Novel mechanism for the modification of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-based inclusions in ultra-low carbon Al-killed steel considering the effects of magnesium and calcium

Many researchers have explored the inclusion modification mechanism to improve non-metallic inclusion modifications in steelmaking. In this study, two types of industrial trials on inclusion modifications in liquid steel were conducted using ultra-low-carbon Al-killed steel with different Mg and Ca contents to verify the effects of Ca and Mg contents on the modification mechanism of Al₂O₃-based inclusions during secondary refining. The results showed that Al₂O₃-based inclusions can be modified into liquid calcium aluminate or a multi-component inclusion with the addition of a suitable amount of Ca. In addition,[Mg] in liquid steel can further reduce CaO in liquid calcium aluminate to drive its evolution into CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃ multi-component inclusions. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the reaction between[Mg] and CaO in liquid calcium aluminate occurs when the MgO content of liquid calcium aluminate is less than 3wt% and the temperature is higher than 1843 K.     

X80管线钢CaS形成机理研究

通过热力学计算,研究了Ca-Al,Al-S,Ca-S平衡关系.以Ca-Al,Al-S两个平衡为参考,在固定S含量的基础上,建立了液态钙铝酸盐区域分布图.结果表明:对X80管线钢wAlT=0.03%~0.06%,wCaT0.001 7%~0.002 7%就可以生成液态钙铝酸盐,此时当钢液中wS0.001 8%~0.002 8%即可有Ca与S直接反应生成CaS;Al2O3夹杂物变性程度对CaS的生成与否影响很大;随钢液中S含量的增加,钙铝酸盐夹杂物边缘生成CaS的可能性增加.通过工业实验,证明了热力学计算结果与实际生产符合得很好.找到了以不同方式形成的两种CaS,从而证明了预测CaS生成方式的合理性.     

Effect of continuous casting speed on mold surface flow and the related near-surface distribution of non-metallic inclusions

For the control of surface defects in interstitial-free(IF) steel, quantitative metallographic analyses of near-surface inclusions and surface liquid flow detection via the nail-board tipping method were conducted. The results show that, at casting speeds of 0.8 and 1.0 m/min, a thin liquid mold flux layer forms and non-uniform floating of argon bubbles occurs, inducing the entrainment and subsequent entrapment of the liquid flux; fine inclusion particles of Al_2O_3 can also aggregate at the solidification front. At higher casting speeds of 1.4 and 1.6 m/min, the liquid mold flux can be entrained and carried deeper into the liquid steel pool because of strong level fluctuations of the liquid steel and the flux. The optimal casting speed is approximately 1.2 m/min, with the most favorable surface flow status and, correspondingly, the lowest number of inclusions near the slab surface.     

Comparison between the surface defects caused by Al_2O_3 and TiN inclusions in interstitial-free steel auto sheets

Al_2O_3 and TiN inclusions in interstitial-free(IF) steel deteriorate the properties of the steel. To decrease the defects of cold-rolled sheet, it is important to clearly distinguish between the degrees of damage caused by these two inclusions on the surface quality of the steel. In this study, a nanoindenter was used to test the mechanical properties of the inclusions, and the distribution and size of the inclusions were obtained by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). It was found that when only mechanical properties are considered, TiN inclusions are more likely to cause defects than Al_2O_3 inclusions of the same size during the rolling process. However, Al_2O_3 inclusions are generally more inclined to cause defects in the rolling process than TiN inclusions because of their distribution characteristic in the thickness direction. The precipitation of Al_2O_3 and TiN was obtained through thermodynamical calculations. The growth laws of inclusions at different cooling rates were calculated by solidification and segregation models. The results show that the precipitation regularity is closely related to the distribution law of the inclusions in IF slabs along the thickness direction.     

Characteristics of Al_2O_3, MnS,and TiN inclusions in the remelting process of bearing steel

The Al_2O_3, MnS, and TiN inclusions in bearing steel will deteriorate the steel's mechanical properties. Therefore, elucidating detailed characteristics of these inclusions in consumable electrode during the electroslag remelting process is important for achieving a subsequently clean ingot. In this study, a confocal scanning violet laser microscope was used to simulate the remelting process and observe, in real time, the behaviors of inclusions. The obtained images show that, after the temperature exceeded the steel solidus temperature, MnS and TiN inclusions in the specimen began to dissolve. Higher temperatures led to faster dissolution, and the inclusions disappeared before the steel was fully liquid. In the case of an observed Al_2O_3 inclusion, its shape changed from angular to a smooth ellipsoid in the region where the solid and liquid coexisted and it began to dissolve as the temperature continued to increase. This dissolution was driven by the difference in oxygen potential between the inclusion and the liquid steel.     

