配位均匀沉淀法制备纳米氧化锌

研究一种简单、经济的制备纳米氧化锌的新方法，以工业氧化锌为原料、氨水为配位剂、碳酸氢铵为沉淀剂，首先反应得到与碳酸根共存的锌氨配合物溶液，通过改变体系的条件，使前驱物碱式碳酸锌均匀沉淀下来，将沉淀分离洗涤并烘干后，煅烧得到平均粒径20nm左右的ZnO。产品用红外光谱、X射线粉末衍射、透射电镜等进行了表征，并探讨了锌氨物质的量比对浸取率的影响、浸取液的精制、前驱物析出动力学，对整个工艺进行了优化。该法具有工艺简单、产品纯度高、成本低廉等显著优点，易于实现工业化生产，具有十分广阔的应用前景。     

Recent progress in studies on the nano-sized particle layer in rock shear planes

Since the 1990s, an ultramicro-particle texture in nano- or micron-sized scale has been continually found in shear planes of various rocks, and recently further progress was made in generic physical mechanisms. In this article, the characteristics of the nano-sized particle layer in rock shear planes (including widespread distribution, layering texture, non-linear genetic mechanism, and multiple functions) on an ultra micro-scale were briefly introduced and more information was obtained by analyzing cases from home and abroad. Our findings suggest that (1) there is a paragenetic relationship between the development of shear frictional-viscous and the formation of nano-sized particles, and (2) in the shear movement, partitioning, segregating, and layering in rocks are initiated by the sliding motion of the nano-sized particle layer. Moreover, the plastic rheology of rocks is essentially the movement of ultra-micro-sized particles (nano-size and micro-size), and the nano-sized particle layer in rock shear planes is characterized by some particular physical and chemical effects.     

纳米氧化铝粉末制备方法概述

综述了纳米氧化铝粉末的制备方法,介绍了各种方法的优点和不足;指出了研究中存在的一些问题,如研究未能实现工业化生产,生产工艺复杂,条件苛刻,成本高等.     

Recent progress in studies on the nano-sized particle layer in rock shear planes

Since the 1990s, an ultramicro-particle texture in nano- or micron-sized scale has been continually found in shear planes of various rocks, and recently further progress was obtained by studying the generic mechanisms on both physics and mechanics. In this article, the characteristics of the nano-sized particle layer in rock shear planes (including the widespread distribution, layering texture, non-linear genetic mechanism, and multiple functions) on an ultra micro-scale were briefly introduced and more information was proposed by analyzing examples from home and broad.We found that there is a paragenetic relationship between the development of shear frictional-viscous and the formation of nano-sized particles and that in the shear movement, partitioning, segregating, and layering in rocks are initiated by the sliding motion of the nano-sized particle layer. Moreover, the plastic rheology of rocks is essentially the movement of ultra micro-sized particle (nano-size and micro-size), and the nano-sized particle layer in rock shear planes are characterized by some particular physical and chemical effects.     

Fractal morphology, imaging and mass spectrometry of single aerosol particles in flight

The morphology of micrometre-size particulate matter is of critical importance in fields ranging from toxicology to climate science, yet these properties are surprisingly difficult to measure in the particles' native environment. Electron microscopy requires collection of particles on a substrate; visible light scattering provides insufficient resolution; and X-ray synchrotron studies have been limited to ensembles of particles. Here we demonstrate an in situ method for imaging individual sub-micrometre particles to nanometre resolution in their native environment, using intense, coherent X-ray pulses from the Linac Coherent Light Source free-electron laser. We introduced individual aerosol particles into the pulsed X-ray beam, which is sufficiently intense that diffraction from individual particles can be measured for morphological analysis. At the same time, ion fragments ejected from the beam were analysed using mass spectrometry, to determine the composition of single aerosol particles. Our results show the extent of internal dilation symmetry of individual soot particles subject to non-equilibrium aggregation, and the surprisingly large variability in their fractal dimensions. More broadly, our methods can be extended to resolve both static and dynamic morphology of general ensembles of disordered particles. Such general morphology has implications in topics such as solvent accessibilities in proteins, vibrational energy transfer by the hydrodynamic interaction of amino acids, and large-scale production of nanoscale structures by flame synthesis.     

稀土纳米上转换发光材料研究进展

概述了纳米上转换发光材料的研究价值和应用前景;介绍了4种常用的制备方法——燃烧法、溶胶-凝胶法、共沉淀法、水热法;总结了常用的激活剂离子和基质材料;并以稀土离子掺杂的纳米Gd2O3上转换发光为例,讨论了上转换发光机理;最后,对目前取得的一些最新结果进行了总结和展望.     

