卫星资料在一次极端短时强降水过程中的释用分析

利用FY2卫星云图及TBB资料、地面加密自动站资料及常规气象观测资料,详细分析了2016年7月24日天津沿岸极端短时强降水发生时的对流云团特征及TBB变化,结果表明:①500 hPa"北低南高"的环流形势稳定维持,垂直方向两段近乎垂直的低涡柱,副高加强西伸北抬,地面低压倒槽北顶,低空急流风速辐合,高空强烈辐散,利于上升运动的加强和维持,造成了此次极端短时强降水天气过程。②红外云图中,河北中部的对流云团A沿副高外围引导气流东移,并入天津中南部对流云团B,加强为对流云团C,700～925 hPa低空急流风速辐合,同时地面冷空气入侵,对C云团的发展起到促进作用,极端短时强降水发生在对流云团合并加强之后。水汽云图上云团边界非常明显,副高西北侧的大量水汽在低空急流及辐合气流的作用下,有一个明显变亮的过程。可见光云图上,白亮密实的中尺度对流云团不断发展、壮大。③TBB低值带与极端短时强降水发生的区域相对应,强降水落区位于TBB低值区内,即云团强烈发展的中心位置,此位置云团向上强烈发展,对流旺盛,对短时强降水的发生较为有利。强降水发生在对流发展最旺盛期后的能量释放过程中,相对TBB值最大变率在演变趋势上有一定的滞后性,强降水主要发生在TBB变率最大值之后。     

安徽省副高控制下对流云特征分析

收集2001、2002年5-10月副高控制下安徽省对流云个例.通过分析卫星云图上,对流云发生发展过程中云顶亮温、面积、几何形态等特征物理量的变化,来分析揭示这一天气背景下安徽省对流云特征.并通过分析对流云发生的地理位置,寻找对流云易发区.统计结果显示,在这一天气背景下,安徽省境内的对流云团中以在局地生消、短生命史的对流云为主.     

静止卫星云图的云位置偏差及其几何校正

利用静止气象卫星云图红外亮温数据和大气的温度层结曲线计算云顶高度。根据几何关系推导出观测云与真云位置偏差的计算公式, 得到中国大陆地区对流云的观测偏差一般为5~20 km的结论。通过观测云经纬度和云顶高度计算真云经纬度, 在此基础上进行了卫星云图几何校正实验, 得到误差不超过2 km的云图校正结果。通过校正前后云图与雷达图的对比, 验证了校正方法的有效性。最后, 分析了云顶高度估算误差所造成的云图校正误差。     

赣西地区夏季对流云雷达回波特征及人影技术分析

使用2009-2011年天气系统资料和多普勒雷达资料,分析了四种层结条件下萍乡地区的夏季对流云回波特征,结果表明:水汽分布对云体结构有影响,受暖湿平流作用时,大气水汽充分,云体发展旺盛,回波主体半数在0℃附近,对流云可向上延展至过冷却层,有利于混合云降水发生。多普勒雷达的径向速度可以判断对流云的发展阶段,对人影作业的时机把握具有指示意义。     

滇东一次局地特大暴雨的中尺度特征和地闪特征分析

 利用雷电定位资料、多普勒雷达资料和FY-2E卫星红外资料对2010年6月25-26日发生在马龙的一次局地特大暴雨过程进行分析,结果表明:高层冷空气和低层暖湿气流在滇中以东地区交汇,形成明显的辐合是本次局地特大暴雨过程的主要影响系统.多普勒雷达上表现为2条带状回波合并加强,后部小单体快速东移合并入同一地点,在马龙上空形成明显的"列车效应",中尺度低空急流和逆风区的出现使得抬升辐合运动加强,触发了马龙上空对流不稳定能量的释放,产生了特大暴雨.卫星云图上,多个MCS合并为中-β尺度对流云团再发展为中-β尺度对流云带,产生强降水的过程始终保持较大面积的低于-60℃的冷中心,冷中心长时间在马龙上空维持.暴雨过程伴随着频繁的地闪活动,地闪密集地出现在单体回波合并后的强回波区域、对应着径向速度≤10 m/s的辐合区和逆风区后部及≥15 km的回波顶高位置,TBB和地闪的峰值超前于强降水1~2 h.     

