Photo-improved hydrogen evolution reaction activity of the Pt/CdS electrocatalyst

The effect of CdS content on the photo-induced improvement of hydrogen evolution reaction activity of the Pt/CdS electrocatalyst was investigated. Although the electrons transferred from CdS to Pt in the Pt/CdS electrocatalyst increased with the CdS content under illumination, the electrochemical active surface area of the Pt/CdS electrocatalyst decreased with the CdS content, resulting that the photo-induced improvement of hydrogen evolution reaction activity of the Pt/CdS electrocatalyst decreased with the CdS content.     

The assembly of a GTPase-kinase signalling complex by a bacterial catalytic scaffold

The fidelity and specificity of information flow within a cell is controlled by scaffolding proteins that assemble and link enzymes into signalling circuits. These circuits can be inhibited by bacterial effector proteins that post-translationally modify individual pathway components. However, there is emerging evidence that pathogens directly organize higher-order signalling networks through enzyme scaffolding, and the identity of the effectors and their mechanisms of action are poorly understood. Here we identify the enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 type III effector EspG as a regulator of endomembrane trafficking using a functional screen, and report ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) GTPases and p21-activated kinases (PAKs) as its relevant host substrates. The 2.5?? crystal structure of EspG in complex with ARF6 shows how EspG blocks GTPase-activating-protein-assisted GTP hydrolysis, revealing a potent mechanism of GTPase signalling inhibition at organelle membranes. In addition, the 2.8?? crystal structure of EspG in complex with the autoinhibitory Iα3-helix of PAK2 defines a previously unknown catalytic site in EspG and provides an allosteric mechanism of kinase activation by a bacterial effector. Unexpectedly, ARF and PAKs are organized on adjacent surfaces of EspG, indicating its role as a 'catalytic scaffold' that effectively reprograms cellular events through the functional assembly of GTPase-kinase signalling complex.     

Selection and evolution of enzymes from a partially randomized non-catalytic scaffold

Enzymes are exceptional catalysts that facilitate a wide variety of reactions under mild conditions, achieving high rate-enhancements with excellent chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivities. There is considerable interest in developing new enzymes for the synthesis of chemicals and pharmaceuticals and as tools for molecular biology. Methods have been developed for modifying and improving existing enzymes through screening, selection and directed evolution. However, the design and evolution of truly novel enzymes has relied on extensive knowledge of the mechanism of the reaction. Here we show that genuinely new enzymatic activities can be created de novo without the need for prior mechanistic information by selection from a naive protein library of very high diversity, with product formation as the sole selection criterion. We used messenger RNA display, in which proteins are covalently linked to their encoding mRNA, to select for functional proteins from an in vitro translated protein library of >10(12 )independent sequences without the constraints imposed by any in vivo step. This technique has been used to evolve new peptides and proteins that can bind a specific ligand, from both random-sequence libraries and libraries based on a known protein fold. We now describe the isolation of novel RNA ligases from a library that is based on a zinc finger scaffold, followed by in vitro directed evolution to further optimize these enzymes. The resulting ligases exhibit multiple turnover with rate enhancements of more than two-million-fold.     

Fe/TiO2/堇青石催化KBH4水解析氢性能研究

以涂敷二氧化钛(TiO2)的蜂窝状堇青石(2MgO2.A l2O3.S iO2)为载体,用水热合成法负载铁盐,经500℃焙烧及硼氢化钾(KBH4)浸渍后,合成了Fe/TiO2/堇青石催化剂.实验研究表明,经KHB4浸渍后的催化剂催化析氢性能明显改善,常温下0.45g该催化剂于质量浓度约为10%的KBH4溶液中催化析氢速率可达30m l/m in,产率接近100%.XRD及XPS测试结果表明,催化剂经KHB4浸渍后,氧化态铁被还原为单质铁,从而使催化剂具有优良的催化析氢性能.     

CuCe-O_x催化剂表面物种对CO催化氧化性能影响

选取不同沉淀剂采用共沉淀法制备了CuCe-Ox复合氧化物催化剂.考察了沉淀剂对其CO催化氧化性能的影响.研究表明以氨水为沉淀剂的催化剂CO氧化活性最佳,它与CuCe-Ox催化剂具有较多的Ce~(3+)以及CuO物种有关.此外,采用氨水作为沉淀剂可促进CuO的生成,这是CO催化氧化的主要活性位点.     

A new strategy for the generation of catalytic antibodies

The high binding affinity and specificity of antibodies for a wide range of ligands has recently been exploited in the generation of catalysts for acyl-transfer reactions, carbon-carbon bond forming and carbon-carbon bond cleaving reactions. In addition, a number of strategies are emerging for the generation of catalytic antibodies including transition state stabilization, catalysis by approximation, and the introduction of catalytic groups or cofactors into antibody combining sites. An important goal in the design of catalytic antibodies is the development of general rules relating hapten structure to the corresponding catalytic groups in the antibody combining site. We report here that electrostatic interactions between a hapten and the complementary antibody can be exploited to generate catalytic amino-acid side chains in an antibody-combining site. The antibody-catalysed reaction, a beta-elimination reaction, exhibits saturation kinetics, substrate specificity, competitive inhibition by hapten, and specific inactivation by a reagent that modifies carboxylate residues.     

