Role of plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in luteolysis—a minireview

This minireview summarized our recent studies on the role of plasminogen activator (PA) and inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) in luteolysis. We have demonstrated that (1) both tissue type and urokinase type plasminogen activators (tPA and uPA) and a plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) were present in the corpus luteum of rat and rhesus monkey; (2) decrease in progesterone production in corpus luteum was well correlated with a sharp increase in tPA (but not uPA) and PAI-1 secretion; (3) exogenous tPA decreased luteal progesterone synthesis while monoclonal antibodies increased progesterone production; (4) interferony inhibited luteal progesterone synthesis and stimulated tPA production while LH plus prolactin increased progesterone production and decreased tPA (hut not uPA) activity in cultured luteal cells; (5) increase in proteolysis in the corpus luteum was also correlated with decrease in progesterone production in mouse. These data suggest that local degradation of extracellular matrix controlled by plasminogen activator and inhibitor is involved in the processes of luteolysis.     

Role of plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in luteolysis——a minireview

This minireview summarized our recent studies on the role of plasminogen activator (PA) and inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) in luteolysis. We have demonstrated that (1) both tissue type and urokinase type plasminogen activators (tPA and uPA) and a plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) were present in the corpus luteum of rat and rhesus monkey; (2) decrease in progesterone production in corpus luteum was well correlated with a sharp increase in tPA (but not uPA) and PAI-1 secretion; (3) exogenous tPA decreased luteal progesterone synthesis while monoclonal antibodies increased progesterone production; (4) interferon y inhibited luteal progesterone synthesis and stimulated tPA production while LH plus pro-lactin increased progesterone production and decreased tPA (but not uPA) activity in cultured luteal cells; (5) increase in proteolysis in the corpus luteum was also correlated with decrease in progesterone production in mouse. These data suggest that local degradation of extracellular matrix controlled by plasminogen activator and inhibitor is involved in the processes of luteolysis.     

Role of plasminogen activators and inhibitors in reproduction

The recent progress in the studies on the role of local and directed fibrinolysis controlled by plasminogen activators (PAs) and regulated by their inhibitors (PAIs) in reproduction is summarized. Hormone-induced coordinated expression of tissue type PA (tPA) and PAI type-1 (PAI-1) in the ovary is involved in the processes of ovulation and luteal regression; increases in urokinase type PA (uPA) and PAI-1 activity in the early stage of luteinized follicles may be responsible for ovarian tissue remodeling and angiogenesis; the PA system has been found to play an important role in spermatogenesis in testis and modulation of sperm maturation in epididymis. PA and matrix matalloproteanase (MMP) and their respective inhibitors have also been identified in trophoblast and uterus. The targeted proteolytic activity generated by the two systems may play an essential role in the processes of the cyclic uterine angiogenesis, implantation and placentation as well as parturition.     

Localization and possible role of membrane type metallo-proteinase and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 in early stages of placentation

Human placental tissues from the first and second trimesters of gestation have been investigated using riboprobein situ hybridisation of mRNA sequences coding for membrane type metalloproteinase (MT-1-MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). Results show that (i) both mRNAs express at a relatively high level in the chorion laeve trophoblast cells and the adjacent decidual cells of fetal membrane; (ii) the most abundant expression of the two mRNAs was found in the extravillous trophoblast between Rohrs and Nitabuch striae of basal plate, trophoblast shell and gland cells of the decidua; (iii) isolated or small groups of cytotrophoblast cells in the chorionic villi and in the cells lining arterioles in decidua and stem villi also expressed both MT-1-MMP and TIMP-1 at defferent extents. The data suggest that the coordinated expression of the MT-MMP and its inhibitor TIMP in defferent cells of the placental tissue may play an essential role in trophoblast invasion and angiogenesis related to placentation in the first two trimesters of gestation. They may also have an ability to effect separation of fetal from material tissue at a favorable junctional site during parturition.     