一次中尺度辐合线引起的短时强降水天气

利用常规观测资料、自动加密站数据、卫星云图等资料对锦州地区7月1日短时强降水过程的天气形势、物理量条件、卫星云图等进行分析研究,结果表明:该次降水过程是由于低层冷空气入侵同时又有地面中尺度系统相配合产生的;低层充足的水汽与辐合上升运动有利于强降水的产生,不稳定能量较强有利于强对流天气的产生;中尺度对流云团的位置和持续时间与地面中尺度系统基本吻合,并与强降水落区和持续时间基本一致。     

贵阳地区一次春季暖切变型飑线的云图分析

利用GMS-5卫星红外、水汽图像及TBB等值线和常规资料叠加,对贵阳地区2001年4月19日发生的一次暖切变型飑线过程云图演变特征和触发机制进行分析,发现:发展成熟的飑线为带状;冷云区(TBB≤-32℃)面积最大时,云顶最低亮温不是生命史的最低亮温;强对流天气出现在MCS开始形成到冷云区面积最大时的时段,剧烈天气出现在TBB等值线密集区;飑线是在地面暖湿气团和暖干大陆气团分界限即干线上形成的;水汽图像暗区与较浅灰暗区交汇处和交汇时间对MCS形成位置和时间有一定指示作用.     

利用小波分析在卫星云图中提取对流云团

本文利用小波分析的思想,对二值化的卫星云图进行了小波变换。从小波变换后的系数中提取出对流云团的中心位置和尺度的信息,从而准确判别了对流云团位置和强度。通过对我国西南地区东部的一次对流天气活动的案例进行分析,得出了该天气过程中三个不同的对流云团在其生命史中的移动路径、强度变化等规律,证实了对流云团在移动过程中向背景风向右侧偏移的结论,并提出了利用计算机和卫星云图进行天气自动监测与预警的想法。     

云南切变线类短时强降水MCS特征分析

利用云南省 125 个国家级自动气象站及 3 042 个区域站降水数据、FY-2E/G 云图数据以及探空观测数据，统计 2015—2019 年由切变线系统影响的云南短时强降水过程，对短时强降水时空分布、中尺度对流系统(Mesoscale Convective System, MCS)系统特征、MCS 系统发生发展的环境特征以及对流云系演变特征进行分析. 结果表明，云南切变线类短时强降水频次有 4 个大值中心，分别是云南南部边缘地区、曲靖南部至文山北部、华坪、德宏西部，傍晚至凌晨是强降水发生的主要时段；云南切变线类短时强降水对流云系分成新生对流云团、M_αCS 和 M_βCS 和带状 MCS 共 4 类，75% 的切变线类短时强降水是由 M_αCS 和 M_βCS 系统造成，M_αCS 和 M_βCS 系统中低于–32 ℃ 冷云区呈椭圆形，平均面积分别为 1.8 万 km~2、10.4 万 km~2，存在 1 个或 2 个中心，中心云顶亮温低于–52 ℃. M_...     

1998年长江洪水大暴雨的卫星云图分析

利用GMS卫星的逐时红外云图做成了日、候、旬、月和季平均云图,在此基础上对1998年夏季长江中、上游洪水期间暴雨的云图特征进行了分析。结果表明,多日平均云图可以概括地揭示降水系统的主要特征。它不仅可展示天气尺度的暴雨云带,而且在日和候平均云图上也可以相当清楚地展示出云带内所包含的中尺度对流云团。旬、月和季平均云图表明,长江上游从6月中旬开始到8月中旬长达两个多月对流的频繁发生是“98洪水”长江上游洪峰多,中游高水位维持时间长的重要原因。候和日平均云图表明,降雨云带上频繁产生中α尺度暴雨云团造成了7月下旬长江中游连续出现特大暴雨。用每小时一次的红外云图作出的日平均云图与日雨量分布之间存在一定程度的对应关系显示出用日平均云顶黑体辐射温度(T_BB)来估算径流量的可能性。     

Contribution of cloud condensate to surface rainfall process

Contribution of cloud condensate to surface rainfall processes is investigated in a life span of tropical convection based on hourly data from a two-dimensional cloud resolving simulation. The model is forced by the large-scale vertical velocity, zonal wind and horizontal advections obtained from tropical ocean global atmosphere coupled ocean-atmosphere response experiment (TOGA COARE). The results show that during the genesis, development, and decay of tropical convection, calculations with water vapor overestimate surface rain rate, and cloud condensate plays an important role in correcting overestimation in surface rain rates. The analysis is carried out in deep convective clouds and anvil clouds during the development of tropical convection. The surface rain rates calculated with water vapor in deep convective clouds and anvil clouds have similar magnitudes, the large surface rain rate appears in deep convective clouds due to the consumption of water hydrometeors whereas the small surface rain rate occurs in anvil clouds because of the gain of ice hydrometeors. Further analysis of the grid data shows that the surface rain rates calculated with water vapor and with cloud condensate are negatively correlated with the correlation coefficient of -0.85, and the surface rain rate calculated with cloud condensate is mainly contributed to the water hydrometeors in the tropical deep convective regime.     

