Observation of small-scale processes over shelf break in the East China Sea

The turbulent dissipation along with temperature and salinity was measured on board R/V Dong Fang Hong 2 over the shelf break of the East China Sea from March 7 to 9, 2004. Applying the Turner angle, it is found that the ＇diffusive＇ double diffusion, salt-fingering, and stable stratification coexist in the upper water column of about 50 m. Below that depth, there exists weak salt-fingering. The turbulent dissipation rates are enhanced along the ray paths of M2 internal tides emanating from the shelf break with values ranging from 1.0×10^-9 W·kg^-1 to 1.2×10^-6 W·kg^-1. The corresponding diapycnal mixing rates are from 1×10^-6 m^2· s^-1 to 1×10^-2 m^2· s^-1. The spatially averaged mixing rate over the whole observation section is 2.3×10^-3 m^2· s^-1, which is much larger than 1×10^-5 m^2·s^-1 of the background diapycnal mixing rate in the open ocean.     

Influences of the surface wave-induced mixing and tidal mixing on the vertical temperature structure of the Yellow and East China Seas in summer

After a classification of the physical processes which affect the vertical mixing, diffusivity induced by the surface wave momentum and tidal currents and its influence on the vertical temperature structure are discussed. Based on three mixing schemes, the vertical temperature structure of the Yellow and East China Seas (YECS) is simulated. Results show that in summer, the surface wave-induced mixing plays a key role in forming the upper mixed layer in the YECS. The tidal mixing controls the lower layers within 30 m above the bottom, which is the main factor in forming the platform-shaped temperature structure in the southern Yellow Sea (YS). Together with the strong surface wave-induced mixing, the tidal mixing makes the thermocline ventilate near the east coast of the southern YS. The double cold cores in the deeper layers of the East China Sea have different causes. The western one is the maintenance of the winter cold water, while the eastern one is configured by circulation. The simulated vertical temperature structure of the YECS with the surface wave-induced mixing and tidal mixing has similar features to the observations, which indicates that these mixing processes are key factors in simulating the thermocline and pycnocline of the coastal oceans.     

Long-term memory was impaired in one-trial passive avoidance task of day-old chicks hatching from hypomagnetic field space

The retained curve in one-trial passive avoidance task (OTPAT) of day-old chicks hatching from natural geomagnetic field (control groups) is consistent with the acknowiedged three-phase model. The two dips are at the 20th min and the 60 rain, and the avoidance rates (AR) to the red bead in short- and intermediate-term memory are 68.4% on average, while that in the long-term momory was 74.8%. The OTPAT retained curve of day-old chicks hatching from hypomagnetic field space (experimental groups) presents the marked timing effect. The two dips were at the 25th min and the 50th min, the avoidance rates to the red bead (ARt) in the short- and intermediate-term memory was 74.1% on an average, which was resembled to that in control group;however, the long-term memory appeared an obvious fluctuation. Compared with that in control groups, ARt and the deviation coefficient in experimental groups were decreased by 25.3% and increased by 1.3 times, respectively. That is to say, both the memory ability and stability in the experimental chicks declined. The result shows that the hypomagnetic field space has a negative effect on the development of chick brain function, and that cannot be negligible.     

Linear theory of the response of Na mixing ratio to gravity waves

The influence of gravity waves on the sodium layer is studied by using a linear photochemical-dynamical coupling gravity wave model. The model includes the back-ground photochemistry and the photochemical reactions in the sodium layer. The amplitude and phase difference of the response of sodium mixing ratio to gravity waves are calculated. The results indicate that the lower part of sodium layer is the most sensitive region responding to gravity waves. The perturbation of sodium mixing ratio is in phase with temperature in the lower part of the layer. However, it is out of phase with temperature fluctuation in the upper part.     

Kinetics for hydrogen production by methanol steam reforming in fluidized bed reactor流化床反应器甲醇水蒸气重整制氢动力学研究

Hydrogen is one of the best energy carriers.Fluidized bed reactor provides a promising approach for hydrogen production. To describe the hydrogen generating rate with methanol steam reforming in fluidized bed reactor quantitatively, dual-rate kinetic models of the reactions with exponent form were developed, including that of steam reforming reaction（SR） and decomposition reaction（DE）.The reaction rate per unit mass of catalyst was related to partial pressures of components. The exponentials in kinetic equations were obtained by linear least-squares method based on the experimental data. The variance homogeneity test（F test） shows that the dynamic models are feasible with high accuracy, which can be used to predict the generating rate of hydrogen under different reaction temperatures and feed flow rates in fluidized bed reactor. The SR and DE activation energy obtained indicates that ESR\ EDE, which can explain the previous observation that the CO₂ selectivity decreased with the temperature increase.     

