Halomonas aquamarina盐敏感质膜蛋白组的研究

革兰氏阴性细菌外膜蛋白对细菌外部环境因素的调节功能已受到高度重视,但有关细菌质膜的作用报道极少.为研究质膜蛋白在抗盐机制中所起的作用,采用蛋白质组学技术比较深海中度嗜盐菌Halomonasaquamarina在生理(0.56mol/LNaCl)、较高(1mol/LNaCl)和高(2mol/LNaCl)浓度下质膜蛋白差异表达的结果.结果表明,高盐浓度下出现2个新蛋白,质谱分析证明其为ABC转运蛋白.这些发现对从细胞膜整体角度了解细菌的抗盐机理具有重要意义.     

新疆达坂城盐湖中度嗜盐菌的分类研究

中度嗜盐菌作为一类新型微生物资源,已经在很多方面应用.从新疆达坂城盐湖18个样品分离得到17株中度嗜盐菌,其中11株为革兰氏阳性,6株为革兰氏阴性.并在中科院微生物所完成表型测定.文章研究的目的在于对该地区中度嗜盐菌进行分类鉴定.     

双重PCR法快速检测欧鳗鲡嗜水气单胞菌

采用已知的嗜水气单胞菌编码溶血素(Hemolysin)和外膜蛋白(Ompts)的基因序列为目的基因,依据其保守序列设计两对相应引物,用双重PCR方法检测了32株从发病欧鳗鲡分离的细菌,将检测结果与试剂盒快速生化鉴定结果进行比较.以嗜水气单胞菌为阳性对照,以大肠杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鳗弧菌、溶壁微球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为阴性对照检测了嗜水气单胞菌溶血素与外膜蛋白基因的特异性.结果表明:被检测的32株欧鳗鲡致病菌中,检测到的4株既有溶血素基因又有外膜蛋白基因的细菌,其生化鉴定结果全部为嗜水气单胞菌,而仅具有外膜蛋白基因的13株细菌中只有5株生化鉴定结果为嗜水气单胞菌.证明双重PCR法可用于快速检测部分嗜水气单胞菌.     

新疆达坂城盐湖中度嗜盐菌的16SrDNA序列研究

中度嗜盐菌作为一类微生物资源,已经在很多方面应用。从新疆达坂城盐湖样品中分离得到17株中度嗜盐菌。其中11株为革兰氏阳性,6株为革兰氏阴性,并完成表型和16SrDNA序列的测定．其表塑特征和16SrDNA序列分析结果表明这些菌分别属于Halomonas、Bacillus、Salinicoccus、Halobacillus、Marinococcus、Thalassobacillus、Nesterenkonia属,其中大部分属于Halomonas属。     

嗜水气单胞菌Ⅲ型分泌系统研究进展

主要对嗜水气单胞菌Ⅲ型分泌系统、效应蛋白及其致病机理等方面的研究进展进行了综述.细菌分泌系统的发现是近年来细菌致病机制研究的重要进展,许多革兰氏阴性细菌借助于细菌的分泌系统,分泌出毒性因子和效应蛋白,与寄主进行分子交流.     

一株嗜盐古菌DSFD111的分类学鉴定

采用形态学和系统发育分析对一株嗜盐古菌DSFD111进行了分类学鉴定.分离到的DSFD111菌株为革兰氏阴性球菌,不产芽胞,细胞内含类脂粒.最适生长温度为37℃,最适pH为7,最适生长NaCl浓度为4.3mol/L,表明该菌株属于极端嗜盐菌.根据16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析,DSFD111菌株归于盐盒菌属(Haloarcula),与最近缘的Haloarcula argentinensis的相似度为99%.     

佳辐占和广陆矮4号水稻叶片蛋白质的双向电泳比较研究

应用双向电泳技术研究比较两种不同品质水稻(佳辐占和广陆矮4号)叶片的蛋白质组分的差异.两种水稻叶片提取的蛋白质的双向电泳图谱斑点清晰,形态规则.采用考马斯亮蓝染色获得约400个斑点,银染图谱约800个斑点.两种水稻的蛋白质图谱考马斯亮蓝染色图谱存在5个显著差异点,银染图谱存在11个显著差异点.     

极端嗜盐菌HBCC-1的分离与培养特性

从连云港台南盐场盐溶液中分离到一株极端嗜盐菌HBCC-1,革兰氏阴性,杆状,橙红色.通过比较酵母膏、可溶性淀粉、蔗糖和葡萄糖等不同碳源以及(NH4)2SO4,Ca(NO3)2,蛋白胨和胰蛋白胨等不同氮源对该菌株生长的影响情况,结果表明:酵母膏为其最佳碳源,蛋白胨为其最佳氮源.进一步研究表明,该菌株的最适生长盐浓度为3.42 mol/L,温度为35℃,pH为7.0.     