A modeling study of relation between cloud amount and SST over western tropical pacific cloudy regions during TOGA COARE

The relationship between cloud amount and sea surface temperature (SST) over western tropical Pacific cloudy regions during TOGA COARE is investigated based on hourly grid simulation data from a two-dimensional coupled ocean-cloud resolving atmosphere model. The model is forced by the large-scale vertical velocity and zonal wind observed and derived from TOGA COARE for a 50-day period. The cloud amount becomes smaller when the ocean surface gets warmer, which is similar to previous relations obtained from observational analyses. As SST increases, the atmospheric temperature increases whereas the surface sensible heat flux decreases. The atmospheric water vapor is not sensitive to SST whereas the surface evaporation flux decreases as SST increases. These indicate that the oceanic effects do not play an important role in determining atmospheric heat and water vapor budgets. The cold atmosphere produces a larger amount of ice clouds that cover a larger area than the warm atmosphere does. The large amounts of ice clouds lead to cooling of the ocean surface through reflecting large amount of solar radiation back to the space. Thus, the negative correlation between the cloud amount and SST only accounts for the important atmospheric effects on the ocean.     

Deep convective clouds with sustained supercooled liquid water down to -37.5 degrees C

In cirrus and orographic wave clouds, highly supercooled water has been observed in small quantities (less than 0.15 g m(-3)). This high degree of supercooling was attributed to the small droplet size and the lack of ice nuclei at the heights of these clouds. For deep convective clouds, which have much larger droplets near their tops and which take in aerosols from near the ground, no such measurements have hitherto been reported. However, satellite data suggest that highly supercooled water (down to -38 degrees C) frequently occurs in vigorous continental convective storms. Here we report in situ measurements in deep convective clouds from an aircraft, showing that most of the condensed water remains liquid down to -37.5 degrees C. The droplets reach a median volume diameter of 17 microm and amount to 1.8 gm(-3), one order of magnitude more than previously reported. At slightly colder temperatures only ice was found, suggesting homogeneous freezing. Because of the poor knowledge of mixed-phase cloud processes, the simulation of clouds using numerical models is difficult at present. Our observations will help to understand these cloud processes, such as rainfall, hail, and cloud electrification, together with their implications for the climate system.     

Dusty cloud radiative forcing derived from satellite data for middle latitude regions of East Asia

The dusty cloud radiative forcing over the middle latitude regions of East Asia was estimated by using the 2-year (July 2002?June 2004) data of collocated clouds and the Earth’s radiant energy system (CERES) scanner and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) from Aqua Edition 1B SSF (single scanner footprint). The dusty cloud is defined as the cloud in dust storm environment or dust contaminated clouds. For clouds growing in the presence of dust, the instantaneous short-wave (SW) forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) is about -275.7 W/m² for cloud over dust (COD) region. The clouds developing in no-dust cloud (CLD) regions yield the most negative short-wave (SW) forcing (-311.0 W/m²), which is about 12.8% stronger than those in COD regions. For long-wave (LW) radiative forcing, the no-dust cloud (CLD) is around 102.8 W/m², which is 20% less than the LW forcing from COD regions. The instantaneous TOA net radiative forcing for the CLD region is about -208.2 W/m², which is 42.1% larger than the values of COD regions. The existence of dust aerosols under clouds significantly reduces the cooling effect of clouds.     