单关节类风湿性关节炎滑膜组织中uPA、uPAR、PAI-1蛋白表达及意义

为探讨尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(urokinase-type plasminogen activator,uPA)及其受体(urokinase-type plas-minogen activator receptor,uPAR)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂(plasminogen activator inhibitor,PAI-1)在单关节发病类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)的表达。采用免疫组化方法检测13例单关节发病RA、19例典型RA和20例正常滑膜组织中uPAu、PAR、PAI-1蛋白表达情况。结果显示:13例单关节RA滑膜组织中uPA、u PAR、PAI-1阳性表达主要分布在滑膜衬里细胞、滑膜下层单核细胞及血管内皮细胞,阳性表达部位与典型RA相同,但表达强度明显低于典型RA(P<0.05)。与正常滑膜组织相比,单关节RA滑膜中uPA、uPAR、PAI-1蛋白表达明显增高(P<0.05)。由此可知:单关节RA滑膜组织中uPA、uPAR、PAI-1表达明显低于典型RA滑膜组织,可能与单关节RA为典型RA病程早期阶段,滑膜中uPA、uPAR、PAI-1蛋白尚处于低水平表达阶段有关。     

Platelet-derived growth factor promotes division and motility and inhibits premature differentiation of the oligodendrocyte/type-2 astrocyte progenitor cell

The mitogens which modulate cell-cell interactions during development of the central nervous system are unknown. One of the few interactions sufficiently well understood to allow identification of such molecules involves the two glial lineages which make up the rat optic nerve. One population of glial cells in this tissue, the type-1 astrocytes, secrete a soluble factor(s) which promotes division of a second population of bipotential oligodendrocyte/type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cells; these progenitors give rise to oligodendrocytes, which myelinate large axons in the CNS, and type-2 astrocytes, which enwrap bare axons at nodes of Ranvier. Type-1 astrocytes also promote progenitor motility, and inhibit the premature differentiation of progenitors into oligodendrocytes which occur when these cells are grown in the absence of type-1 astrocytes. We have now found that platelet-derived growth factor mimics the effects of type-1 astrocytes on O-2A progenitor cells, and antibodies to PDGF block the effects of type-1 astrocytes.     

人tPA基因真核表达质粒载体构建及其生物学功能研究

构建携带组织纤溶酶原激活物(tPA)基因真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1( )/tPA,并研究其有无生物学活性.用RT-PCR法从人心脏组织中克隆tPA基因并将其克隆至真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1( )中,对pcDNA3.1( )/tPA进行酶切鉴定和测序.脂质体介导pcDNA3.1( )/tPA转染血管平滑肌细胞,分别用Nothern Blot和斑点印迹法从mRNA和蛋白质水平检测tPA的表达,并用纤维蛋白板法测定表达产物的生物学活性.成功克隆了人tPA基因并构建了pcDNA3.1( )/tPA真核表达质粒,pcDNA3.1( )/tPA转染VSMC后,tPA mRNA和蛋白质表达增加,所表达的tPA蛋白质具有纤溶活性.     

骨关节炎滑膜uPA、uPAR、PAI-1表达及意义

探讨尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(uPA)及其受体(uPAR)和其抑制剂(PAI-1)在OA的发生发展中的意义。方法:采用免疫组化方法检测OA滑膜组织中uPA,uPAR,PAI-1的表达。结果显示:36例OA滑膜中阳性表达uPA 29例(80.56%)、uPAR 25例(69.44%)P、AI-1 27例(75.00%)。21例对照滑膜中阳性表达uPA 6例(28.57%)、uPAR 6例(28.57%)、PAI-1 3例(14.29%)。实验组与对照组间3种蛋白表达差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);再将实验组按年龄及软骨破坏程度分组,按年龄分组3种蛋白表达差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);按软骨破坏程度分组3种蛋白表达差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。阳性表达主要分布在滑膜衬里层细胞。结论:uPA系统可能参与介导软骨降解、促进OA的发生发展;而PAI-1则通过抑制uPA活性延缓OA的发生发展。     