钙处理过程夹杂物演变及热力学分析

通过检测分析钙处理前后钢中夹杂物的形貌和成分的变化,探讨钢液钙处理过程中夹杂物演变规律.利用热力学计算,优化钙处理工艺.结果表明,钙处理可以将钢液中不规则固态夹杂物改性为球形液态夹杂物;1873 K下,当[ Al ]为0.030%时,[O]控制在5×10-6~17×10-6,[Ca]控制在0.7×10-6~30×10-6,钢中夹杂物变性效果良好;当[Al]为0.030%时,[ S]控制在6×10-6~19×10-6,既能使钢中Al2 O3夹杂生成液态铝酸钙夹杂物,同时又可以减少CaS生成.     

CCSD36钢显微夹杂物

针对唐山某钢铁公司生产的CCSD36钢的生产工艺,采用示踪剂示踪、系统取样、综合分析的方法,对50炉CCSD36钢中氧氮含量进行分析研究,同时对LF处理前后、中间包及铸坯中的显微夹杂的变化进行了系统的分析。研究表明：钢中T[O]、[N]偏高,应加强控制。钙处理前LF炉钢水中的显微氧化物夹杂主要为块状Al2O3夹杂、硅酸盐夹杂,钙处理之后球形钙铝酸盐的数量增加,Al2O3夹杂减少。钙处理效果显著。中间包和铸坯中的夹杂物主要是球形钙铝酸盐及钙铝酸盐与CaS组成的复合夹杂。LF处理前后钢中的显微夹杂数量为102.15个/mm2和55.16个/mm2,去除率达46%,中间包内显微夹杂平均值为39个/mm2,比LF出站时降低29.3%,正常坯显微夹杂物数量的平均值为36个/mm2,与中间包显微夹杂含量相比,只降低7.8%。结合其能谱分析表明,大包到中包及中间包到结晶器二次氧化严重,应加强保护浇注。     

BOF--LF--CC生产SWRH82 B硬线钢的洁净度研究

采用系统取样与实验室综合分析,对BOF-LF-CC工艺生产的SWRH82B钢洁净度衍变规律进行研究。结果表明,钙处理后钢中T[ O]和显微夹杂物数量显著下降,轻微增氮;浇铸过程增氧增氮严重;铸坯中<5μm显微夹杂占97%,主要是棱角分明的纯Al2 O3夹杂,球状复合氧化物与CaS和MnS的复合夹杂,简单氧化物或氮化物与MnS的复合夹杂;LF精炼后钙处理,脱氧显著,但使得铸坯中出现很多Al2 O3硬性夹杂,对SWRH82B盘条质量造成严重的危害;中间包结构不合理,卷渣、内衬侵蚀和二次氧化严重,连铸过程钢液洁净度下降。     

RH精炼过程钢中非金属夹杂物行为及演变规律

以RH精炼为研究对象,在不同时间节点取样,采用金相显微镜、SEM等手段研究了钢中夹杂物成分、数量、尺寸分布的变化规律,并对RH过程夹杂物的碰撞聚合、长大、去除行为进行了讨论.结果表明:RH精炼过程中夹杂物的去除明显,软吹结束后,几乎没有大于10μm的夹杂物.随精炼时间延长,夹杂物平均粒径变化不大,但单位面积夹杂物数量显著减少,而夹杂物面积比呈先增大后降低的趋势.弹簧钢中硅酸盐夹杂物具有一定的硫容量,可形成边缘为富硫相,内核为硅酸盐的双层夹杂物.由于RH内钢水的强烈混合,固态夹杂物极易被液态铝酸钙夹杂物捕获,形成镶嵌特征的复合夹杂物.     

Ultrahigh cycle fatigue fracture mechanism of high-quality bearing steel obtained through different deoxidation methods

The mechanism of oxide inclusions in fatigue crack initiation in the very-high cycle fatigue(VHCF)regime was clarified by subjecting bearing steels deoxidized by Al(Al-deoxidized steel)and Si(Si-deoxidized steel)to ultrasonic tension-compression fatigue tests(stress ratio,R=−1)and analyzing the characteristics of the detected inclusions.Results show that the main types of inclusions in Si-and Al-deoxidized steels are silicate and calcium aluminate,respectively.The content of calcium aluminate inclusions larger than 15μm in Si-deoxidized steel is lower than that in Al-deoxidized steel,and the difference observed may be attributed to different inclusion generation processes during melting.Despite differences in their cleanliness and total oxygen contents,the Si-and Al-deoxidized steels show similar VHCF lives.The factors causing fatigue failure in these steels reveal distinct differences.Calcium aluminate inclusions are responsible for the cracks in Al-deoxidized steel.By comparison,most fatigue cracks in Si-deoxidized steel are triggered by the inhomogeneity of a steel matrix,which indicates that the damage mechanisms of the steel matrix can be a critical issue for this type of steel.A minor portion of the cracks in Si-deoxidized steel could be attributed to different types of inclusions.The mechanisms of fatigue fracture caused by calcium aluminate and silicate inclusions were further analyzed.Calcium aluminate inclusions first separate from the steel matrix and then trigger crack generation.Silicate inclusions and the steel matrix are closely combined in a fatigue process;thus,these inclusions have mild effects on the fatigue life of bearing steels.Si/Mn deoxidation is an effective method to produce high-quality bearing steel with a long fatigue life and good liquid steel fluidity.     

