利用接收函数反演龙门山断裂带及邻区深部结构

利用接收函数的方法通过接收震中距30°～90°、震级在5.5以上的远震事件反演龙门山断裂带及其邻区的深部结构,探索汶川地震形成原因。结果表明,扬子地台西缘的莫霍面向西侧倾斜缓降;处在龙门山推覆体范围之内的都江堰、汶川一带莫霍面起伏变化不大,在跨过龙门山中央断裂带后开始下降,向北降至黑水县附近后平缓上升。结合2005年10月至2007年4月远震P波波形资料接收函数反演结果:①2条被动源剖面均显示莫霍面在龙门山推覆体中央位置深度约43km的地方出现不同程度的陡降,说明该断裂带是地壳厚度的陡变带,为扬子地台和松潘甘孜地台的构造边界。②莫霍面深度向南陡降至最深约68km处后平缓上升,向北陡降至最深约58km处后平缓上升。表明松潘-甘孜地块东缘地壳厚度呈南深北浅、东深西浅分布。     

从汶川地震分析龙门山与四川盆地的动力耦合机制及其对川西深层油气运移聚散的影响

2008年的汶川地震为分析龙门山与四川盆地形成演化过程中的山-盆相互作用及其动力耦合机制提供了新的视角与依据.在总结分析龙门山与川西前陆盆地地层构造特点的基础上,从汶川地震的基本特征分析入手,探讨了龙门山与四川盆地的现代动力耦合作用机制及其对川西深层油气二次运移聚散的影响.龙门山的形成演化与地震孕育主要受其西侧松潘-甘孜地块的逆冲和其东侧四川盆地的俯冲的非对称相向挤压控制.龙门山南北两段的地质构造与构造动力环境有较大差异.龙门山晚三叠世开始隆升,其形成早于青藏高原的隆升,与印-亚板块的碰撞无关;但喜马拉雅期以来的演化受印-亚板块碰撞和太平洋板块俯冲的影响.龙门山的冲断褶皱变形垂直于山脉走向从西北向东南,即从松潘-甘孜地块向四川盆地逐渐扩展;平行于龙门山走向发育的断裂带控制川西油气聚散带的分布,前山断裂带上盘及以西地层中的油气基本散失,山前隐伏断裂带有利于深生浅储气藏的形成.     

龙门山逆冲构造带大地电磁测深初步成果

通过对穿过龙门山逆冲构造带中段松潘一中江大地电磁观测资料的处理和反演解释,揭示了松潘-甘孜褶皱带、龙门山及川西前陆盆地30 km深度的地壳电性结构,发现龙门山-松潘地壳15～20 km深部存在西倾连续的壳内商导层,大地电磁测深结果明显显示龙门山深部逆冲推覆构造特征.龙门山深部电性结构初步研究,对于分析其与相邻构造单元的关系,研究青藏高原东缘陆内造山带深部地球动力学过程都具有重要理论意义.     

对四川汶川大地震有关问题的思考与初步认识

汶川大地震破坏性强,次生地质灾害严重,论文介绍了汶川大地震的地质构造背景与基本情况,以及作者对汶川大地震的发震构造、震后龙门山的地震安全期、成都-德阳-绵阳经济带的地震安全性及龙门山地震对川西油气聚散的影响等问题的认识.作者认为;(1)汶川大地震的发震构造可能是彭灌断裂而非普遍认为的北川-映秀断裂,(2)成-德-绵经济带中心城市市区范围内发生灾难性地震的可能性很小,这些城市的地震威胁依然主要来自龙门山,对来自龙泉山的地震威胁也应予以考虑;(3)地震可能造成了龙门山深层天然气的散失,但有利于川西坳陷裂缝性油气藏的形成;(4)龙门山的隆升演化与地震活动可能受制于西侧松潘-甘孜地块的推覆与东侧四川盆地的俯冲双向挤压力的作用.论文提出了从龙门山压缩应变能积聚与耗散均衡估算入手推算震后的地震安全期、利用油气生产井压力数据监测地应力变化、通过地震模拟计算定量评价成-德-绵经济带地震安全性等设想与建议.     