鼠肾纤维蛋白溶酶原激活酶的纯化和部分鉴定

采用肝素—Sepharose亲和层析和凝胶过滤自鼠肾提取纤维蛋白溶酶原激活酶,产率5.1×10~(-5)％。在还原和非还原状态下SDS—聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及电泳酶谱分析均呈单一区带,证实产物仍保持单链状态。测得其分子量为70000。纤维平板试验和无纤维蛋白溶酶原纤维平板试验证实其活性依赖于纤维蛋白溶酶原。     

HIV infection of primate lymphocytes and conservation of the CD4 receptor

The CD4 T-lymphocyte differentiation antigen is an essential component of the cell surface receptor for human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) causing AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) (refs 1-3). Peripheral blood lymphocytes of apes, New World and Old World monkeys express cell surface antigens homologous to CD4 of human T-helper lymphocytes. The cells of several of these species can be infected in short term culture with diverse strains of the type-1 or type-2 human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2). HIV-1 is the prototype AIDS virus, and HIV-2 is the second type of AIDS virus, prevalent in West Africa. Infection of the primate cells correlates with evolutionary conservation on CD4 of one particular epitope cluster, and is inhibited by treatment of the cells with monoclonal antibodies to this epitope. The capacity of HIV to replicate in simian cells may provide a means for evaluating antiviral drugs and vaccines.     

Regulation of ovarian function by the matrix metalloproteinase system

In most organs of mammals, cyclic remodelling of tissues after morphogenesis is minimal; however, repro-ductive tissues of female animals including endometrium, mammary gland, ovarian follicle and corpus luteum un-dergo growth, maturation and involution at various stages in the reproductive cycle or lifespan of the animal. Recon-struction of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is required for the dynamic tissue reorganization characteristic of these tissues. The ECM consists of proteinaceous and nonpro-teinaceous molecules that provide the tissue-specific, ex-tracellular architecture to which cells attach. Furthermore, interaction of cellular receptors with proteins of the ECM can regulate cellular structure, second messenger genera-tion and gene expression. Maintenance of ECM homeo-stasis depends largely on coordinated action of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of met-alloproteinases (TIMPs)-- an important proteinase sys-tem responsible for degradating and remodelling of ECM[1]. MMPs/TIMPs have been recognized as the cru-cial role players in regulating follicular and luteal function for their extensive involvements in the cyclic changes of dynamic ovarian tissues. In recent years, literature that MMP system has important roles in ovary is accumulating. The focus of this review is on the effects of MMPs and their inhibitors, TIMPs on follicular growth, atresia, ovu-lation, luteal development, and luteolysis. Emphasis has been given to the recent progress in the new field when-ever possible.     

Kunitz抑制剂家族成员抑肽酶对纤溶酶原活化的抑制作用

抑肽酶属Kunitz抑制剂家族成员，能够抑制激肽释放酶、纤溶酶及胰蛋白酶的蛋白水解活性．研究表明，抑肽酶能够抑制尿激酶型-纤溶酶原激活刹（u—PA）和组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（t—PA）对纤溶酶原的激活，但不影响u—PA和t—PA对小分子底物的酰胺水解活性．用u—PA研究了上述作用的机制，发现抑肽酶与u—PA的丝氨酸蛋白酶功能区特异性结合，而与纤溶酶原没有相互作用．抑肽酶与uPA的结合并不阻断u—PA的活性位点，因为u—PA对小分子底物的水解活性仍然保持．上述发现提示抑肽酶可能存在另一种抑制作用模式，该模式不同于以前报道的关于Kunitz抑制剂或纤溶酶原激活酶抑制剂的作用．由于人体内的Kunitz抑制剂与抑肽酶在结构上非常相似，根据研究结果，推测体内纤溶酶原的激活作用并非仅受丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂的控制。     

PPAR-γ is a major driver of the accumulation and phenotype of adipose tissue Treg cells