一次短历时特大暴雨系统的高分辨率卫星图像

利用水平分辨率为1.25km的FY2-C地球同步卫星的可见光云图,对2005年8月14日发生在北京北部山区一次百年一遇的短历时特大暴雨进行了云图分析,发现高分辨率的可见光云图可以在一个多小时前就识别出水平尺度只有几公里的初始对流,并可利用它在地面上的阴影判别其垂直发展的强度。暴雨发生前水平尺度发展到数十公里,其云顶上的暗影表明强烈的对流已突破对流层顶。     

The formation process and cloud physical characteristics for a typical downburstproducing thunderstorm in Beijing

The formation process and characteristics of cloud physical structure of a severe thunderstorm accompanied with strong wind on 23 August, 2001 in Beijing was studied using PSU/NCAR mesoscale model (MM5)coupling with a severe storm model with hail-bin microphysics. The results show that the specific topography and distribution features of cold/warm current in the Beijing region played prominent roles in forming, developing and maintaining the severe storm. Due to solar radiation heating and topographic lifting, the convective cells were easily formed when the westerly airflow passed over high mountainous regions in Beijing. The warm and wet air entered the cloud from its frontage and enhanced the convection, and formed a large amount of graupel/hail particles at the middle and upper portion of the clouds. The precipitation was primarily formed due to melting of graupel/hail particles. The strong downdraft was mainly produced by negative buoyancy due to loading,melting of graupel/hail particles as well as evaporative cooling of rain water. The divergent airflow induced by the strong downdraft led to the disastrous burst winds at the surface and also forced lifting of warm and wet airflow in the moving direction of the storm and formed new clouds that further promoted and maintained the storm development.     

GF-1遥感影像结合等高线消除云层干扰的连续水体重建法

为了解决遥感影像水体提取时易受到云干扰的问题,针对连续水体局部受云层干扰的影像图,采用高精度地形信息与高分一号卫星(GF-1)遥感影像两种数据相结合的方法重建水体。分别对高分一号卫星影像数据和高精度等高线地形数据进行预处理后,对缓冲区多次迭代提取未受云层覆盖的部分水体,通过对两种数据的地理配准、数学统计计算等图像运算确定水体还原水位值,从而还原云层影响下的水面面积。结果表明:该方法可以有效消除云层的影响,7幅受云层干扰影像提取水体还原后的水体面积平均相对误差在5%以内,与参考值相比,水体面积平均差值为0.0809km2。该方法较准确地还原了云层干扰下的水体面积,可广泛应用于受云层干扰影像的水体提取。     

青藏高原上空对流云特征的初步分析

利用常规地面观测资料、高空资料以及卫星云图资料,通过2010年7月与2011年7月的云图对青藏高原及周边地区对流云和中尺度对流系统的活动进行初步研究,分析了青藏高原上空对流云的特征.结果表明:①青藏高原上的对流过程是在特定的环流背景下受西风带500 hPa低槽、700 hPa切变线、850 hPa低涡以及地面图上中尺度低涡和地面静止锋的共同影响造成的;②对流云产生不仅与水汽条件有关,还与不稳定层结条件和抬升力条件即触发机制有关;③对流云的发生发展具有明显的日变化.     

内蒙古巴彦淖尔市冰雹天气云地闪电特征分析

利用闪电定位数据和雷达数据,对内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市地区2009~2015年37次冰雹过程的地闪特征进行分析。地闪数据的统计分析结果表明,正地闪占总地闪比例大于25%。正地闪强度较大,负地闪强度较小,地闪发生频数在降雹前一般低于3 fl/5 min,降雹后负地闪频数有明显增大。雷达和地闪定位数据的个例对比分析表明,降雹前强回波区附近以正地闪为主,地闪频数低,地闪的空间分布与对流云系的发展阶段有一定关系。地闪的空间分布可能指示云系移动方向,强回波区正地闪的时空分布可能对冰雹天气的预判有一定帮助。     

卫星云分类产品在低纬高原强雷暴过程中的闪电特征分析

利用卫星云分类产品资料和云南省地闪资料,对云南省4次强雷暴过程进行分析,得出:对于闪电产生时,积雨云生成0~1h,开始有闪电活动;对于强闪电时段,积雨云也是发展阶段,积雨云面积不断增加,形状为椭圆形或带状,而且闪电均发生在积雨云移动发展方向的边缘区域;对于闪电减弱阶段,积雨云也逐渐减弱,面积不断减小,在闪电结束时,积雨云的面积发生剧减或者积雨云面积剧减且积雨云发生断裂.同时强闪电活动与积雨云的发展移动有一定的对应关系,主要是闪电的移动、发展与积雨云的移动发展基本保持一致,这样可以用云分类资料来判别闪电的发展减弱,进行闪电监测及预警.通过强雷暴个例分析,把云分类产品也加入到闪电分析资料中,拓宽闪电预警的资料使用,同时也是云分类产品资料在低纬高原的适用研究.