龙门山中段构造特征与汶川地震

通过地表地质调查、钻井资料和各种地球物理资料分析,剖析了龙门山中段的构造特征和岩石圈结构特征的特殊性:(1)10 Ma以来龙门山中段隆升幅度和速率最大,(2)龙门山中北段喜马拉雅期构造活动较南段弱;(3)龙门山中段主构造带之下存在有大干10 000 Ω·m的高阻异常体;(4)龙门山中段具有 0.015 cm/s2的剩余(60 km×60 km～120 km×120 km)布格重力异常,(5)龙门山中段为正的均衡重力异常区.在此基础上,结合汶川地震主震和余震的分布特征,得出:(1)四川汶川地震主震和绝大多数余震震源多位于映秀-北川主断层下盘(扬子地块上),断层活动的主动盘是下盘,映秀-北川主断层的活动为俯冲兼左旋走滑;(2)此次地震是扬子板块向西俯冲(L型俯冲)、四川盆地顺时针旋转和青藏高原隆升逆冲相互作用的产物;(3)四川汶川地震有可能是构造地震的一种新类型,其孕育巨大能量的最重要条件为地块坚硬(能量不易释放)和位于地块边缘(构造作用强烈,有能量来源).最后,建议有关部门和地学界重视中国主要地块边缘的重力场,尤其是剩余布格异常和均衡重力异常的研究.这也许对地震的长期预测有所帮助.     

用非均匀速度模型对汶川8.0级地震余震重新定位

为了进一步探讨龙门山断裂带深部结构,根据四川省地震局提供的地震原始资料,采用Hypo 2000对汶川大地震以及震后M≥2.0级余震进行重新定位。从2008年5月12日汶川发生8.0级大地震后,截止到2011年4月15日,获得了26 278个地震记录。重新定位后对结果的总结为:(1)主震发生在龙门山推覆构造带中央断裂中段的北川-映秀断裂上,余震主要沿龙门山断裂带方向延伸,呈南北分段分布。重新定位后的到时残差为±0.35s,水平误差为±1.32km,深度误差为±5km。(2)在主震附近的映秀、理县和黑水有一条北西向的余震带与龙门山断裂带的捩断层一致。(3)在青川附近(龙门山断裂带的北端),此段成为余震密集地区,这与历史上此地很少有地震发生不吻合。     

龙门山造山带构造演化模式的建立

龙门山造山带是扬子板块的西延部分,主要受到3条断裂的控制,分别是汶川-茂汶断裂、北川-映秀断裂和江油-灌县断裂.在扬子板块与松潘-阿坝地块的挤压下,龙门山于印支晚期开始褶皱隆升造山,在造山的过程中控制造山带的3条主要断层由正断层转换成为逆断层.综合前人的观点,通过野外基础地质调查并利用平衡剖面法恢复了龙门山的造山过程,并建立了造山带构造演化模式.结果表明,龙门山在造山初期主要是受到北西方向力的作用;晚三叠世末期主要受到由于东南方向太平洋板块的挤压而迫使扬子板块挤压的应力作用;燕山期龙门山造山带继承了印支期的逆冲推覆构造作用继续上升;喜玛拉雅期推覆构造进一步发展,在推覆构造活动加剧的同时,由于重力作用,使被推到高处的不稳定岩体大量下滑,形成滑覆体和推覆体叠加的构造格局,最终演化为现今的构造样式.     

龙门山造山带构造演化模式的建立

龙门山造山带是扬子板块的西延部分,主要受到3条断裂的控制,分别是汶川-茂汶断裂、北川-映秀断裂和江油-灌县断裂.在扬子板块与松潘-阿坝地块的挤压下,龙门山于印支晚期开始褶皱隆升造山,在造山的过程中控制造山带的3条主要断层由正断层转换成为逆断层.综合前人的观点,通过野外基础地质调查并利用平衡剖面法恢复了龙门山的造山过程,并建立了造山带构造演化模式.结果表明,龙门山在造山初期主要是受到北西方向力的作用;晚三叠世末期主要受到由于东南方向太平洋板块的挤压而迫使扬子板块挤压的应力作用;燕山期龙门山造山带继承了印支期的逆冲推覆构造作用继续上升;喜玛拉雅期推覆构造进一步发展,在推覆构造活动加剧的同时,由于重力作用,使被推到高处的不稳定岩体大量下滑,形成滑覆体和推覆体叠加的构造格局,最终演化为现今的构造样式.     

