Application of Dry Air Drying Techniques on West-East Gas Pipeline Project

Based on the pre-eommissioning requirements of gas pipeline, the basic principles and influential factors of dry air drying adopted in long distance gas pipelines, and states in detail the technological flow and the equipment required, etc. are introduced, which will have practical significance in drying operation on gas pipeline.     

Analysis of tensioned membrane structures considering cable sliding

In routine design of tensioned membrane structures, the membrane is generally modeled using space membrane elements and the cables by space cable elements, with no sliding allowed between the membrane and the cables. On the other hand, large deflections are expected and sliding between the membrane and the cables is inevitable. In the present paper, the general finite element code ABAQUS was employed to investigate the influence of cable sliding on membrane surface on the structural behavior. Three analysis models were devised to fulfill this purpose: (1) The membrane element shares nodes with the cable element; (2) The cable can slide on the membrane surface freely (without friction) and (3) The cable can slide on the membrane surface, but with friction between the cable and the membrane. The sliding problem is modeled using a surface - based contact algorithm. The results from three analysis models are compared, showing that cable sliding has only little influence on the structure shape and on the stress distributions in the membrane. The main influence of cable sliding may be its effect on the dynamic behavior of tensioned membrane structures.     

Study on estimate method of wave velocity and quality factor to fault seals

Based on ultrasonic test of fault rocks, the responses for wave velocity and quality factor （Q value） to lithology, porosity and permeability of fault rocks and mechanical property of faults are studied. In this paper, a new quantitative estimate method of fault seals is originally offered. The conclusions are as follows： （1） Wave velocity and Q value increase and porosity decreases with the increase in stress perpendicular to joint; （2） In compressive and compresso-shear fault rocks that are obviously anisotropic compared with their original rocks, the wave velocity and Q value are greater in the direction parallel with foliation, and usually less perpendicular to it. In tensile and tenso-shear fault rocks that are not obviously anisotropic, the wave velocity and Q value are under that of original rocks; （3） In foliated fault rocks, the direction with minimal wave velocity and Q value is the best direction for sealing; on the contrary it is the best for flowing; （4） Structural factures develop mainly along foliation, the minimal wave velocity and Q value reflect the flowing capacity in parallel direction to foliation, and the maximal wave velocity as well as Q value reflect the sealing capacity in normal direction to foliation. The new estimate method is based upon contrast of wave velocity and Q value between fault rocks and their original rocks, and is divided into three parts that are respectively to identify rock＇s lithology, to judge mechanic property of faults and to Judge sealing capacity of faults. Although there is vast scale effect between ultrasonic wave and seismic wave, they have similar regularity of response to fabric and porosity of faults. This research offers new application for seismic data and petrophysical basis for seismological estimation of fault seals. The estimate precision will be improved with the enhancement of three-dimensional seismic prospecting work.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of a single polymer in hydrophilic nano-slits

The behavior of a single polyethylene polymer in aqueous solution confined between two hydrophilic walls is studied with molecular dynamics （MD） simulations. The thickness of the nano-slit ranges from 1.26 to 3.15 nm, which is comparative to the polymer dimension. A monotonic transition from 3D- to 2D-like configurations is observed as the distance between the two walls narrows. Monomers are compressed into several layers and the preferred bond orientations alternate between parallel and normal to the walls accordingly. The diffusivity in the direction parallel to the wall is always larger than the one perpendicular to it. Calculation of the entropy and enthalpy changes during the folding of the polymer chain alone cannot explain the spontaneous process. The corresponding increase in water entropy due to volume expansion may be large enough to result in the overall free energy decrease.     

In-depth analysis of the fatigue mechanism induced by inclusions for high-strength bearing steels

A numerical study of stress distribution and fatigue behavior in terms of the effect of voids adjacent to inclusions was conducted with finite element modeling simulations under different assumptions.Fatigue mechanisms were also analyzed accordingly.The results showed that the effects of inclusions on fatigue life will distinctly decrease if the mechanical properties are close to those of the steel matrix.For the inclusions,which are tightly bonded with the steel matrix,when the Young’s modulus is larger than that of the steel matrix,the stress will concentrate inside the inclusion;otherwise,the stress will concentrate in the steel matrix.If voids exist on the interface between inclusions and the steel matrix,their effects on the fatigue process differ with their positions relative to the inclusions.The void on one side of an inclusion perpendicular to the fatigue loading direction will aggravate the effect of inclusions on fatigue behavior and lead to a sharp stress concentration.The void on the top of inclusion along the fatigue loading direction will accelerate the debonding between the inclusion and steel matrix.     

