细菌-矿物接触/非接触模式下黄铜矿浸出溶解行为

研究细菌-矿物接触模式及利用透析袋将细菌和矿物隔离的非接触模式下嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌对黄铜矿浸出溶解的影响,并对黄铜矿浸出过程表面钝化的原因进行分析。研究结果表明:在细菌-矿物接触模式下,黄铜矿的浸出行为包括细菌对黄铜矿表面硫的催化氧化及细菌氧化Fe2+生成的Fe3+对黄铜矿在于氧化溶解;在细菌-矿物非接触模式下,黄铜矿主要通过细菌氧化Fe2+生成的Fe3+氧化浸出;浸出体系电位是影响黄铜矿浸出速率的主要因素,且较高的电位更有利于黄铜矿的浸出。比较细菌-矿物接触模式和细菌-矿物非接触模式,细菌-矿物接触模式比非接触模式更有利于提高浸出体系电位及氧化消除黄铜矿表面生成的硫膜,因而促进了黄铜矿的浸出;易于在较高电位下生成的黄钾铁矾沉淀是导致这2种模式下黄铜矿表面钝化的主要原因。     

表面活性剂吐温20对胶硫钼矿生物浸出的促进机理

为提高胶硫钼矿中钼的生物浸出效率,研究了非离子表面活性剂吐温20对氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.ferrooxidans)的代谢活性以及胶硫钼矿生物浸出的影响,并采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜对浸出产物进行表征.研究结果表明,吐温20对A.ferrooxidans氧化Fe2+有明显的抑制作用,但对S0的氧化则表现出一定的促进作用.吐温20对胶硫钼矿生物浸出的作用表现为:低质量浓度促进,高质量浓度抑制,当其质量浓度为30mg·L-1时,浸出40d,Mo的浸出率由未添加时的42.21％提高至54.10％.吐温20的加入强化了浸出过程中间产物S0的生物氧化作用,提高了体系中细菌浓度,同时削弱了矿物表面生成的黄钾铁矾和单质硫的钝化作用,从而促进了胶硫钼矿的氧化与溶解.     

地浸采铀中珠形微生物氧化剂研究

采用生物细胞固定化技术将氧化亚铁硫杆菌制备成珠形微生物氧化剂.其特性为:氧化亚铁硫杆菌在珠体内浓度达每毫升4×1010个细胞,珠体直径0.5～2.5mm,珠体上的平均孔径8.0×10-9 m.用其在固定化细胞流化床反应器中处理模拟地浸吸附尾液,可将其中的Fe2 离子氧化为Fe3 离子,氧化-还原电位从310 mV提高到550 mV,调整酸度后即可用于浸出.珠形微生物氧化剂是酸法地浸采铀工艺中很有发展前途的新型氧化剂.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长特性的研究

采用单因素实验研究实验室分离的氧化亚铁硫杆菌的生长特性.通过测定培养过程中吸光度、Fe2 浓度和总Fe浓度的变化,计算Fe2 氧化速率,研究初始pH值、初始接种量和温度对细菌生长的影响.结果发现,该氧化亚铁硫杆菌在接种初期,生长缓慢,对Fe2 的氧化速度较慢,12h后繁殖速度加快,氧化速率开始增加,27h后对Fe2 的氧化速率达最大值0.52g/(L.h),30h后Fe2 转化率接近100%;适宜于该氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长和代谢的初始pH值为2.30,接种量为10%,培养温度为28℃.     

微生物浸出低品位软锰矿过程中H~+和Fe~(3+)对反应过程的影响

对微生物浸出低品位软锰矿进行研究。研究结果表明:在MnO2-FeS2-H2SO4细菌浸出体系下,pH为1.6和1.8时,细菌作用明显,Fe3+对MnO2-FeS2-H2SO4的嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出过程具较好的催化作用。一定浓度的H+使黄铁矿表面更容易氧化,但H+浓度过高或过低都不利于表面反应进行;Fe3+可以降低黄铁矿的氧化还原电位,促进了软锰矿的还原浸出;微生物浸出过程中存在MnO2-FeS2接触反应模型和MnO2-FeS2-H2SO4的细菌浸出催化模型,其中不同反应阶段存在着不同的模型反应方式。     