氧化铝熟料溶出二次反应过程SiO_2进入铝酸钠溶液的动力学机理

基于采用较高液固比(20∶1)的实验条件,避免了因硅酸钠与铝酸钠反应形成水合铝硅酸钠(钠硅渣),可将氧化铝熟料溶出二次反应动力学过程分为SiO_2进入铝酸钠溶液和Al_2O_3损失两个动力学过程,详细研究了SiO_2进入铝酸钠溶液过程的动力学行为. 通过选择合适的动力学模型对实验数据进行处理,获得了该过程的动力学方程. 方程表明,该过程的表观活化能较小,仅为24.86kJ·mol~(-1),说明其过程发生需要突破的活化能能垒较小,相应反应较易发生,其动力学机理与表面化学反应有关,也与扩散有关. 铝酸钠溶液中Al_2O_3质量浓度对过程的影响远远大于铝酸钠溶液中Na_2CO_3质量浓度和NaOH质量浓度的影响,因此认为熟料溶出过程中,导致SiO_2进入铝酸钠溶液的原因主要是熟料中的硅酸钙与NaAl(OH)_4相互作用.     

非金属夹杂物对弹簧钢局部腐蚀的影响

Certain inclusions in high-strength 60Si2Mn–Cr spring steel result in poor resistance to localized corrosion. In this work, to study the effect of inclusions on the localized corrosion behavior of spring steel, accelerated corrosion tests were performed by immersing spring steel in 3wt% FeCl₃ solution for different times. The results show that severe corrosion occurred in areas of clustered CaS inclusions. Sulfide inclusions containing Ca and Mg induced the strongest localized corrosion susceptibility. For the case of (Ca,Mn,Mg)S inclusions, the ability to induce localized corrosion susceptibility is ranked as follows: MgS > CaS > MnS. Moreover, CaS, (Ca,Mn)S, and (Ca,Mn,Mg)S inclusions were mainly responsible for inducing environmental embrittlement.     

Inclusion variations and calcium treatment optimization in pipeline steel production

SiCa line and SiCaBaFe alloy were injected into liquid pipeline steel at the end of LF refining as calcium treatment, and samples were taken from the ladles, mould, and slabs. Analysis of Ca content and inclusions shows that Ca content in steel decreases obviously in the following process after calcium treatment; the compositions, morphology, and sizes of inclusions also vary much in the production; primary inclusions in the ladles prior to calcium treatment are mainly Al₂O₃ inclusions, but they turn to fine irregular CaS-CaO-Al₂O₃ compound inclusions after the treatment, then become fine globular CaO-Al₂O₃ inclusions in the mould, and finally change to a few larger irregular CaS-CaO-Al₂O₃ complex inclusions in the slabs. Thermodynamic study reveals that inclusion variations are related with the preferential reactions among Ca, Al₂O₃, and S and the precipitation of S in CaO-Al₂O₃ inclusions with high sulfur capacity. New evaluation standards for calcium treatment in high-grade pipeline steel were put forward according to the inclusion variations and requirements of pipeline steel on inclusion controlling, and the calcium process was studied and optimized.     

连铸中间包内夹杂物去除行为的水模型研究

通过选择乳状液滴模拟夹杂物和连铸中间包水模型实验,考察了控流装置、浇铸速度、夹杂物粒径对中间包内夹杂物去除行为的影响规律.结果表明:挡墙-挡坝组合控流夹杂物去除效果最佳,中间包内强湍流区夹杂物的碰撞聚合以及向上和表面流速的增加是主因;中间包注流区加入抑湍器,虽然其流体流动特征发生改变,但对夹杂物去除率的影响并不显著;较高的浇铸速度下,单纯靠控流装置的优化已不能很好地改善夹杂物的去除效果.     