Cloud microphysical and rainfall responses to zonal perturbations of sea surface temperature: A cloud-resolving modeling study

The cloud microphysical and rainfall responses to zonal perturbations of sea surface temperature (SST) are investigated by analyzing the equilibrium simulation data (from day 31–40) obtained from a series of two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulations with a zonal model domain of 768 km. Four experiments imposed by zonal SST perturbations of wavenumbers 1 (SST29Z1), 2 (SST29Z2), 4 (SST29Z4), and 8 (SST29Z8) are compared to the control experiment imposed by zonally uniform SST (SST29). The model domain mean SST is 29 C, and the two-dimensional cloud-resolving model with a cyclic lateral boundary is also imposed by zero vertical velocity and constant zonal wind. The time and model domain mean surface rain rates in SST29Z1, SST29Z2, and SST29Z8 are about 10% larger than those in SST29, whereas the mean surface rain rates in SST29Z4 and SST29 are similar. The analysis of mean surface rainfall budgets shows that local water vapor and hydrometeor changes play important roles in determining the differences and similarities in mean surface rain rate between the perturbation experiments and the control experiment. Both convective and stratiform rain rates are larger in SST29Z1 and SST29Z2 than in SST29 due to the smaller advection of rain from convective regions into raining stratiform regions and the larger vapor condensation rates associated with the larger water vapor convergence over raining stratiform regions in SST29Z1 and SST29Z2. The convective rain rates are larger in SST29Z4 and SST29Z8 than in SST29 because of the larger condensation rates associated with the larger water vapor convergence over convective regions in SST29Z4 and SST29Z8. The stratiform rain rates in SST29Z4 and SST29Z8 are smaller than in SST29 due to the smaller vapor condensation rates and smaller collection rates of cloud water by rain over raining stratiform regions in SST29Z4 and SST29Z8.     

Entrainment-mixing parameterization in shallow cumuli and effects of secondary mixing events

Parameterization of entrainment-mixing pro- cesses in cumulus clouds is critical to improve cloud parameterization in models, but is still at its infancy. For this purpose, we have lately developed a formulation to represent a microphysical measure defined as homoge- neous mixing degree in terms of a dynamical measure defined as transition scale numbers, and demonstrated the formulation with measurements from stratocumulus clouds. Here, we extend the previous work by examining data from observed cumulus clouds and find positive cor- relations between the homogeneous mixing degree and transition scale numbers. These results are similar to those in the stratocumulus clouds, but proved valid for the first time in observed cumulus clouds. The empiricalrelationships can be used to parameterize entrainment- mixing processes in two-moment microphysical schemes. Further examined are the effects of secondary mixing events on the relationships between homogeneous mixing degree and transition scale numbers with the explicit mixing parcel model. The secondary mixing events are found to be at least partially responsible for the larger scatter in the above positive correlations based on obser- vations than that in the previous results based on numerical simulations without considering secondary mixing events.     

Synthesis of CdS nanowires on Cd foil and their photoluminescence properties

Cadmium sulfide(CdS) nanowires were synthesized on Cd foil via a simple solvothermal reaction at 180 ℃ using thiosemicarbazide as the sulfide source and ethylenediamine as the solvent.The CdS nanowires are hexagonal-phase single crystals with an average diameter of 50 nm and length of several microns.The as-prepared CdS nanowires show an absorption peak of around 483 nm in the absorption spectrum.The CdS nanowires exhibit bright photoluminescence(PL) with two distinct emission bands at 503 nm and 697 nm,which shows that the as-prepared CdS nanowires are high-quality nanocrystals.     