新型胶原支架材料的结构特征与性能

为了克服猪脱细胞真皮基质作为组织工程支架材料渗透性差、降解速度过慢、免疫原性较强等缺点,采用多种化学、生物与物理综合方法处理猪皮制备了一种新型天然胶原支架材料,通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜观察以及体外降解时间、透水汽性、拉伸强度、孔隙率、收缩温度等的测定,对其性能进行了研究. 实验结果显示:支架中的成纤维细胞、脂肪细胞及组织纤维间质完全去除,胶原纤维得到了松散,并维持其原有的天然三维网络多孔结构;该材料透水汽性处于3 000 g·m-2·d-1左右,适合创面恢复;体外降解时间处于25～50 h之间,并可根据需要调整工艺条件控制降解时间;拉伸强度介于10.20～11.50 Mpa之间,具有良好的拉伸强度;收缩温度介于70～85 ℃之间. 上述结果表明该材料已解决了猪脱细胞真皮基质渗透性差、降解速度过慢的缺点,并且其透气性和拉伸强度高、降解性优良且可控,符合组织工程支架材料的要求.     

CoFe水滑石的合成及其催化活性研究

以Co（NO3）2·6（H2O）和Fe（NO3）3·9（H2O）为原料,选取NaOH和Na2CO3为沉淀剂,采用低过饱和共沉淀法合成了CoFe系列的碳酸根型水滑石,用XRD、IR和TG-DTA等分析手段对样品进行测试和表征.经焙烧后,发现其复合氧化物对乙醇催化脱水、脱氢反应有一定的活性.     

电化学活化条件对Pt/C催化剂甲醇电氧化催化活性的影响

利用亚硫酸路线和亚锡酸法合成了两种Pt/C催化剂,并利用循环伏安技术,详细地研究了循环伏安高电位和活化方式对Pt/C催化剂的甲醇电氧化催化活性的影响.研究结果表明:在改变高电位的逐步循环伏安活化方式下,不同的Pt/C催化剂的活化存在有不同的最优循环伏安高电位;在最优高电位下,一次性活化方式对亚锡酸法Pt/C催化剂的活化最为有效.不同的活化条件产生不同的催化活性,主要原因在于不同的活化过程形成的最终的Pt的存在形式不一样,致使催化剂对水和阴离子具有不同的吸附能力和吸附速率.     

RIM1alpha forms a protein scaffold for regulating neurotransmitter release at the active zone.

Neurotransmitters are released by synaptic vesicle fusion at the active zone. The active zone of a synapse mediates Ca2+-triggered neurotransmitter release, and integrates presynaptic signals in regulating this release. Much is known about the structure of active zones and synaptic vesicles, but the functional relation between their components is poorly understood. Here we show that RIM1alpha, an active zone protein that was identified as a putative effector for the synaptic vesicle protein Rab3A, interacts with several active zone molecules, including Munc13-1 (ref. 6) and alpha-liprins, to form a protein scaffold in the presynaptic nerve terminal. Abolishing the expression of RIM1alpha in mice shows that RIM1alpha is essential for maintaining normal probability of neurotransmitter release, and for regulating release during short-term synaptic plasticity. These data indicate that RIM1alpha has a central function in integrating active zone proteins and synaptic vesicles into a molecular scaffold that controls neurotransmitter release.     

催化剂载体对催化臭氧化活性的影响

为了制备高效稳定的催化臭氧氧化催化剂,研究了不同载体负载Ru催化剂催化臭氧氧化降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)的效果。结果表明:以Ru作为活性组分时,不适合采用SiO2载体;以Al2O3为载体的RuO2/Al2O3催化剂对有机物的吸附较少,催化作用明显,但是氧化过程中会产生铝溶出的问题;而以活性炭为载体的Ru/AC催化剂对有机物吸附能力较强,催化作用明显,具有很好的稳定性和较长的使用寿命,且催化过程中没有金属溶出的问题,是一种非常有潜力的催化臭氧氧化催化剂。     

催化剂载体对催化臭氧氧化活性的影响

为了制备高效稳定的催化臭氧氧化催化剂,研究了不同载体负载Ru催化剂催化臭氧氧化降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)的效果。结果表明:以Ru作为活性组分时,不适合采用SiO2载体;以Al2O3为载体的RuO2/Al2O3催化剂对有机物的吸附较少,催化作用明显,但是氧化过程中会产生铝溶出的问题;而以活性炭为载体的Ru/AC催化剂对有机物吸附能力较强,催化作用明显,具有很好的稳定性和较长的使用寿命,且催化过程中没有金属溶出的问题,是一种非常有潜力的催化臭氧氧化催化剂。     