黄铁矿强化生物浸出低品位磷矿

进行了嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌、嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌与嗜酸氧化亚铁钩端螺旋菌的混合菌强化浸出低品位磷矿的实验研究.结果表明:由于试样中硫含量低,不利于该磷矿的生物浸出.提出了在浸矿体系中添加黄铁矿来强化浸出的措施.考察了细菌种类、磷矿与黄铁矿配比以及初始Fe2+质量浓度等参数对磷浸出率的影响.采用驯化菌浸出该磷矿,能获得最佳的浸出效果,其适宜的工艺参数为初始Fe2+质量浓度9g.L-1、磷矿与黄铁矿质量比1:2.5,经过20d浸出,磷的浸出率可达95%.     

生物间接氧化法脱除硫化氢的研究

通过固定氧化亚铁硫杆菌来提高硫酸亚铁的生物氧化速率是实现生物脱硫工业化的关键,固定化菌体与游离菌体相比,具有活细胞密度高、细胞酶活力稳定性强等优点,试验以聚氨酯海绵作为固定化菌体的载体,利用三价铁盐吸收与氧化亚铁硫杆菌的生物氧化联合作用对硫化氢进行脱除试验.结果表明固定化菌体的Fe2+平均氧化速率得到显著提高,最大可达到0.348 g·L-1·h-1,是游离菌体Fe2+平均氧化速率的1.9倍;在实验最优条件下,反应器对进气中H2S浓度分别为2.28、9.11 mg/L的去除率可分别达到95%和91%,脱除效果显著.     

金属硫化物矿物生物浸出过程中Fe~(3+)的作用

研究了氧化亚铁硫杆菌(简称T.f菌)对金属硫化物矿物生物浸出过程中Fe3+的作用·结果表明,在浸出的初始阶段,Fe3+的化学氧化作用是主要的;但在整个金属浸出过程中,Fe3+的化学氧化作用是很有限的;Fe3+对T.f菌有一定的抑制作用,降低了它们对液相中Fe2+的氧化能力;Fe3+及其沉淀使细菌在固体矿物颗粒表面的吸附量减少,降低了吸附细菌的活性,从而影响了细菌的直接氧化浸出作用·     

嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌对市政污泥脱水性能的影响

嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌具有氧化亚铁离子及产酸的特性,可改变污泥颗粒表面电化学性质,从而改善污泥的脱水性能.本文研究了一株嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌生物酸化铁氧化效果,从pH、Fe(Ⅱ)含量及污泥比阻等方面探究其改善污泥脱水性的可行性及效果,并探究菌群不同接种量对污泥脱水效果的影响.实验结果表明,Fe2+可通过促进嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌进行生物酸化铁氧化生化过程,最终反应体系pH降为2.6左右,Fe2+含量基本为0,比阻降为0.57×1012m·kg-1,从而使污泥更易脱水.不同接种量会影响污泥的脱水性能.接种量越大,菌体氧化Fe(Ⅱ)能力越强且时间也越短,平衡时pH越低;当接种量大于50%时,最终pH可降至2.8;污泥的脱水性能得到明显改善.     

干燥保存对氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Fe2+)氧化活性的影响

为了研究干燥保存条件对氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长活性的影响,对干燥环境下的细菌存活能力进行了研究.针对细菌吸附在滤膜表面,30℃时干燥保存的情况,测定了保存时间分别为30,90,250和366 d时细菌的Fe2 氧化活性.研究结果表明:干燥保存的氧化亚铁硫杆菌的Fe2 氧化活性随保存时间的延长而下降,细菌在9K培养基中生长停滞期延长;干燥保存细菌在9K培养基中经过短时间活化后,细菌的Fe2 氧化活性以及时硫化铜的氧化能力能够迅速恢复到干燥前的水平,说明在一定干燥保存时间内氧化亚铁硫杆菌的浸矿能力不会明显退化.这表明氧化亚铁硫杆菌具有较强的耐干燥特性,可以在室温下干燥保存氧化亚铁硫杆菌.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌对黄铜矿表面性质及其浸出的影响