秦岭-大别山北部后造山期构造格架与形成机制

秦岭造山带是一条复合型大陆造山带.东秦岭北部后造山期的构造是其主要组成部分.主要包括秦岭北缘反冲推覆构造带,以宜阳-鲁山断裂带和熊耳岩片为主体,由S→N逆冲推覆;栾川-伏牛山推覆构造带特征典型,分带性强,由N→S推覆;马超营走滑转换构造带位于二者之间,为一正花状构造带.上述构造组成典型的扇形结构,形成于燕山期末-喜马拉雅初期.东秦岭造山带岩石圈现今几何学模型和流变学分带结构与华北地块向南俯冲在秦岭地块之下、扬子地块持续向北俯冲有密切的成因联系,后造山期构造正是研究区现今深部过程在地壳浅部的表现.     

川滇地区地壳结构的虚拟地表震源 反射测深法研究

基于中国地震局地质研究所在中国四川西部布设的流动地震观测台阵数据,用近年发展起来的虚拟地表震源反射测深方法研究川滇地区的地壳结构。结果表明,川滇地块、松潘-甘孜地块和杨子地块3个地块虚拟地表震源反射测深的莫霍面深度存在明显差异:1)四川盆地为40 km左右;2)川滇地块为45~50 km;3)松潘-甘孜地块为30~40 km。四川盆地虚拟地表震源反射测深的莫霍面深度与艾里重力均衡模型所预测的结果基本上一致,而川滇地块和松潘-甘孜地块虚拟地表震源反射测深的莫霍面深度明显小于前人得到的接收函数莫霍面深度和艾里重力均衡模型预测的结果。可能与四川盆地地壳结构简单,而川滇地块及松潘-甘孜地块地壳结构复杂有关。同时,结果显示,在鲜水河断裂和安宁河断裂处虚拟地表震源反射测深的莫霍面深度明显变浅,可能与这些深大断裂处地幔物质的上涌有关。研究结果可为认识青藏高原东南缘的构造变形模式提供新的约束。     

The Lushan M S7.0 earthquake and activity of the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone

Following the Lushan M _S7.0 earthquake on 20 April 2013, a topic of much concern is whether events of M _S7 or greater could occur again on the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone. In providing evidence to answer this question, this work analyzes the tectonic relationship between the Lushan event and the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and the rupture history of the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone, through field investigations of active tectonics and paleoearthquake research, and our preliminary conclusions are as follows. The activity of the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone is much different to that of its central section, and the late Quaternary activity has propagated forward to the basin in the east. The seismogenic structure of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake is the central-fore-range fault system, whereas that of the 2013 Lushan event is attributed to the fore-range-range-front fault system, rather than the central fault. The southern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone becomes wider towards the south with an increasing number of secondary faults, of which the individual faults exhibit much weaker surface activity. Therefore, this section is not as capable of generating a major earthquake as is the central segment. It is most likely that the 2013 earthquake fills the seismic gap around Lushan on the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone.     

昭通——鲁甸断裂带晚第四纪活动性研究

昭通—鲁甸断裂带是青藏高原东南缘大凉山次级活动块体南部边界的重要组成部分,也是滇东北地区重要的地震构造.为进一步了解断裂活动程度和晚第四纪活动性,开展野外地质地貌调查、探槽工程及样品采集与年代学测试等研究.结果表明：(1)根据野外地质地貌调查结果,昭通—鲁甸断裂带北东向3支次级断裂在晚更新世以来活动强烈,运动性质以逆冲兼具右旋走滑为主.(2)昭通—鲁甸断裂上,新棚子村开挖的探槽揭示出断层错断了晚更新世地层[（32 510±30）a BP];根据黏土层明显的砾石定向排列及砂石层扰动现象,推测断层可能错断全新世地层[（10 880±30）a BP].研究成果对滇东北及川滇交界地区地震趋势及地震危险性预测具有重要意义.     

