Monitoring lake changes of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau over the past30 years using satellite remote sensing data

During the years 2006–2009,lakes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP)were investigated using satellite remote sensing strategies.We report the results of this investigation as well as follow-up research and expanded work.For the investigation,we mainly focused on lakes whose areas are more than 1 km2.The remote sensing data that we used included 408 scenes of CBERS CCD images and 5 scenes of Landsat ETM?images in Qinghai Province and Tibet Autonomous Region.All these data were acquired around years 2005–2006.Besides remote sensing images,we also collected 1,259 topographic maps.Numbers and areas of lakes were analyzed statistically,which were then compared with those coming from the first lake investigation(implemented between the1960s and 1980s).According to our investigation,up to and around year 2005–2006,the total number of lakes in the QTP was 1,055(222 in Qinghai and 833 in Tibet),accounting for more than 30%of that of China.Thirty newborn lakes with area[1 km2were found,and 5 dead lakes with initial area[1 km2were also found.Among those 13 big lakes([500 km2),Yamzhog Yumco had seriously shrunk,and it has continued to shrink in recent years;Qinghai Lake had shrunk during the period,but some new researches indicated that it has been expanding since the year 2004;Siling Co,Nam Co,and Chibuzhang Co had expanded in the period.We divided the newborn lakes into six categories according to their forming reasons,including river expansion,wetland conversion,etc.The changes of natural conditions led to the death of four lakes,and human exploitation was the main reason for the death of Dalianhai Lake in Qinghai.We picked out three regions which were sensitive to the change of climate and ecological environment:Nagqu Region,Kekexili Region,and the source area of the Yellow River(SAYR).Lakes in both Nagqu and Kekexili have been expanded;meanwhile,most lakes in the SAYR have obviously been shrunk.These regional patterns of lake changes were highly related to variations of temperature,glacier,precipitation,and evaporation.Our investigation and analysis will provide references for researches related to lake changes in the QTP and the response to climate fluctuations.     

青藏高原中部色林错SL-1孔粒度参数指示的5.33 ka BP以来的水位变化

 对取自青藏高原中部色林错深水区的SL-1 孔开展年代学和粒度参数研究,以此重建了该湖5.33 ka BP 以来的水位变化.结果表明,5.33~4.25 ka BP 是一期较为稳定的高湖面期,湖面波动较小,始终维持在高湖面,后期(4.30～4.25 ka BP)湖面开始下降;4.25~2.20 ka BP,风力加强,湖面较上一期有所降低,属湖面降低期,风力作用的影响增加;2.20~1.90 ka BP,稳定的低湖面期;1.90 ka BP 至今,高湖面期.但有几期短暂而快速的湖面降低,湖面降低的持续时间一般为20~50 a,具有约0.10 ka和0.20 ka 的周期性,约0.20 ka 的准周期基本贯穿了色林错自5.33 ka BP 以来的湖面变化.这种周期在青藏高原冰芯氧同位素恢复的温度序列中也存在,说明在百年尺度上,温度对色林错的湖面变化有一定影响.     

High-altitude salt lake elevation changes and glacial ablation in Central Tibet, 2000-2010

This research quantifies lake level variations in the Siling Co, Co’e and Bangor Co salt lakes in Central Tibet from 1976 to 2010, and most notably for the 2000-2010 periods. In particular, the effects of different water replenishment modes on the lakes have been analyzed. Here we have provided new evidences for climate warming and accelerated glacial ablation on the Central Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2010. Based on fieldwork involving Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) surveying and Remote Sensing (RS) interpretations of the lake area, we have drawn the following conclusions. (1) From 1976 to 2010, the process of lake level variation in Siling Co can be divided into two stages. From 1976 to 2000, the lake level rose 4.3 m in a steady fashion (from 4530 to 4534.3 m); the rise rate was 0.18 m/a. From 2000 to 2010, the lake level rapidly rose 8.2 m (from 4534.3 to 4542.5 m), with a dramatically higher rise rate of 0.82 m/a. Compared with the rapidly increasing lake level of Siling Co from 2000 to 2010, the fluctuations observed at Co’e and Bangor Co were smooth and inconspicuous. (2) From 1976 to 2009, the lake area of Siling Co experienced a steady-rapid-steady expansion pattern. The lake area of Siling Co increased 656.64 km2 in the 34 years to 2010, a proportional growth of 39.4%. This was particularly significant in the 2000-2010 period, when the lake area of Siling Co increased by 549.77 km2, a proportional growth of 30.6%. (3) According to correlation analysis, the rise in regional temperatures, which has led to the ablation of glaciers, is the main reason for the rapid rise in Siling Co lake levels in the 10 years to 2010. During this period, Siling Co rose approximately 8 m as the direct result of glacial melting. An increase in precipitation in the Siling Co catchment area is the secondary factor. This contrasts with Bangor Co, where the dominant factor in lake level change is the long-term increase in precipitation; here, the increasing temperature is the secondary factor.     