MC尼龙6/纳米ZnO复合材料的非等温结晶行为

采用差示扫描量热法研究了原位聚合反应制备的MC尼龙6/纳米ZnO复合材料的非等温结晶行为,并利用修正Avrami方程的Jeziomy法、Mo法和Kissinger法对其动力学过程进行了分析.结果表明:由于纳米ZnO起到成核剂的作用,使晶核的生成变快,提高了MC尼龙6的结晶温度和成核速率;同时纳米ZnO粒子和MC尼龙6分子链之间存在相互作用力,阻碍了MC尼龙6分子链在结晶过程中的运动,导致结晶活化能提高,晶体生长速度下降,结晶度降低.     

酸性条件下零价铁催化降解甲硝唑的机理研究

采用密度泛函的理论(Density Functional Theory,DFT),对零价铁酸性条件下降解甲硝唑机理开展研究. 对零价铁酸性条件下催化降解甲硝唑每一步的反应物质及可能的生成物作了理论计算并分析实验数据,验证所提出机理的可靠性. 最后计算了溶剂效应对反应的影响. 结果表明,零价铁在酸性条件下提供电子给反应体系,破坏共轭效应,增加反应体系的活性,为取代反应提供可能性;溶剂水存在的情况下有利于降解反应的发生.     

超快冷下X65管线钢微观组织演变及强化机制分析

基于热连轧生产线开发了X65管线钢超快冷新工艺，系统表征了该工艺下实验钢的微观组织特征，并进一步讨论了其强化机制.结果表明，超快冷下X65管线钢微观组织为细小针状铁素体(AF)+准多边形铁素体(QPF)+M/A岛+弱化珠光体(DP)混合组织，有效晶粒尺寸为2.93μm，大角晶界百分比为31.5%;实验钢组织亚结构为细小的块状铁素体，铁素体尺寸分布在200~1000nm;在铁素体基体上析出了大量尺寸＜10nm的Nb(C，N)粒子;实验钢各项力学性能均满足API SPEC 5L标准要求.超快冷工艺下X65管线钢的主要强化机制为细晶强化、固溶强化、位错强化及纳米析出强化的耦合强化，其中纳米析出强化强度贡献值为96.1MPa.     

Fabrication of silicon nitride／boron nitride nanocomposite powder

Si3N4/BN nanocomposite powders with the microstructure of the micro-sized α-Si3N4 particles coated with nano-sized BN particles were synthesized via the chemical reaction boric acid,urea,and α- Si3N4 powder in a hydrogen gas.The results of XRD,TEM,and selected area electron diffraction showed that amorphous BN and a little amount of turbostratic BN(t-BN) were coated on Si3N4 particles as the second phase after reaction at 1100℃.After re-heating the composite powders at 1450℃ in a nitrogen gas,the amorphous and turbostratic BN is transformed into h-BN.These nanocomposite powders can be used to prepare Si3N4/BN ceramic composites by hot-pressing at 1800℃,which have perfect machinability and can be drilled with normal metal tools.     

机械合金化制备的Al基轴承合金的结构与性能

采用机械合金化方法制备Al-Pb和Al-Sn基合金粉末,然后通过烧结将之制备成合金.采用XRD、SEM、TEM分析技术对合金的微观结构进行表征,结果表明在适当机械合金化和烧结工艺条件下,可得到Al基体上均匀分布尺寸约为100nm的软相Pb或Sn的合金.摩擦摩损性能测试表明,这种组织结构的Al基轴承合金具有优良的性能.对Pb相粗化的研究表明,这种纳米复合结构具有较好的稳定性,其第二相的长大仍然满足关于粗化的经典理论——LSW理论.研究中还特别关注了机械合金化过程中的污染对Al基轴承合金组织结构的影响,发现铁污染会导致Al7Cu2Fe相的生成,氧污染则导致Pb颗粒上有Al2O3附着.     

单分散聚合物微球的制备及其影响因素

用分散聚合方法制备了单分散聚烯微球，并研究了分散稳定剂，引发剂，溶剂和单体含量物微粒径大小的影响。     

碳酸氢铵共沉淀法制备纳米Nd:YAG粉体的研究

以硝酸铝和硝酸钇为原料,以碳酸氢铵为沉淀剂,采用共沉淀法合成铝和钇的碳酸盐作为反应前驱体,同时借助IR、XRD和TEM等测试手段对不同浓度盐溶液所得前驱体和煅烧产物进行表征。结果表明:盐溶液浓度的升高不利于纯相YAG粉体的合成,当铝离子浓度达到0.05mol/L时,前驱体在900℃保温2h可以得到纯相YAG粉体,粉体分散性好,平均粒径为30～40nm,近球形;而当浓度大于0.5mol/L时,前驱体只有在1 200℃以上才可以形成纯相YAG。     