嗜盐污泥处理高盐生活污水的短程硝化及其诱因辨析

本研究采集入海口河底泥发展嗜盐活性污泥处理高盐生活污水,在SBR工艺连续运行的120d里取得了稳定的短程硝化.为了确定嗜盐污泥短程硝化的成因,研究基于淡水污泥短程硝化理论系统地分析了pH、游离氨(FA)、温度、溶解氧(DO)和曝气时间等关键工艺参数对嗜盐硝化系统内短程硝化的贡献.试验结果表明,嗜盐硝化系统最适宜盐度范围为10—61g/L,最佳pH范围为7.5—9.尽管盐度、温度对氨氧化菌(AOB)和亚硝酸氧化菌(NOB)的活性有一定的影响,但在测试的温度和盐度范围内AOB的活性始终高于NOB的活性.荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术分析硝化种群结构表明AOB是系统优势生长的主要硝化菌群.嗜盐系统内短程硝化可能和接种的天然环境内的河底泥内NOB数量少而且代谢亚硝酸速率缓慢有关.     

内蒙古额吉淖尔盐碱湖一株产视紫红质的极端嗜盐古菌的分离及其bop基因核心序列及最适生长条件的分析

从内蒙古额吉淖尔湖分离得到一株产视紫红质的极端嗜盐古菌,初步鉴定为属于Natrinema属;并扩增出了其bop基因,该bop基因序列已在Genbank中注册,编号为KF863690,分析了其核心序列。结果表明bop基因开放阅读框为303 bp,编码101个氨基酸。blastp结果表明该蛋白属于Bac-rhodopsin蛋白家族,具有典型的细菌视紫红质蛋白结构域。利用BLAST进行相似性分析发现bop编码蛋白氨基酸序列与Genbank中编号AAS87571.1、WP-007110705和AFB77278.1的视紫红质蛋白相似性达到98%以上。此结果表明视紫红质蛋白在细菌及古菌中结构上具有很高的保守性,与其质子泵功能紧密相关。最后分析了该菌株的最适生长条件。该菌株在分离培养基中适宜生长的NaCl浓度范围为1.0~3.0 mol/L,适宜生长pH为6.5~8.5,适宜生长镁离子浓度为0.4~0.8 mol/L。通过分析比较得出该嗜盐古生菌株生长最适NaCl盐浓度为1.5 mol/L,最适pH值为7.5,最适镁离子浓度为0.4 mol/L。该实验结果为今后进一步研究产视紫红质的极端嗜盐古生菌株的生理生化特征及遗传学特征奠定了基础。     

Evolutionary conservation of biogenesis of beta-barrel membrane proteins

The outer membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts are distinguished by the presence of beta-barrel membrane proteins. The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria also harbours beta-barrel proteins. In mitochondria these proteins fulfil a variety of functions such as transport of small molecules (porin/VDAC), translocation of proteins (Tom40) and regulation of mitochondrial morphology (Mdm10). These proteins are encoded by the nucleus, synthesized in the cytosol, targeted to mitochondria as chaperone-bound species, recognized by the translocase of the outer membrane, and then inserted into the outer membrane where they assemble into functional oligomers. Whereas some knowledge has been accumulated on the pathways of insertion of proteins that span cellular membranes with alpha-helical segments, very little is known about how beta-barrel proteins are integrated into lipid bilayers and assembled into oligomeric structures. Here we describe a protein complex that is essential for the topogenesis of mitochondrial outer membrane beta-barrel proteins (TOB). We present evidence that important elements of the topogenesis of beta-barrel membrane proteins have been conserved during the evolution of mitochondria from endosymbiotic bacterial ancestors.     

Machinery for protein sorting and assembly in the mitochondrial outer membrane

Mitochondria contain translocases for the transport of precursor proteins across their outer and inner membranes. It has been assumed that the translocases also mediate the sorting of proteins to their submitochondrial destination. Here we show that the mitochondrial outer membrane contains a separate sorting and assembly machinery (SAM) that operates after the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM). Mas37 forms a constituent of the SAM complex. The central role of the SAM complex in the sorting and assembly pathway of outer membrane proteins explains the various pleiotropic functions that have been ascribed to Mas37 (refs 4, 11-15). These results suggest that the TOM complex, which can transport all kinds of mitochondrial precursor proteins, is not sufficient for the correct integration of outer membrane proteins with a complicated topology, and instead transfers precursor proteins to the SAM complex.     

Mapping of the protein import machinery in the mitochondrial outer membrane by crosslinking of translocation intermediates.