Composition, structure and mechanical properties of several natural cellular materials

The stem piths of sunflower, kaoliang and corn are natural cellular materials. In this paper, the contents of the compositions of these piths are determined and their cell shapes and structures are examined through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical microscope. Further research is conducted in the effects of the compositions and structures of the piths on the mechanical properties after testing the partial mechanical properties. The results show that the total cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin content of each sample approaches 75% of the dry mass of its primary cell walls. With the fall of R value, a parameter relative to the contents of the main compositions, the flexibilities of the cellular piths de- scend while their stresses and rigidities increase. The basic cell shape making up the sunflower pith is approximately a tetrakaidehedron. The stem piths of kaoliang and corn are made up of cells close to hexangular prisms and a few tubular ones which can observably reinforce their mechanical properties in the axial directions.     

多孔Fe–C–P合金泡孔形貌、孔隙率、显微组织及力学性能的研究

Open cell steel foams were successfully fabricated through the powder metallurgy route using urea granules as the water leachable space holder in the present study. The influence of different amounts of phosphorus (0, 0.5wt%, 1wt%, 2wt%, and 4wt%) was investigated on the cell morphology, porosity, microstructure of cell walls, and mechanical properties of steel foams. The cell morphology and microstructure of the cell walls were evaluated using an optical microscope equipped with image processing software and a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. In addition, the compression tests were conducted on the steel foams using a universal testing machine. Based on microscopic images, the porous structure consists of spherical cells and irregularly shaped pores that are distributed in the cell walls. The results indicated that by increasing the phosphorus content, the porosity increases from 71.9% to 83.2%. The partially distributed ferrite and fine pearlite was observed in the microstructure of the cell walls, and α-Fe and Fe₃P eutectic extended between the boundaries of agglomerated iron particles. Furthermore, elastic and long saw-toothed plateau regions were observed before fracture in the compressional stress–strain curves. According to the results, by increasing the phosphorus content from 0 to 4wt%, the plateau region of the stress–strain curves shifts to the right and upward. Therefore, increasing phosphorus content causes improvement in the mechanical properties of steel foams.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of a composite structure with frame and skin

A composite structure with frame and skin based on cabin structure in a large space telescope is studied in this paper. The frame is composed of longitudinal and transverse beams with hybrid bonded/bolted joints, and the skin is connected to the frame by bolts. Tensile tests are conducted on the structure by a set of test stand. It is observed that residual deformation occurs in the first test of the structure, which is attributed to the relative sliding between the skin and frame because of bol...     

Simulation study on optimal currents and winds for the spaceborne SAR mapping of sea bottom topography

A simulation model for the radar backscattering cross section of the sea surface has been developed based on the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging mechanism of the sea bottom topography. The relationship between tidal currents, sea surface winds and the SAR mapping of the sea bottom topography has been analyzed using the results of the simulation. It is shown that the sea bottom topography can be observed by spaceborne SAR more easily at high current speeds. The optimal direction of the currents for mapping the sea bottom topography is the direction perpendicular to the bathymetric features while the direction parallel to the bathymetric features is the worst. The optimal range of wind speeds for mapping the sea bottom topography is between 3 and 9 m/s. The wind directions between 30° and 89° are preferred although the effect of the wind direction on SAR mapping of bottom topography is complicated.     

A Study on the Characterization of Jude the Obscure

This paper is a brief study on the characterization of Jude the Obscure, and will be focus on the chief character Jude Fawley. This novel, first published in 1895, wasThomas Hardy's last and best literary success. There are six main characters in this novel: Jude Fawley, Susanna Bridehead, Arabella Donn, Richard Phillotson, Aunt Drusilla, Little Father Time (Little Jude). This analysis of the distinct depictions of the typical characters will be helpful to the understanding of the gap between the ideal life a man wishes to lead and the squalid existence he is fated to live in such social environment as Jude is confronted with.     