A Taylor vortex analogy in granular flows

Fluids sheared between concentric rotating cylinders undergo a series of three-dimensional instabilities. Since Taylor's archetypal 1923 study, these have proved pivotal to understanding how fluid flows become unstable and eventually undergo transitions to chaotic or turbulent states. In contrast, predicting the dynamics of granular systems--from nano-sized particles to debris flows--is far less reliable. Under shear these materials resemble fluids, but solid-like responses, non-equilibrium structures and segregation patterns develop unexpectedly. As a result, the analysis of geophysical events and the performance of largely empirical particle technologies might suffer. Here, using gas fluidization to overcome jamming, we show experimentally that granular materials develop vortices consistent with the primary Taylor instability in fluids. However, the vortices observed in our fluidized granular bed are unlike those in fluids in that they are accompanied by novel mixing-segregation transitions. The vortices seem to alleviate increased strain by spawning new vortices, directly modifying the scale of kinetic interactions. Our observations provide insights into the mechanisms of shear transmission by particles and their consequent convective mixing.     

高性能锂离子电池SiO/C复合负极材料研究

以SiO为硅源,柠檬酸为碳源,通过高能球磨和高温热解制备了一种循环性能优异的锂离子电池SiO/C复合负极材料.采用X-射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对复合材料的物相和形貌进行了表征.具有孔状结构的柠檬酸热解碳对纳米SiO不仅具有良好的包覆效果,也能有效缓冲电化学嵌脱锂过程中硅颗粒释放出来的体积变化.电化学性能测试表明,SiO/C复合负极材料电极循环100次后容量仍高达803.1mA.h/g,容量保持率为89%.     

熔模铸造高铬铸铁抛丸器叶片耐磨性

以正交试验法研究高铬铸铁抛丸器叶片最佳热处理工艺参数,通过添加微量钒元素及纳米WC/TiC颗粒,改善高铬铸铁件的耐磨性并提高使用寿命,取得了初步的成效。试验结果发现：当淬火保温时间3 h、回火温度450 ℃、回火时间2 h、叶片硬度60 HRC时,耐磨性最好;微量钒元素和纳米WC/TiC颗粒的加入,可细化叶片微观组织,改变碳化物形貌,使叶片耐磨性提高30%。研究结果表明,优化热处理工艺和添加特殊成分可提高高铬叶片的耐磨性,提高综合效益。     

八面体硒化镍的制备及其催化性质研究

采用简单温和的溶剂热方法,以六水合硫酸镍、亚硒酸钠分别作为镍源和硒源,以乙二醇作为溶剂和还原剂,制备正八面体纳米硒化镍(NiSe);探讨反应时间和反应温度等合成条件对这种八面体NiSe形成的影响;所得产物用XRD、SEM、TEM等进行表征.研究发现,这种八面体NiSe在常温下对水合肼分解具有明显的催化作用.     

Facile synthesis of nanostructured LiFePO4/C cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

Nanostructured LiFePO4/C cathode material was prepared by FePO4·2H2O/C precursor by in situ restriction reaction.The synthesized LiFePO4/C cathode material presents a narrow distribution of nano-sized particles and exhibits an excellent electrochemical property with various rates.The facile synthesis route for the preparation of nano-sized LiFePO4 material has the particular advantage of simple synthesis process and low synthesis cost.     

微乳液法制备纳米二氧化硅

制备 OP-10/正辛醇/环己烷/氨水微乳液.在该微乳液中,由正硅酸乙酯在碱性条件下受控水解反应制备了 SiO2纳米粒子.通过红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)分别对样品结构及形貌尺寸进行了表征.探讨了水与表面活性剂摩尔比(R)、水与正硅酸乙酯摩尔比(H)对SiO2纳米粒子粒径的影响.结果表明制备的SiO2粒子为无定型球形颗粒,粒径为 80～105nm,SiO2纳米粒子粒径随着R和H的增大而增大.     

纳米CaCO3-PVC增塑糊流变性能的研究

主要研究了改性纳米CaCO₃填充PVC糊树脂的流变性能。结果表明,改性纳米CaCO₃/PVC增塑糊具有明显的切应力变稀性能和触变性能,与英国ICI公司生产的改性纳米CaCO₃相比,北京化工大学超重力工程研究中心制备的改性纳米CaCO3填充的PVC增塑糊在高剪切速率下粘度相当的情况下低剪切速率时的粘度更高,环面积大一倍左右,具有更好的触变性能。