公元600年秦陇地震考证与发震构造探讨

 公元600年12月16日,在甘肃天水与陕西陇县一带,发生1次强烈地震,造成严重的震害及社会影响。长期以来,对公元600年秦陇地震的确切震级、震中位置、震中烈度的认识存在分歧,对该次地震的发震构造不甚明确。秦陇地区位于南北地震带的北段,在构造上处于鄂尔多斯块体西南缘与青藏块体东北部的祁连断褶带之间的过渡地带。对公元600年秦陇地震详细考证,对其发震构造进行探讨,对于评定秦陇地区的地震活动性、分析其未来地震危险性有重要意义。本文收集有关公元600年秦陇地震的相关史料及研究成果,发现一些新的可能与该次地震有关的佐证资料,通过史料考证及震害分析,推断公元600年秦陇地震震中应在天水陇县之间,更靠近陇县的陕西境内,震中烈度达IX度,震级6(3/4)级左右,本次地震极震区长轴方位大致与陇县-宝鸡断裂带相吻合。经过野外实地考察,综合分析认为,公元600年秦陇6(3/4)级地震的发震构造为固关-县功断裂带的八渡-龙尾段。     

Some thoughts on seismotectonics of major earthquake occurrence zones in China

A major earthquake occurrence zone means a place where M≥6 events have occurred since the Holocene and similar shocks may happen again in the future. The dynamic context of the major earthquake occurrence zones in China is primarily associated with the NNE-directed push of the India plate,next with the westward subduction of the Pacific plate. The Chinese mainland is a grand mosaic structure of many crust blocks bounded by faults and sutures. When it is suffered from boundary stresses,deformation takes place along these faults or sutures while the block interiors remain relatively stable or intact. Since the Quaternary,for example,left slip on the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault zone in southwestern China has produced a number of fault-depression basins in extensional areas during periods Q1 and Q2. In the Q3,the change of stress orientation and enhancement of tectonic movement made faults of varied trends link each other,and continued to be active till present day,producing active fault zones in this region. Usually major earthquakes occur at some special locations on these active fault zones. During these events,in the epicenter areas experience intensive deformation characterized by large-amplitude rise and fall of neighboring sections,generation of horst-graben systems and dammed rivers. The studies on palaeoearthquakes suggest that major shocks of close magnitudes often repeated for several times at a same place. By comparison of the Chi-Chi,Taiwan event in 1999 and Yuza,Yunnan event in 1955,including contours of accelerations and intensities,destruction of buildings,and in contrast to the Xigeda formation in southwestern China,a sandwich model is established to account for the mechanism of deformation caused by major earthquakes. This model consists of three layers,i. e. the two walls of a fault and the ruptured zone intercalated between them. This ruptured zone is just the loci where stress is built up and released,and serves as a channel for seismic waves.     

KH-4B卫星数据在城镇周边活动断层解译中的应用

地震的发生与活动断层的发育密切相关,城镇周边活动断层调查对于合理地规划城市和抗震设防、减轻城市可能遭遇的地震损失具有重要意义。遥感技术可以为活动断层调查提供快速有效的技术手段。然而,受城镇化及人类活动改造的影响,新成像的遥感数据在城镇及周边活动断层调查中发挥的作用有限;而成像于20世纪60年代的美国侦察卫星KH-4B影像较好的保存了活动断层运动形成的各种微地貌单元,这些地貌现象受人类活动改造较小。利用该卫星数据对郯庐断裂带江苏段分支之一的新沂-新店断裂进行解译研究,分析该断裂带的几何展布特征,介绍KH-4B数据在活动构造填图和定量研究中的应用,对该数据应用于活动断层的效果进行了评价,收到了良好的效果;并系统总结了一套数据处理与活动断层提取技术流程。     

The M S7.1 Yushu earthquake surface rupture and large historical earthquakes on the Garzê-Yushu Fault