Mitochondria contain a complex machinery for the import of nuclear-encoded proteins. Receptor proteins exposed on the outer membrane surface are required for the specific binding of precursor proteins to mitochondria, either by binding of cytosolic signal recognition factors or by direct recognition of the precursor polypeptides. Subsequently, the precursors are inserted into the outer membrane at the general insertion site GIP (general insertion protein). Here we report the analysis of receptors and GIP by crosslinking of translocation intermediates and by coimmunoprecipitation. Surface-accumulated precursors were crosslinked to the receptors MOM19 and MOM72, suggesting a direct interaction of preproteins with surface receptors. We identified three novel mitochondrial outer membrane proteins, MOM7, MOM8, and MOM30 that, together with the previously identified MOM38, seem to form the GIP site and are present in the mitochondrial receptor complex.     

Structural analysis of the essential self-cleaving type III secretion proteins EscU and SpaS

During infection by Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, the type III secretion system (T3SS) is assembled to allow for the direct transmission of bacterial virulence effectors into the host cell. The T3SS system is characterized by a series of prominent multi-component rings in the inner and outer bacterial membranes, as well as a translocation pore in the host cell membrane. These are all connected by a series of polymerized tubes that act as the direct conduit for the T3SS proteins to pass through to the host cell. During assembly of the T3SS, as well as the evolutionarily related flagellar apparatus, a post-translational cleavage event within the inner membrane proteins EscU/FlhB is required to promote a secretion-competent state. These proteins have long been proposed to act as a part of a molecular switch, which would regulate the appropriate chronological secretion of the various T3SS apparatus components during assembly and subsequently the transported virulence effectors. Here we show that a surface type II beta-turn in the Escherichia coli protein EscU undergoes auto-cleavage by a mechanism involving cyclization of a strictly conserved asparagine residue. Structural and in vivo analysis of point and deletion mutations illustrates the subtle conformational effects of auto-cleavage in modulating the molecular features of a highly conserved surface region of EscU, a potential point of interaction with other T3SS components at the inner membrane. In addition, this work provides new structural insight into the distinct conformational requirements for a large class of self-cleaving reactions involving asparagine cyclization.     

Identification of a mitochondrial receptor complex required for recognition and membrane insertion of precursor proteins

The mitochondrial import receptors MOM19 and MOM72 form a complex with two other proteins of the mitochondrial outer membrane, MOM38 and MOM22. This receptor complex is involved in recognition, membrane insertion and translocation of precursor proteins with MOM38 constituting (at least part of) the general insertion site GIP.     

Rapid regulation of steroidogenesis by mitochondrial protein import

Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes and imported into mitochondria. The imported proteins are directed to one of four submitochondrial compartments--the outer mitochondrial membrane, the inner mitochondrial membrane, the intramembraneous space, or the matrix--where the protein then functions. Here we show that the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), a mitochondrial protein required for stress responses, reproduction, and sexual differentiation of male fetuses, exerts its activity transiently at the outer mitochondrial membrane rather than at its final resting place in the matrix. We also show that its residence time at this outer membrane and its activity are regulated by its speed of mitochondrial import. This may be the first example of a mitochondrial protein exerting its biological activity in a compartment other than that to which it is finally targeted. This system enables steroidogenic cells to initiate and terminate massive levels of steroidogenesis within a few minutes, permitting the rapid regulation of serum steroid hormone concentrations.     

大肠杆菌外膜蛋白OmpF结构研究进展

OmpF是大肠杆菌最重要的外膜蛋白之一,它形成的离子通道是大肠杆菌与外界进行物质交换的重要通道,能够使分子量不超过600 Da的水溶性物质通过该离子通道穿越外膜。OmpF外膜蛋白与大肠杆菌的耐药性、抗酸性以及抗渗透压等生理活动密切相关。OmpF的功能与其结构特征密不可分。阐述了大肠杆菌外膜蛋白OmpF及其组成元件Loop 3环的结构特征。     

Type VI secretion delivers bacteriolytic effectors to target cells

Peptidoglycan is the major structural constituent of the bacterial cell wall, forming a meshwork outside the cytoplasmic membrane that maintains cell shape and prevents lysis. In Gram-negative bacteria, peptidoglycan is located in the periplasm, where it is protected from exogenous lytic enzymes by the outer membrane. Here we show that the type VI secretion system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa breaches this barrier to deliver two effector proteins, Tse1 and Tse3, to the periplasm of recipient cells. In this compartment, the effectors hydrolyse peptidoglycan, thereby providing a fitness advantage for P. aeruginosa cells in competition with other bacteria. To protect itself from lysis by Tse1 and Tse3, P. aeruginosa uses specific periplasmically localized immunity proteins. The requirement for these immunity proteins depends on intercellular self-intoxication through an active type VI secretion system, indicating a mechanism for export whereby effectors do not access donor cell periplasm in transit.