地铁隧道钻爆法施工邻近埋地管线的安全风险管理研究

地铁隧道钻爆法施工对邻近埋地管道的影响与安全控制研究,对地铁隧道快速掘进和管道安全防护具有重要的意义。为研究地铁隧道钻爆法施工过程中邻近埋地管线的安全风险,以经济损失为评价指标,提出了地铁隧道钻爆法施工对邻近埋地管线影响的风险评估方法。首先建立考虑管线剩余强度的安全控制标准,根据模糊数学的有关方法,提出地面沉降控制标准的隶属度函数,并结合管线破坏的经济损失表达式,最终确定地表最大沉降与经济损失期望值之间的关系。最后,对大连地铁隧道沿线某混凝土上水管在钻爆法施工过程中的影响进行了风险分析,从而作为安全措施的指导依据。     

基于激光测距的双机器人管道测绘方法

为解决传统天然气管道测绘设备只能测绘直管道且测绘距离近的问题，提出基于激光测距的双机器人管道测绘方法.管道分为水平直管道段、90°水平弯管道段、上/下坡管道段和复合管道.方法中两机器人从管道入口处开始交替匀速前进，直至离开管道，通过解算机器人获取的距离数据，得到每段运动中管道段的三维模型，最后进行拼接，完成对整条管道的测绘.实验结果表明，本方法实现了对不同管道的测绘，并有效提升了管道测绘的距离，2000m距离误差在4m内，误差率约为0.178%.     

穿越走滑断层埋地管道应变特性的试验研究

穿越断层的埋地管道在地震等外力作用下会发生屈曲、断裂等破坏,研究走滑断层作用下埋地管道的应变特性,对管道工程的设计和防护等具有重要意义.借助前期设计的场地变形组合试验装置,针对走滑断层的作用特点,模拟穿越此断层的埋地管道受力情况,测得随断层错动管道的应变分布及管道周边土体压力变化,分析管径变化对应变和管周土压力的影响,得出管道变形区域的范围.试验结果表明:断层面附近的管道在断层走滑错动过程中受到轴向拉力或压力的作用,其变形沿断层面与管道交点近似呈中心对称;距离断层较远的管道随土体一起运动,不会产生变形,即管道变形在断层附近的一定区域内;管径越大,受断层运动影响的管道变形区域越小;随断层错动位移量的增大,断层附近管道周围土压力和管道的轴向应变都增大,且随管道直径的增大管周土压力和轴向应变减少.     

滑坡对纵向埋地管道的变形特征与减灾对策研究

纵向布置作为埋地管道跨越山区地形的主要方式之一,滑坡对其致灾模式与横向布置埋地管道存在显著差异,横向布置埋地管道的变形机制和减灾对策并不适用于纵向布置的埋地管道。本文采用ABAQUS有限元软件研究埋地管道承载纵向滑坡作用的变形破坏规律,分析滑坡几何形态对管道变形破坏规律的影响,探讨改变管道径厚比、埋深、内压值对减小埋地管道受滑坡作用变形破坏的效果。研究结果表明：①埋地管道遭受滑坡作用最大的应变发生在滑坡坡脚管段;②埋地管道应变随滑坡坡度、厚度、长度增大而增大,其中滑坡厚度对管道遭受滑坡作用变形破坏影响程度最大,其次是滑坡长度,最后是滑坡坡度;③减小管道径厚比、埋深、内压都能有效增强管道的抗灾能力,从管道施工难易程度、成本、减灾效果以及运营管理四个方面考虑,最佳方案是减小管道的径厚比,其次是改变管道内压,最后是改变管道的埋深。     

逆断层作用下埋地管道局部屈曲行为研究

为研究断层作用下埋地管道的局部压溃和起皱行为,以黄土地层埋地管道为例,建立了管土耦合数值计算模型,分析了逆断层作用下埋地管道的变形及局部屈曲过程,研究了内压、径厚比及地层位错量对管道局部屈曲模式的影响规律。结果表明,随着地层位错量增大,断层面两侧管道出现应力集中,并逐渐演化为局部屈曲,埋地管道变形曲线由S形变为Z形,断层面两侧的管道变形并非呈对称或反对称分布,上盘区的管道屈曲现象较下盘区更为严重;地层位错量大于3倍管径时,管道轴向应变迅速增大;无压管道和低压管道的局部屈曲模式为压溃,而随着内压的增大,管壁屈曲模式由压溃变为起皱,且管道起皱幅度随着内压的增大而增大;上盘区管段屈曲部位与断层面之间距离受内压、径厚比影响较小,而压溃模式下下盘区屈曲部位与断层面之间的距离随着内压的增大而减小,起皱模式下二者之间的距离随着内压的增大而增大;不同地层位错量作用下,管道最大轴向应变随径厚比的变化呈现出不同变化规律。     