通过测定吸附量、Zeta电位和接触角,并通过对原子力显微镜表面进行表征及摇瓶浸出试验考察不同能源(Fe2+、单质硫和黄铜矿)培养的氧化亚铁硫杆菌A.ferrooxidans对黄铜矿表面性质的影响及其与黄铜矿浸出的关系。研究结果表明:不同能源培养的A.ferrooxidans菌对黄铜矿表面性质的影响规律相似;A.ferrooxidans菌均能快速吸附在黄铜矿表面,而矿驯化的A.ferrooxidans菌在矿表面的附着能力更强;细菌的吸附使黄铜矿的等电点朝细菌的等电点方向偏移,且由于在黄铜矿表面生成了硫膜和不稳定铜硫化物使得黄铜矿表面接触角增大,疏水性增强;在浸矿初期,细菌与黄铜矿作用以直接作用机理为主。     

黄铁矿促进黄铜矿微生物浸出影响因素

采用摇瓶实验,以氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,At.f)浸出黄铁矿--黄铜矿,重点研究了基础培养基、矿物配比和粒度组成等因素的影响.黄铁矿能促进黄铜矿的微生物浸出,以采用无Fe 9K培养基效果较好,它对应铜浸出率是9K培养基的1.68倍;采用宽粒级矿物时铜浸出效果较好,且铜浸出率与黄铁矿和黄铜矿的质量比有关,当质量比为2∶2时铜浸出率最高可达45.58%;黄铁矿含量大小是影响铜浸出率高低的实质,当质量比小于等于5∶2时以At.f菌的氧化作用为主,当质量比为10∶2时以硫化矿间的原电池效应为主.浸渣的X射线衍射分析表明,采用无Fe 9K培养基时浸渣中生成的钝化物黄钾铁矾较少,故黄铁矿可以很好地替代9K培养基中的FeSO4,并能与黄铜矿形成原电池效应,从而促进铜的浸出.     

某铀矿细菌菌群柱浸过程中的硫强化作用及其机理分析

评估了由Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans和Leptospirillum ferriphilum组成的混合菌群在柱式反应器中浸出某复杂铀矿的硫强化作用及其可行性。在77 d细菌柱浸过程中,硫强化(8 g/kg)后,铀的浸出率达到了约83.61%,与对照组相比,增加了10%。利用扫描电镜和X射线荧光光谱仪对矿渣进行了表征,结果表明硫强化后的矿渣表面有细菌侵蚀的痕迹且孔隙度增大。细菌群落分析表明,硫强化后浸出液中的优势种群从Leptospirillum ferriphilum转变为Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,且Leptospirillum ferriphilum在下层矿石表面占比从强化前的4.3%增加到了40.74%,和Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans保持了较好的平衡。此外,动力学分析表明,铀矿细菌柱浸动力学模型更遵循了通过中间产物层控制的内部扩散模式,且硫强化能够增强铀的浸出动力学。最后,建立了一个与细菌群落和化学反应相关联的硫强化生物浸铀的机制模型。     

组合浸矿细菌菌群的氧化特性及其群落结构分析

为了探究组合浸矿细菌菌群的氧化特性及其群落结构,构建4株浸矿细菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 23270,Leptospirillum ferriphilum YSK,Acidithiobacills thiooxidans A01,Acidithiobacills caldus S1)的组合浸矿菌群.实验结果表明:此组合浸矿细菌菌群中的菌体具有较高的生物活性,表现出良好的的铁、硫氧化能力.并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对菌群的群落结构进行了分析.结果表明:此体系中A.ferrooxidans ATCC 23270、A.thiooxidans A01是优势种群;L.ferriphilum YSK和A.caldus S1是劣势种群.     