Obesity and type-2 diabetes have increased markedly over the past few decades, in parallel. One of the major links between these two disorders is chronic, low-grade inflammation. Prolonged nutrient excess promotes the accumulation and activation of leukocytes in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and ultimately other tissues, leading to metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes and fatty-liver disease. Although invasion of VAT by pro-inflammatory macrophages is considered to be a key event driving adipose-tissue inflammation and insulin resistance, little is known about the roles of other immune system cell types in these processes. A unique population of VAT-resident regulatory T (Treg) cells was recently implicated in control of the inflammatory state of adipose tissue and, thereby, insulin sensitivity. Here we identify peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, the 'master regulator' of adipocyte differentiation, as a crucial molecular orchestrator of VAT Treg cell accumulation, phenotype and function. Unexpectedly, PPAR-γ expression by VAT Treg cells was necessary for complete restoration of insulin sensitivity in obese mice by the thiazolidinedione drug pioglitazone. These findings suggest a previously unknown cellular mechanism for this important class of thiazolidinedione drugs, and provide proof-of-principle that discrete populations of Treg cells with unique functions can be precisely targeted to therapeutic ends.     

Helper T cells regulate type-2 innate immunity in vivo

Type-2 immunity requires orchestration of innate and adaptive immune responses to protect mucosal sites from pathogens. Dysregulated type-2 responses result in allergy or asthma. T helper 2 (T(H)2) cells elaborate cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, which work with toxic mediators of innate immune cells to establish environments that are inhospitable to helminth or arthropod invaders. The importance of T(H)2 cells in coordinating innate immune cells at sites of inflammation is not known. Here we show that polarized type-2 immune responses are initiated independently of adaptive immunity. In the absence of B and T cells, IL-4-expressing eosinophils were recruited to tissues of mice infected with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, but eosinophils failed to degranulate. Reconstitution with CD4 T cells promoted accumulation of degranulated IL-4-expressing cells, but only if T cells were stimulated with cognate antigen. Degranulation correlated with tissue destruction, which was attenuated if eosinophils were depleted. Helper T cells confer antigen specificity on eosinophil cytotoxicity, but not cytokine responses, so defining a novel mechanism that focuses tissue injury at sites of immune challenge.     

乙型肝炎病毒蛋白及COX-2在乙肝相关性肝细胞癌发展与转移中的作用机制

目的探讨乙型肝炎病毒蛋白及环氧合酶-2(COX-2)在乙肝相关性肝细胞癌发展与转移中的作用机制.方法取42例慢性乙肝患者行穿刺活检时乙型肝炎病毒ccc DNA为阳性乙肝相关性肝细胞癌组织;另取同期手术切除的11例ccc DNA为阴性的非乙型肝炎相关性肝癌组织.免疫组化法检测乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白、COX-2、CD34的表达水平,Werdner法计算微血管密度;分析上述因子与乙肝相关性肝细胞癌组织微血管生成的相关性.RT-PCR和Western blot检测人肝癌细胞系(HepG2)和稳定转染乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白(HepG2-X)细胞中COX-2mRNA和蛋白表达情况;ELISA法检测细胞上清液中PGE2表达水平和不同浓度COX-2抑制剂塞来昔布作用后PGE2水平.结果乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白阳性表达组织中COX-2阳性率明显高于乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白阴性表达组织和非乙型肝炎相关性肝癌组织(P0.01).乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白阳性表达组织中早期癌症微血管密度明显低于进展期癌症组织,乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白阴性表达组织中微血管密度明显低于阳性表达组织(P0.01);COX-2阳性表达组织中微血管密度明显高于COX-2阴性表达组织(P0.01);非乙型肝炎相关性肝癌组织中微血管密度明显低于乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白、COX-2阳性表达组织(P0.01),与乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白阴性表达组织和COX-2阴性表达组织之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白、COX-2在乙型肝炎相关性人肝细胞癌组织微血管生成呈正相关.HepG2-X细胞中COX-2 mRNA和蛋白表达水平明显高于空载体对照HepG2细胞,并且细胞培养上清液中PGE2水平明显增加;与HepG2细胞相比,塞来昔布对HepG2-X细胞分泌PGE2具有更强的抑制作用.结论乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白、COX-2在乙肝相关性肝细胞癌组织中高表达,促进了癌组织微血管生成;乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白可通过COX-2/PEG2信号通路促进了肝癌的发生和发展.     