基于未确知测度理论的山区管道地质灾害风险评估

山区管道所处地理环境复杂,受滑坡、水毁等地质灾害影响较大,给山区管道的风险管控带来了极大挑战,而风险评价是管控的前提,故山区管道地质灾害的风险评价尤为重要。为提高评价结果的准确性,本文以西南地区某中贵天然气管段为例,选取地质灾害中岩土类因素、水文水流因素、地质诱发因素、沿管道因素和防护措施等17项因素作为风险评价指标,应用未确知测度理论确定未知信息,构造山区管道风险指标因素评价标准;结合层次分析法确定指标权重;并建立了符合三级指标因素的五级风险等级判定准则,评价结果与专项排查情况进行对比,其结果符合实际情况,说明该方法的科学性和适用性,为山区管道地质灾害的风险评价提供了新方法。     

深基坑开挖对邻近大直径管线影响的优化分析

为了研究由狭长型的市政管廊基坑开挖引起邻近管线沿长度方向的位移变化.以杭州管廊基坑工程为背景,运用有限元软件PLAXIS建立三维数值模型,探讨不同围护结构形式下的基坑开挖对邻近大直径污水管线的影响规律.分析得出管线的位移因近邻基坑的开挖存在时空效应,且提高基坑围护结构的刚度可以减小20％管线位移量;同一围护结构形式下两条管线的竖向位移变化趋势基本一致,但两条管线之间在水平方向的位移存在较大的差距,应分别监测两条管线的水平位移,研究结论和建议可为相似工程提供一定的理论依据.     

高强度管线钢的原位拉伸形变分析

运用原位拉伸扫描电子显微镜的观察方法和微观取向分析手段,对比分析了2种高强度级别管线钢X100和X80的动态塑性变形行为.结果表明：X100和X80的微观组织均主要由针状铁素体、粒状贝氏体和M/A岛状组织组成;在拉伸应力的作用下,X100级管线钢的针状铁素体首先发生形变,且随着应变的增加、针状铁素体应变量的累积而导致粒状贝氏体发生形变,其氧化夹杂物成为微裂纹成核的核心,并随着拉伸应力的增加而扩展、连接并导致裂纹贯穿基体,直至失效,在发生形变后,其晶体的{111}晶面沿拉伸形变方向转动;X80级管线钢原位拉伸产生了滑移带,并发生形变,直至断裂.
     

甘肃省东乡县下坪山滑坡特征及稳定性评价

黄土滑坡是西北地区人居与城镇建设安全的重大隐患,正确认识黄土滑坡的发育特征和形成机理,对于开展滑坡灾害风险评价、预测预警、工程治理及防灾减灾等方面具有重要的战略意义?为了保障黄土脆弱地区生态保护和高质量发展,解决滑坡在实现乡村振兴战略过程中对规划和建设的影响,本文在对甘肃省东乡县陈家下坪山滑坡进行地质勘察和现场调查的基础上,通过地面调查、钻探和探槽等多种手段,结合区域环境详细研究滑坡发育的特征,阐明了地形地貌、地层岩性、坡体结构、水文地质、大气降水和人类活动对滑坡的影响。运用定性分析与定量计算相结合的方法,系统分析评价了下坪山滑坡在不同工况下的稳定性。结果表明,下坪山滑坡为老滑坡整体复活,属于中型黄土—泥岩滑坡,其运动特征为间隙性下错的牵引式低速滑动,降雨和人类工程活动是该滑坡稳定性的敏感因素;滑坡目前处于基本稳定状态,受裂缝大量发育的影响,局部有发生滑动的可能性,但未来环境变化会导致滑坡整体滑移失稳的可能性大;依据滑体原始冲沟为界将下坪山滑坡分为东西两块,西侧整体稳定性好于东侧,东西两处滑坡块体在遇暴雨或地震沿现有滑面发生再次滑动的可能性较大。在西北内陆暖湿化的大背景下,该区黄土老滑坡存在复活的风险,应进一步加强相关的监测工作。     

围海造陆对已埋设海底管线安全性的影响

当围海造陆工程需要覆盖原有海底管线时,对海管的不利影响包括两个方面:其一是隔埝与管线相交处,对管线局部造成较大的附加应力;其二是大面积吹填造陆,使管线受力发生变化.在这两种不利荷载的作用下,管线的安全运营受到威胁.结合实际工程,采用规范设计和有限元分析相结合的方法,分析了大面积吹填对海底管线的影响,并设计采用打桩加盖板的保护措施使隔埝能够安全地跨过海底管线.分析结果和实际观测表明,在现有的工况条件下管线上吹填土高度不宜大于4m,隔埝与管线相交处的保护方案具有有效性.