarse particles. It was noted that a considerable portion of Fe(Ⅱ) was detected from the dust storm. Fe(Ⅱ) could easily dissolve in seawater to be nutrient for phytoplankton and would lead to the increase of the emission of dimethylsulfide (DMS) from the ocean. The feedbacks of Fe coupled with S in atmosphere might be the important mechanism that would affect the primary productivity in Pacific and/or the global climate change.     

Magnetic properties of street dust and topsoil in Beijing and its environmental implications

Environmental magnetic measurements were carried out on the sanrhples of street dust and topsoil, which were collected along the roadway in the urban and suburb of Beijing, including magnetic susceptibility （X）, anhysteretic remanent magnetization （ARM）, isothermal remanent magnetization （IRM） of all samples and temperature-dependence of magnetic susceptibilities and magnetic hysteresis parameters of representative samples. Obvious differences exist between the samples of street dust and those of topsoil. Compared with topsoil samples, the concentration of magnetic particles and high-coercivity components in street dust samples are higher, and the magnetic grains are coarser. Both dust and topsoil samples are dominated by ferrimagnetic minerals, and iron particles are only detected in some dust samples. These results suggest that street dust samples reflect the characteris- tic of particles produced by industrial and traffic activities, and the magnetic property of topsoil sam- ples represents the characteristic of particles from both anthropogenic and natural sources. The distribution of magnetic parameters is influenced by the environment where the samples are collected, like industry, traffic density and other road conditions. Hard isothermal remanent magnetization （HIRM） may be used as an indicator of particles produced by traffic activity. Dust storm samples collected on 17 and 18 April, 2006 have different magnetic properties from street dust and natural particles, like loess and paleosol, which indicate that the dust storm might be mixed with anthropogenic particulates during transport and falling.     

大气颗粒物PM2．5及其控制对策与措施

人为活动排放的大气颗粒物,主要来自燃料的燃烧过程,以及裸露地面扬尘、交通道路扬尘、工业粉尘等。PM2．5被称为细颗粒物,主要来自煤炭、汽油、柴油、煤油、天然气和生物质的燃烧过程。针对大气颗粒物PM2．5的污染问题,本文总结提出7项战略性控制对策和16条基本治理措施,供有关部门参考。     

宝鸡市区空气中PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)污染状况研究

目的研究宝鸡市城区采暖期和非采暖期PM10、PM2.5的质量浓度变化以及比例关系,为宝鸡的雾霾治理提供技术支撑。方法在宝鸡市环境监测中心站院子设点对PM10、PM2.5分别进行采暖期和非采暖期2个时段对比监测,结合气象条件进行分析,总结规律。结果在一般气象条件下PM2.5、PM10质量浓度采暖期高于非采暖期,昼间大于夜间,但细粒子在大气中漂浮时间长,昼夜变化幅度小于可吸入颗粒物。两种颗粒物浓度受气象条件影响较大,阴天浓度明显大于晴天。结论总结了不同时段PM10、PM2.5质量浓度和二者比例关系,为以后的研究和环境管理提供参考。     

北京大气污染区域分布及变化趋势研究

本文利用2000-2005年北京市8个国控点PM10、SO2、CO、NO2和NOX等污染物浓度数据,分析了北京各区域大气污染分布与季节变化特征,以及近几年大气污染变化趋势.方法以主成分分析为主,辅以时间序列分析.分析结果显示：北京大气污染存在明显的时空差异,第一、二主分量可以很好地表征城市大气污染属性,所有污染物对第一主分量贡献都为正值,能够清楚区分大气污染程度,以及城市与区域背景的异同,第二主分量可以区分城市污染的源排放特征.基于此标准,全市范围内大气污染划分为燃煤型、机动车排放型、过渡型以及环境背景等四种污染类型.     