GCr15轴承钢中MnS-Al_2O_3复合夹杂物析出行为

对于钢液铝脱氧精炼过程产生的Al_2O_3夹杂物严重影响钢的性能,而在钢液凝固过程中MnS夹杂物容易包裹着Al_2O_3夹杂物形成复合夹杂物,这种复合夹杂物改善钢材的性能有重要意义。通过场发射扫描电镜和能谱对国内某钢厂连铸坯中夹杂物形貌以及组成进行观察与分析,发现大量MnS包裹Al_2O_3复合夹杂物。同时通过理论热力学阐述MnS包裹Al_2O_3复合夹杂物的析出机理,计算得出:Al_2O_3夹杂物在钢液中形成,Mn S夹杂物在钢液凝固过程中形成,由于Al_2O_3夹杂物先析出,Mn S夹杂物可以在先析出的Al_2O_3夹杂物进行形核与长大,为钢中MnS包裹Al_2O_3复合夹杂物生成提供了理论依据。     

绿色低碱混凝土膨胀剂水化机理研究

文章介绍了利用工业废渣粉煤灰和天然原料石膏等制作的绿色低碱混凝土膨胀剂的方法。通过膨胀性能试验、X-rag衍射分析、扫描电镜(SEM)分析及差热(DTA)分析,研究膨胀剂与水泥发生的水化反应。结果证明,水泥中的C3S、C2S水化生成C-S-H凝胶形成强度组分,同时生成的Ca(OH)2与膨胀剂中的活性Al2O3、铝酸钙矿物及石膏反应生成钙矾石而膨胀,属于钙矾石类混凝土膨胀剂。     

铝对自保护药芯焊丝焊缝组织及力学性能的影响

通过光谱分析、Luzex.F图像分析、扫描电镜、能谱分析、力学性能试验等手段,研究了高铝BaF2渣系自保护药芯焊丝焊缝中的Al含量对焊缝中夹杂物、微观组织和力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:随焊缝中的Al含量增高,焊缝夹杂物平均尺寸增大;焊缝中的夹杂物以AlN和Al2O3为主,在低Al焊缝中以Al2O3为主的夹杂物较多,而在高Al焊缝中AlN夹杂较多;Al含量的不同会引起焊缝微观组织的改变,以Al2O3为主的夹杂物能够诱导焊缝中针状铁素体形核,而AlN夹杂会引起焊缝组织粗大;焊缝中Al含量增加使焊缝的强度增高而韧性下降.     

Al-Mg合金直接氧化Al2O3形成模型

根据对Al-Mg合金直接氧化合成Al/ Al2O3存在Mg的挥发及线性生长动力学特点的分析,在把表面MgO形成过程看成是Al2O3向MgO中的溶解过程并认为MgO部分为n型氧化物时,氧化过程有利于Al2O3的形成:Al-Mg合金直接氧化过程中,Mg的挥发满足Al2O3形成的两个条件,Mg挥发促进表层P型MgO的生长和内层n型MgO中Al2O3的形成,促进MgO向MgAl2O4的转变过程;MgAl2O4在Al2O3的形成中起重要作用,MgO向MgAl2O4转变过程中,生长应力导致MgAl2O4中形成间隙,Al熔体通过此间隙向氧化前沿进行渗流输运;Al2O3的生长动力学取决于MgO向MgAl2O4转变的速度,MgO向MgAl2O4转变速度加快是Al/Al2O3生长动力学呈线性关系的根本原因.     

转炉流程轴承钢连铸坯非金属夹杂物的行为

探讨了BOF-LF-VD-CC流程生产的轴承钢连铸坯非金属夹杂物的物性、分布、特点,并通过示踪剂追踪分析了轴承钢夹杂物的来源,为轴承钢夹杂物的去除,提高转炉流程轴承钢质量提供了依据.研究表明,该生产流程可以获得T[O]的平均值为9.3×10-4%;显微夹杂体积分数为0.031%;>50μm的大型夹杂为1.5 mg/10 kg的洁净度较高的轴承钢连铸坯.夹杂物主要为<5μm的显微夹杂,它的分布特点决定了连铸坯中夹杂物的分布特点,显微夹杂主要是多元素复合脱氧产物与中间包液面二次氧化产物吸附集聚形成的复合物,其次是结晶器液面对钢液的污染,钢包液面影响较小.     

铝基复合材料的活性液相扩散焊新工艺

为优化中间层合金系的设计,对液相扩散焊过程中陶瓷颗粒/金属(P/M)界面的弱化、强化及断裂模式进行了研究,发现在采用纯Cu箔的Al_2O_3p/Al复合材料液相扩散焊件的剪切断口上,Al_2O_3颗粒未破裂,断口上所有Al_2O_3颗粒及部分金属表面光滑,无粘结物生成,表明P/M界面结合弱而呈"界面脱粘"断裂方式.为此,提出了一种旨在改善P/M弱界面润湿性的新工艺--活性液相扩散焊,要求所用中间层内必须同时含有降熔元素及可与陶瓷增强相反应的活性元素(Ti).当Ti含量较低时,Al_2O_3颗粒增强相表面上出现细微、凹凸不平且不连续的界面粘结物(反应物);当Ti含量较高时,P/M界面可形成强力结合,剪切测试中足以使一些陶瓷颗粒本身破裂.