As revealed by field investigations, the co-seismic surface rupture zone of the 2010 M_S7.1 Yushu earthquake, Qinghai is a char-acteristic sinistral strike-slip feature consisting of three distinct sinistral primary ruptures, with an overall strike of 310°–320° and a total length of 31 km. In addition, an approximately 2-km-long en-echelon tensile fissure zone was found east of Longbao Town; if this site is taken as the north end of the rupture zone, then the rupture had a total length of ~51 km. The surface rupture zone is composed of a series of fissures arranged in an en-echelon or alternating relationship between compressive bulges and tensile fissures, with a measured maximum horizontal displacement of 1.8 m. The surface rupture zone extends along the mapped Garzê-Yushu Fault, which implicates it as the seismogenic fault for this earthquake. Historically, a few earthquakes with a magnitude of about 7 have occurred along the fault, and additionally traces of paleoearthquakes are evident that characterize the short-period recurrence interval of large earthquakes here. Similar to the seismogenic process of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, the Yushu earthquake is also due to the stress accumulation and release on the block boundaries resulting from the eastward expansion of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, in contrast with the Wenchuan earthquake, the Yushu earthquake had a sinistral strike-slip mechanism resulting from the uneven eastward extrusion of the Baryan Har and Sichuan-Yunnan fault blocks.     

Slip zone and energetics of a large earthquake from the Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project

Determining the seismic fracture energy during an earthquake and understanding the associated creation and development of a fault zone requires a combination of both seismological and geological field data. The actual thickness of the zone that slips during the rupture of a large earthquake is not known and is a key seismological parameter in understanding energy dissipation, rupture processes and seismic efficiency. The 1999 magnitude-7.7 earthquake in Chi-Chi, Taiwan, produced large slip (8 to 10 metres) at or near the surface, which is accessible to borehole drilling and provides a rare opportunity to sample a fault that had large slip in a recent earthquake. Here we present the retrieved cores from the Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project and identify the main slip zone associated with the Chi-Chi earthquake. The surface fracture energy estimated from grain sizes in the gouge zone of the fault sample was directly compared to the seismic fracture energy determined from near-field seismic data. From the comparison, the contribution of gouge surface energy to the earthquake breakdown work is quantified to be 6 per cent.     

近断层长周期地震动前向性效应对峰值影响研究

筛选了断层距不大于15km的具有前向性效应的长周期近断层地震记录，分类汇总建立了统计分析数据样本库，对长周期地震动的竖向分量和水平向分量峰值比进行了分析，研究了震级、脉冲周期、不同分量对峰值加速度比的影响。在此基础上，采用前期建立的回归分析模型，对长周期地震动竖向分量和水平向两分量的峰值加速度进行了回归分析，拟合给出了峰值参数与震级和断层距的衰减关系式，通过拟合曲线与数据样本的峰值实测值对比，说明拟合关系式在一定的范围内可以用于近断层长周期地震峰值的预测。     

隧道穿越高烈度地震区断层带围岩地震响应分析

考虑地震荷载特征及隧道特点，运用多点同时激振的动力时程分析方法，采用结构面单元与实体单元组合模拟断层带的方法，研究了某穿越断层破碎带铁路隧道在未支护条件下的动力响应特性。分析了沿隧道横向、纵向和竖向激振地震动工况下与断层破碎带接触部位所产生的位移差、加速度放大倍率和屈服单元等。结果表明：结构面单元与实体单元组合合理模拟了断层破碎带的地震响应特性；地震运动引起断层破碎带接触部位产生明显的位移差，横向输入地震动时位移差值最大，达到51.8 mm，而沿纵向和竖向输入时，位移差值仅为横向输入的44.3%和23.1%；同一高程处断裂带的加速度放大倍率明显大于混合花岗岩；断裂带与混合花岗岩过渡段出现明显的剪切屈服区域，且横向、竖向输入地震动时尤其突出；断层破碎带对隧道在地震动作用下的响应规律影响显著，穿越断裂带隧道的断裂带部位与过渡段为抗震设计控制性区域，应深入加强抗震措施研究。