Speciation of the elements and compositions on the surfaces of dust storm particles： The evidence for the coupling of iron with sulfur in aerosol during the long-range transport

The speciation of the elements on the surface of the particles collected during dust storm and non-dust storm in Beijing and Inner Mongolia was studied by XPS. The major species of iron on the surface were oxides, sulfate, silicate,FeOOH and minor part sorbed on SiO2/Al2O3. Sulfate is the dominant species of sulfur on the surface. SiO2 and Al2O3 are the main components of Si and Al on the surface respectively.One of the most important findings was that the Fe(Ⅱ) (FeS and FeSO4) produced could account for up to 44.3% and 45.6% of the total Fe on the surface in the aerosol sample collected at that night and next day of the “peak” time of the dust storm occurring on March 20, 2002, while Fe2(SO4)3,one of the Fe(Ⅲ) species on the surface decreased from 67.1% to 49.5% and 48.0% respectively. Both S and Fe enriched on the surface of aerosol particles. Fe(Ⅱ) accounted for 1.3%-5.3% of total Fe in bulk aerosol samples during dust storm. These results provided strong evidence to support the hypothesis of the coupling between iron and sulfur in aerosols during the long-range transport, which would have important impact on the global biogeochemical cycle.     

经过预处理后柴油机颗粒物氧化活性的变化

为评价常用的通过热重分析方法计算动力学参数的准确性,在不同发动机工况下采集了不同种类的柴油机颗粒物,在N₂氛围中进行了预处理,通过分析颗粒物预处理前后微观形态、结构参数的变化,间接评价预处理过程对颗粒物活性、反应动力学计算结果的影响. 80%负荷采集的原始颗粒和微粒聚集体样品的微观形态由洋葱状变为壳核结构,且原始颗粒的粒径显著减小,100%负荷采集的原始颗粒的微观形态变化不明显;三种颗粒物样品经过预处理后微晶的层间距均大幅度减小,且80%负荷下采集的原始颗粒减小程度最大. 80%负荷下采集的微粒聚集体和100%负荷下的原始颗粒的微晶平均长度略微增大,曲率增加显著,而80%负荷下原始颗粒的微晶长度增加较为显著,曲率略微减小.经过预处理后,颗粒物的氧化活性显著降低,间接表明经过预处理的柴油机颗粒物的动力学参数与原始颗粒物的参数有一定差异.      

含铊黄铁矿利用对工厂周边大气气溶胶组成的影响

对含铊黄铁矿利用工厂周边大气气溶胶（PM10和PM2.5）中铊的含量分布进行了分析研究,同时运用富集因子法探讨气溶胶中铊的来源．结果表明,硫酸厂周边大气气溶胶PM10和PM2.5中铊的污染程度比较严重,其日浓度分别为1．28～6．92ng·m-3和1．27—4．29ng·m-3．PM10和PM2.5中铊的富集因子均大于...     

钢铁企业烧结工序烟粉尘排放的测试与评价

对某钢铁企业烧结工序不同烟粉尘排放源的现场采样,包括烧结煤粉破碎、烧结配料、烧结机头、烧结机尾和烧结矿成品筛分等工艺过程.测试了各工艺过程的除尘灰以及排放烟粉尘的粒径分布和化学组成,分析得出除尘前烟粉尘的粒径分布和化学组成.在此基础上,建立了烧结工序各个烟粉尘排放点的综合评价指标.通过专家调研得出了各个评价指标的权重集,最终运用模糊综合评判法,对烧结工序各个烟粉尘排放点进行综合评价,得出烧结工序的重点烟粉尘排放点.结果表明,烧结机头的TSP排放总量、PM_(2.5)质量分数、PM_(10)质量分数和重金属元素质量分数均为最大,是烧结工序最重要的烟粉尘排放点.     

郑州市PM2.5和PM10中水溶性无机离子的污染特征

于2009年10月至2010年8月间采集郑州市大气颗粒物PM2.5与PM10样品,对其质量浓度及水溶性离子进行分析研究.结果表明：PM2.5在秋、冬、春、夏四季的质量浓度的平均值分别为134.9、121.6、77.9和102.0μg/m^3,PM10在秋、冬、春、夏四季的质量浓度的平均值分别为193.2、184.0、140.9和140.5μg/m^3,日均值超标率分别达77.8%和59%.PM2.5和PM10质量浓度呈现很好的相关性,春季粗粒子在PM10中的比例相对较高,而秋、冬和夏季细粒子是PM10的主要组成部分.主要的水溶性离子是SO4^2-、NO3^-和NH4^＋,大部分以（NH4）2SO4和NH4NO3形式存在;NO3^-和SO4^2-质量比小于1,说明采样期间郑州市大气以固定排放源污染为主.