Water model experiments of multiphase mixing in the top-blown smelting process of copper concentrate

We constructed a 1:10 cold water experimental model by geometrically scaling down an Isa smelting furnace. The mixing processes at different liquid heights, lance diameters, lance submersion depths, and gas flow rates were subsequently measured using the conductivity method. A new criterion was proposed to determine the mixing time. On this basis, the quasi-equations of the mixing time as a function of different parameters were established. The parameters of the top-blown smelting process were optimized using high-speed photography. An excessively high gas flow rate or excessively low liquid height would enhance the fluctuation and splashing of liquid in the bath, which is unfavorable for material mixing. Simultaneously increasing the lance diameter and the lance submersion depth would promote the mixing in the bath, thereby improving the smelting efficiency.     

Fission track age of granite batholith from Southern Tibet:implications for the plateau uplift

Fission track (FT) ages of apatite and zircon from four granite batholiths from Lhasa and Shannan areas are measured.The FT ages of apatite range from 3.2±8.3 Ma, corresponding to the uplift rates of 0.12±0.20 mm·a~(-1) during this period. The upliftheight is 580m, showing that there is not large-scale rapid uplifting in southern Tibet from 3.2 to 8.3 Ma. The zircon FT ages of Lhasabatholith are 25.9±1.7 and 32.7±2.8 Ma, yielding an uplift rate of 0.08 mm·a~(-1) between 26 and 33 Ma. Combining this work withother studies, it is suggested that the average uplift rate in southern Tibet is low from the time of collision between India and Asian conti-nents to ～3Ma. The uplift of Tibetan Plateau seems to have finished in multi-stage processes with varied rates.     

用于模拟湍流射流扩散燃烧的条件矩模型

采用Bilger提出的条件矩模型对CH4－CO2湍流射流扩散燃烧进行了数值 模拟。对于湍流流和混合分数场采用k-ε-f-g模型,对于组分浓度场采用条件矩模型的抛物线型方程。将速度场、温度场和主要组分（CH4和CO2）浓度场的模拟数据与美国Sandia国家实验室的实验数据进行了对照。结果表明条件矩模型能够较好地反映扩散燃烧的火焰结构,是湍流燃烧模型研究的一种值得探讨的有前途的方法。     

基于Python的CO2/O2氛围下柴油燃烧火焰特征分析

为分析柴油在CO2/O2氛围下燃烧的火焰特征,利用光学定容燃烧室测试并拍摄了6种不同工况下的柴油燃烧过程. 基于自编的Python代码对火焰图像进行后处理,提取出火焰浮起长度、红绿分量比、平均亮度、相关性系数、面积变化率和重叠率等特征参数并进行分析. 结果表明：在空气和CO2/O2氛围下,柴油火焰浮起长度和相关性均随燃烧进程先增大后减小再增大,平均亮度则先增大后减小,其在空气下和35% CO2+65% O2氛围下的峰值分别为210.75 px和138.89 px. 在火焰发展阶段,红绿分量比保持在0.8~1.2之间,而在火焰熄灭阶段,随着CO2浓度减小和O2浓度增大,红绿分量比有所减小. 与在空气下燃烧相比,柴油在CO2/O2氛围下的燃烧火焰形状更加细长,湍流现象更加明显,火焰浮起长度缩短,平均亮度下降.     

Direct numerical simulation of hydrogen turbulent lifted jet flame in a vitiated coflow

The direct numerical simulation (DNS) method with 16 steps detailed chemical kinetics was applied to a lifted turbulent jet flame with H2/N2 fuel issuing into a wide hot coflow of lean combustion products,at temperature of 1045 K and low oxygen concentrations. The chemical reactions were handled by the library function of CHEMKIN which was called by the main program in every time step. Parallel com-putational technology based on message passing interface method (MPI) was used in the simulation. All the cases were run by 12 CPUs on a high performance computer system. Faver-averaged DNS re-sults were obtained by long time averaging the transient profile and compared with the experimental data. The roll-up and evolution of the vortices in jet flame were well captured. The vortices in the same rotating direction attracted each other and those in different rotating directions repulsed each other. Through complex interactions between vortices,the original symmetrical vortex structure could be converted into nonsymmetrical and more complex structures by combination,distortion and splitting of the vortices. The transient profiles of H,OH and H2O mass fraction at 5.76 ms showed the flame structure in jet flame,especially the autoignition regions clearly. The lift-off height was about 9 d―11 d,in agreement with the experimental observation. At the corner point of the flame sheet indicated by OH and H profiles,the combustion was always enhanced by the flame curvature and extended resident time. The profiles of turbulence intensities show that the flames were diffused from the original two outside flame sheets into the core. The DNS results can be considered in developing more accurate and more universal turbulence models.     