Ru-Pd/AC双金属负载催化剂上不同基团的取代芳烃液相加氢反应活性的比较

采用自制的Ru／AC、Ru-Pd／AC、Pd／AC催化剂，考察了不同供电与吸电基团的取代苯、吡啶以及萘等芳香烃的加氢活性．结果表明：双金属Ru-Pd／AC(w／w=5％）催化剂的活性远大于Ru／AC(w／w=5％)，并与Pd／AC(w／w=3～4％)相当，因此双金属Ru和Pd之间存在协同作用．同时，在相同的实验条件下，带供电子基团的取代苯的加氢活性高于带吸电子基团取代苯，表现出很好的芳环加氢规律。     

氧电极催化剂的组成对H2O2分解活性的研究

以CuCl2和FeCl3原料，采用NaOH溶液中沉淀，并将沉淀物在空气中加热、氧化一还原、脱水的方法，制备不同Cu：Fe氧化物的催化荆(X=0．5、1．0、1．5、2．0、2．5、3．0)，分别以各催化剂在其他条件相同的情况下，催化分解H202，测定各反应的速率常数。并进行对比，以K对X作图表示活性与配比的关系。得出Cu，Fe3-xO4 Cu：Fe(X=2．5)时催化活性最高。     

Pt/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂对乙醇的催化作用

采用改进柠檬酸络合法制备了不同CeO2含量的三相共生Pt/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂,使用XRD对催化剂做了物相分析,并探索了其对乙醇在无氧条件下的催化活性。结果表明,随CeO2含量的增加,共生的Pt,CeO2和γ-Al2O3三相分布更加均匀。当CeO2的含量在40%,温度为550℃,气体空速为8 160 h-1时,乙醇转化率最高,正丁醛和苯的选择性达到最大,分别为34.05%和21.27%。     

镍取代云母蒙脱石的合成及其催化活性

研究了晶化时间、晶化温度等条件对合成镍取代云母-蒙脱石(NiSMM)的影响。考察了不同镍含量的NiSMM的组成、晶胞平均化学式及其对正辛烷异构化的催化活性。结果表明,在250℃晶化20小时能得到结晶良好的NiSMM。随着镍含量的增加,NiSMM逐渐由二八面体式变化为三八面体式。以含NiO 30%(wt)(即每个晶胞中含4～5个镍离子)的NiSMM为载体的催化剂对正辛烷异构化具有较好的催化性能。     

BMSCs与PLGA支架构建组织工程化骨软骨复合组织

目的:探讨同种异体骨髓间充质干细胞(bone mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)体外分离培养后种植到孔径和孔隙率不同且复合不同胶原和生长因子的PLGA支架上再种植到大鼠肌袋内构建组织工程化骨软骨复合组织的可行性。方法:制作复合BMP-2和Ι型胶原PLGA支架与复合bFGF、TGF-β1和Ⅱ型胶原PLGA支架后把两者用生物蛋白胶粘合形成复合支架,把体外培养扩增的BMSCs种植到复合支架上,植入实验组A组、对照组B组、空白组C组SD大鼠肌袋内,于术后4、8、12周取材,分别行大体观察、HE染色、甲苯胺蓝染色、Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化、ALP染色、扫描电镜、透视电镜观察。结果:实验组大体标本成骨区呈白色类骨样组织,质硬,成软骨区呈乳白色类软骨样组织,质较硬,两区融合;扫描电镜观察可见成骨细胞、破骨细胞及软骨细胞,透视电镜尚可见细胞浆内有大量的线粒体和内质网,并见大量胶原分泌,与对照组、空白组有明显区别,组织学评分表明A组较B、C两组差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:BMSCs体外分离扩增后种植到孔径和孔隙率不同且复合不同胶原和生长因子的PLGA支架上再植入动物肌袋可构建骨软骨复合组织。     

磁场对脂肪酶催化活性的影响

研究了磁场对发生在液-液两相界面上的酶促反应的影响.4℃时磁化酶溶液,短时间内酶活性显著提高,0.1T的磁场作用1h可使酶活力提高76.1%,随着作用时间的增长,酶活性逐渐降低.pH值、温度均对酶的磁效应有明显的影响;酶的磁效应存在着滞后效应;磁化水也可明显提高酶的催化活性,经0.485T的磁场作用的水可使酶活性提高将近1倍.     

负载型Cu-Pd系催化剂的化学吸附性质及催化加氢活性

本文研究了负载型铜催化剂中加入少量Pd后对其化学吸附性质和对顺丁烯二酸酐加氢活性的影响。实验结果表明Pd的引入使催化剂对一氧化碳的化学吸附量显著增加,催化剂的加氢活性和相对稳定性也显著提高,并使催化剂的还原温度范围降低。催化剂的组成、制备方法不同,其化学吸附性质和加氢活性也有较大的差异。催化剂的还原温度、对一氧化碳的化学吸附容量和其催化加氢活性之间显示出良好的顺变关系,催化剂在230—290℃温度范围内还原,对一氧化碳的化学吸附量最大,加氢活性也最高。