冠心病患者血栓前状态分子标志物检测

通过采用流式细胞仪、酶联免疫吸附双抗体夹心法(ELISA)法、放射免疫法、全自动血凝分析仪等,检测冠心病患者血小板膜表面P-选择素(CD62p)、血浆组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)及其抑制剂(PAI-1)、血清内皮素(ET-1),以及凝血4项即血浆纤维蛋白原(FIB)水平、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血酶时间(ITT),研究冠心病患者血栓前状态相关指标改变并探讨其意义.结果表明,冠心病患者血小板膜表面CD62p的表达、血浆PAI-1、FIB 3项指标均较正常组显著增高(P<0.05),而t-PA水平较正常组显著降低(P<0.05);冠心病患者APTT时间显著缩短IP<0.05).由此可知,冠心病患者血小板活化、凝血功能增强、纤溶功能减退,存在明显的血栓前状态;测定血小板表面CD62p的表达、血浆t-PA和PAI-1及凝血4项有助于早期发现冠心病患者血栓前状态并以指导临床早期干预治疗.     

Expression and function of a new angiogenic factor AA98 target molecule at the maternal-embryonic boundary of rhesus monkey

The target molecule of monoclonal antibody AA98 (AA for short) is a new vascular endothelial cell related factor and plays a role in angiogenesis as indicated by the previous data. To investigate its role in angiogenesis and placentation in primate, we examined its expression in the implantation sites on D17, 19, 28 and 34 of gestation in rhesus monkey by immunohistochemistry and Western immunoblot. Western blot analysis showed that the primary antibody used in this study was specific for its epitope. AA protein was mainly expressed in small blood vessels and in some cytotrophoblast cells. The AA staining was found mainly in the endothelial cells and vascular small muscle. This observation supported the AA‘s role in angiogenesis. AA was spatio-temporarily expressed in cytotrophoblasts: weak in proliferating trophoblast within cell column and endovascular trophoblast, strong in trophoblastic subpopulation within the basal plate and vascular trophoblast; AA staining within the basal plate was down-regulated during early placentation. The shift of AA98 expression in extravillous trophoblasts suggestes a role of this new factor during the course of cytotrophoblast metastasis and spiral artery remodeling. The spatio-temporarily expression indicats that AA98 could be also used as a trophoblast cellular marker to characterize the acquisition of a vascular endothelial and invasive phenotype.     

Increase Renaturation Yield of Reteplase Using the Recombinant Human Protein Disulfide Isomerase

Reteplase, the recombinant type of novel tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) variant, is a promising thrombolytics in clinics. Expressed in the form of an inclusion body, reteplase consists of about 40% of the total intracellular proteins of Escherichia coli. The recombinant human protein disulfide isomerase (rhPDI) is used to increase the chance for the correct matching of the 18 hydrosulfide groups of the reteplase molecule in the renaturation process and it increase is the reteplase renaturation yield from 1%-2% to 15% - 20% with a the purity about 99% and the specific activity of 5(105 IU/mg is reached.This novel method can reduce significantly the cost of production.     

利用氨基苄脒为配基的亲和层析法纯化t—PA

利用氨基苄脒修饰的硅胶为亲和吸附剂纯化组织纤溶酶原激活剂（ｔ－ＰＡ），讨论了亲和柱体积对纯化效率的影响。由于氨基苄脒对ｔ－ＰＡ的高度特异性，根据ｔ－ＰＡ的上柱量适当调整柱体积，可使纯化倍数达到１４０以上，远高于利用其它亲和吸附剂的结果。