油池火蔓延过程的数值模拟

本文采用Magnussen的EBU版本的湍流燃烧模型,数值模拟油池从点火到火蔓延这一燃烧过程。计算结果与他人发表的一些实验结果比较,定性合理。     

自燃临界温度区域内柴油喷雾燃烧特性模拟研究

采用条件矩封闭模型(CMC)与三维计算流体动力学(CFD)软件相耦合,建立了活化热氛围中的柴油喷雾燃烧模型,分析了燃料自燃临界温度随环境压力的变化,并对临界温度附近区域的柴油喷雾燃烧特性进行了研究.结果表明,随着环境压力的增加,自燃临界温度基本维持在1 048K附近.在模拟条件下,当协流温度接近临界温度时,2K的协流温度变化即可引起火焰温度及OH、H、HO2等中间组分的分布产生较大变化,进而对燃烧过程产生较大影响.     

Integrated modeling of nitrogen oxides formation in diesel engines

To account for the effects of both chemistry and flow turbulence, the present study proposes an integrated NO sub-model that combines the extended Zel'dovich mechanism and engine CFD computations to simulate the NO histories in a diesel engine. NOx sub-model parameters and pollutant formation mechanisms can be more easily investigated by solving the NOx sub-model. The new NO formation model incorporating the effects of both chemical kinetics and turbulent mixing was applied to simulate a diesel engine with a quiescent combustion chamber, and one with a re-entrant combustion chamber; the premise of the model being the reaction rate is mainly determined by a kinetic timescale and a turbulent timescale. The results indicate that the predicted NO formulation from the new model agrees well with the measured data. As the utilization of fossil fuels continues to increase, the control of NOx emissions is a worldwide concern; and it is imperative to understand fully the NOx reaction processes in combustion systems. This technology has the potential to enhance the application of various combustion techniques used to reduce NOx emissions from practical combustion systems.     

三维加力燃烧室湍流燃烧的数值模拟

本文对涡扇发动机三维加力燃烧室内的气相湍流燃烧过程进行了数值模拟。湍流模型采用标准ｋ－ｅ模型,湍流燃烧采用涡旋破碎（ＥＢＵ）模型,数值方法采用ＳＩＭＰＬＥ算法。计算结果定性合理。     

Microstructure of premixed propane/air flame in the transition from laminar to turbulent combustion

In order to explore the flame structure and propagation behavior of premixed propane/air in the transi-tion from laminar to turbulent combustion, the high speed camera and Schlieren images methods were used to record the photograph of flame propagation process in a semi-vented pipe. Meanwhile, the super-thin thermocouple and ionization current probe methods were applied to detect the temperature distribution and reaction intensity of combustion reaction. The characteristics of propane/air flame propagation and microstructure were analyzed in detail by the experimental results coupled with chemical reaction thermodynamics. In the test, the particular tulip flame behavior and the formation process in the laminar-turbulent transition were disclosed clearly. From the Schlieren images and iron current results, one conclusion can be drawn that the small-scale turbulent combustion also appeared in laminar flame, which made little influence on the flame shape, but increased the flame thickness obviously.     

煤粉钝体燃烧器的数值模拟及稳燃机理的研究

本文对煤粉钝体燃烧器中煤粉气流的流动、传热传质和燃烧过程进行了计算机数值模拟,并在实验及计算的基础上,对钝体使煤粉火焰稳定的机理进行了探讨和分析.     

Influence of rarefaction wave on premixed flame structure and propagation behavior

To explore the influence of rarefaction wave on the structure and propagation behavior of the premixed propane/air flame in a rectangle combustion pipe, the techniques of high speed Schlieren photograph method, pressure measurement and so on are used to study the interaction processes between rarefaction wave and flame. Two cases of rarefaction wave-flame interaction were performed in the experiment. The experimental result shows that both the rarefaction waves can cause the flame transition from laminar to turbulent combustion quickly. The cowflow rarefaction wave decreases the flame speed, while the counterflow rarefaction wave leads the flame propagation speed to increasing on the whole, accompanied with sharp vibration.