外向型汉英词典中文化局限词的翻译

根据外向型双语词典编纂的相关理论，采用实证研究的方法，对国内现行的五本汉英词典中文化局限词的翻译进行总结分析后发现：文化局限词的翻译存在缺乏对应词或提供的对应词不足，未给需要注释的对应词添加注释，相关文化背景信息、语用信息、用法标注不足，缺少例证、插图和参见系统等问题，并根据词典学提出了相应的解决方案。     

从中国文化的"走出去"看翻译策略的调整——兼评《围城》的英译本

从古至今,中外文化交流频繁,但在这种交流过程中,中国总是"引进来"的多,而"走出去"的太少,在全球化的今天,面对西方帝国主义的文化扩张与霸权,以及文化的民族性与地区化日趋加强,使更多中国文化"走出去"便成为历史所需.中国翻译界应该顺应这一历史需求,调整翻译策略.本文以<围城>的英译本为例,提出了应以"异化"加注释的翻译策略为主,以使中国文化全面有效地"走出去".     

翻译中的语用问题初探

本文首先探讨了人称指示中第二人称代词对翻译活动的影响.原文采用第二人称与其他人称代词混用的写作手法,一般是为了达到某种修辞目的,而译文中的处理方式必将影响语篇的连贯.在详细分析了一个此类译例后指出,解决问题的办法是,尽量在中译文中省略人称代词主语,使用无主句.其次,探讨了合作及礼貌原则对翻译活动的影响,且进一步指出,译者面对的会话含义可能不象语言学中所论述的(只违反一条合作原则的准则等)那么单一和明确.最后,提出"言外之力",往往要"显化"翻译.     

疑似之迹,不可不察--科技史学家访谈录之七

一次偶然的机会,有人找到刘广定教授翻译李约瑟的论著.在翻译过程中,由于发现一些疑问,刘教授查阅了大量的资料,甚至做了大量的实验.通过这些工作,刘教授逐渐对科学史研究产生了兴趣,从此走上了科学史研究的道路.在以后的科学史研究工作中,他有"不随意附和他人,常常在一面倒的肯定形势下,特立独行,别标一帜,经过对有关资料的仔细研究,发生怀疑,持否定态度"的质疑精神.他先后否定了"秋石是性激素"、"宫灯是蒸馏器"、"蔡伦造纸用做包袱"等名家结论.他对<平龙认>、<考工记>等古文献也有深入的研究,并得出与众不同的结论.     

明示还是隐含——英汉翻译增补法新论

从语用学的视角审视翻译增补法的运用,不难发现翻译中流行的一些增补其实不必要、不恰当、不准确。文章界定和明确了增补的概念及增补所适用的翻译方法,按增补产生的理据,而不是按现象,把增补归结为语言增补和语境增补,并重点探讨语境增补;认为语境增补必须放到具体的语境中考察,辨证地、动态地看待明示和隐含。隐含应是可理解的隐含,明示应是有隐含的明示。语境增补的原则是适度明示,而非完全明说,以保持语言的弹性,准确地再现原文的意义与风格。必要性与恰当性是衡量增补质量的标准。     

贵州蕨类植物研究(Ⅲ)

对<贵州蕨类植物志>的增补与修订.     

《小说时报》中的短篇翻译小说

<小说时报>是近代著名的小说杂志,以刊载翻译小说为主是它的主要特色,而短篇翻译小说又是其中的重中之重.<小说时报>中的短篇翻译小说数量可观、题材完备、形式新颖.虚无党小说作为晚清特殊的译介现象在<小说时报>中占有重要地位.短篇翻译小说以其新颖的艺术形式,推动了我国文学创作尤其是小说的革新步伐,为传统型小说向现代型小说过渡奠定了基础.     

高似兰:医学名词翻译标准化的推动者

西医名词和术语的翻译及标准化是我国近代西医教育和中西医学交流中的一个重要问题.英国传教士医生高似兰在医学名词汉译的标准化方面做了大量工作,他编撰的<高氏医学辞汇>是中国近代西医学最主要的医学工具书,在他的参与和推动下,成立了医学名词审查会,为医学名词汉译的标准化奠定了基础.     

翻译也是解码的过程--兼评《<翻译研究的综合方法>述评》

本文对田德蓓教授<<翻译研究的综合方法>述评>一文中"翻译不是解码的过程"以及将"解码"和"交际"截然对立等观点提出质疑,笔者从符号学的角度分析并阐述了自己的观点1、所谓"码",即代码,是符号能指和所指结合的规则,而不是语言符号本身;2、解码即是释义,是语际转换以及意义产生的先决条件;3、解码与跨文化交际并不是一对势不两立的概念.翻译过程中的解码是多层次的,除了语言层次上的解码外,还有文化、风格等层次上的解码.     

从《水浒传》的"吃"字翻译谈起

被誉为"把<水浒传>推向世界第一人 "的赛珍珠的英译本<水浒传>向西方宣传了中国文化,这已被中国和世界所肯定,她本人也被视为沟通中西文化的桥梁.本文从译者对"吃"字翻译的角度探讨她对原作语意、语境及典故的把握程度,尽管也存在着一些不足,但她在翻译过程中所体现的一名翻译者的态度和精神都是值得读者和译者学习的.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.