Enhancement of Au-Ag-Te contents in tellurium-bearing ore minerals via bioleaching

The purpose of this study was to enhance the content of valuable metals, such as Au, Ag, and Te, in tellurium-bearing minerals via bioleaching. The ore samples composed of invisible Au and Au paragenesis minerals (such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena) in combination with tellurium-bearing minerals (hessite, sylvanite and Tellurobismuthite) were studied. Indigenous microbes from mine drainage were isolated and identified as Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, which were used in bioleaching after adaption to copper. The effect of the microbial adaption on the bioleaching performance was then compared with the results produced by the non-adaptive process. The microbial adaption enhanced the Au-Ag-Te contents in biological leaching of tellurium-bearing ore minerals. This suggests that bioleaching with adapted microbes can be used both as a pretreatment and in the main recovery processes of valuable metals.     

Bio-oxidation of pyrite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

This paper deals with the bio-oxidation processes by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans of pyrite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite. Our experimental results show distinctive bio-oxidation characteristics for the three sulfide minerals. In the presence of A. ferrooxidans, the sulfide oxidation rates generally decrease in the order of pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and pyrite. The pH during bio-oxidation of pyrite tends to decrease as a whole, whereas a rise-fall pattern was recorded for both chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite in their pH variations. No deposition was observed during the bio-oxidation of pyrite, suggesting a possible link to lower pH value in the process. However, large amounts of jarosite and element sulfur were determined in the bio-oxidation processes of chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite. A. ferrooxidans individuals were found directly as attachments to erosion pits on the smooth surface of pyrite. The erosion pits are similar to the bacterium in shape and length, and thus are probably products of dissolution of organic acid secreted by the cells on the mineral surface. More complicatedly, biofilm exists on the surfaces of chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite. This type of structured community of A. ferrooxidans is enclosed in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and covered with the deposition generated in the bio-oxidation processes of chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite. Different bio-oxidation processes of pyrite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite may be linked mainly to characteristics of individual minerals and the pH in the reaction solution of the bio-oxidation system.     

Bioleaching of chalcopyrite and bornite by moderately thermophilic bacteria：an emphasis on their interactions

Interactions between chalcopyrite and bornite during bioleaching by moderately thermophilic bacteria were investigated mainly by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical measurements performed in conjunction with bioleaching experiments. The results showed that a synergistic effect existed between chalcopyrite and bornite during bioleaching by bothAcidithiobacillus caldus and Leptospirillum ferriphilum and that extremely high copper extraction could be achieved when chalcopyrite and bornite coexisted in a bioleaching system. Bornite dissolved preferentially because of its lower corrosion potential, and its dissolution was accelerated by the gal-vanic current during the initial stage of bioleaching. The galvanic current and optimum redox potential of 390?480 mV vs. Ag/AgCl pro-moted the reduction of chalcopyrite to chalcocite (Cu2S), thus accelerating its dissolution.     

Bioleaching of chalcopyrite and bornite by moderately thermophilic bacteria: an emphasis on their interactions

Interactions between chalcopyrite and bornite during bioleaching by moderately thermophilic bacteria were investigated mainly by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical measurements performed in conjunction with bioleaching experiments. The results showed that a synergistic effect existed between chalcopyrite and bornite during bioleaching by both Acidithiobacillus caldus and Leptospirillum ferriphilum and that extremely high copper extraction could be achieved when chalcopyrite and bornite coexisted in a bioleaching system. Bornite dissolved preferentially because of its lower corrosion potential, and its dissolution was accelerated by the galvanic current during the initial stage of bioleaching. The galvanic current and optimum redox potential of 390-480 m V vs. Ag/Ag Cl promoted the reduction of chalcopyrite to chalcocite(Cu2S), thus accelerating its dissolution.     

生物淋滤法脱除城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属:底物浓度的影响

通过接种嗜酸性硫杆菌复合菌株(氧化亚铁硫杆菌与氧化硫硫杆菌)并采用序批式试验，研究了底物浓度(硫粉投加比例)对城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属生物淋滤脱除效果的影响．结果表明，5g／L的硫粉投加比例对重金属的去除与底物利用最为有利．在此条件下淋滤处理飞灰15d，Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb的去除率分别可达到89．7％、81．8％、72．6％、29．3％，硫粉的利用率达到65．2％．TLCP毒性试验表明，飞灰的重金属毒性被有效脱除．飞灰中重金属的去除或溶出主要依赖于硫杆菌生物氧化S^0所导致的浆液酸化．