湖泊文化视野下环鄱阳湖地域文学述论

在世界湖泊文化中,中国的鄱阳湖以其优越的地理区位、悠久的历史沿革、深厚的文化底蕴、闪耀的作家群体,与俄罗斯贝加尔湖、美国肯塔基湖,以及中国的青海湖、洞庭湖等并列＂世界十大名湖＂。历代以来环绕在鄱阳湖周边的湖泊文化景观、文学现象及其诗人、作家群体,他们的时空履痕,他们的创作实践以及他们的文学生态,形成了独特的鄱阳湖文学景观。环鄱阳湖地域的文学特质、文学景观及其文学传承,大可以演奏一部洋洋洒洒、气势恢宏的鄱阳湖之歌。     

Glacial distribution and mass balance in the Yarlung Zangbo River and its influence on lakes

Glaciers in the Yarlung Zangbo River witness severe glacial retreat nowadays, which gives important influence on lake processes in the region. We have studied glacial distribution, glacial mass balance and found large deficit in glacial mass and its impact in the region. Our study also integrated the variation in glacial-fed lakes of the Nam Co and Ranwu Lake, and presented an initial assessment of the impact of glacial mass balance on lakes. The study has shown a significant contribution of glacial melting to recent lake expansion and lake level rising.     

洪泽湖区湿地生态旅游资源开发模式初探

根据洪泽湖湿地生态资源多样性的特征，提出了采取适宜性的堤岸向陆地过渡区湿地的开发模式、入湖河口与滨湖河漫滩湿地开发模式、河道与湖弯水面湿地开发模式、湖面与围垦区混合区生态旅游资源开发模式，以期实现洪泽湖区湿地旅游资源可持续发展的目的．     

洞庭湖新石器文化遗址与古环境

洞庭湖地区丰富的古文化遗址为研究历史时期环境演变提供了条件。洞庭湖在晚更新世末至早全新世呈现深切河谷与零星洼地湖泊共存的河湖切割平原景观。进入全新世暖期，人类活动开始在洞庭湖平原周边地区频繁出现；大溪文化时期人类已在平原湖区中部开始渔猫活动；屈家岭文化时期人类活动从洞庭湖平原中部退出；龙山文化时期人类文化活动遗址向湖中推进，湖泊三角洲有所发展。商周至秦汉时期，洞庭湖三角洲平原发育，河间洼地湖泊、沼泽形成。魏晋以来，特别是长江分流入洞庭，导致了洞庭湖的迅速扩张，19世纪以后，由于大量泥沙入洞庭湖及人类围垦，使洞庭湖迅速淤浅，湖泊面积锐减。     

三峡水库出库流量变化对洞庭湖定居性鱼类产卵生境的影响

为分析三峡水库消落期不同出库流量与洞庭湖定居性鱼类产卵生境加权可利用面积之间的关系，选取水深和流速作为定居性鱼类产卵生境的关键影响因子，建立生境适宜性曲线，基于物理栖息地模型定量评估鱼类产卵生境适宜性的空间变化特征，并量化鱼类产卵所需的适宜生态流量。结果表明：三峡水库消落期增加出库流量对洞庭湖的水位及流速有一定的提升作用，对东洞庭湖的影响明显，对南洞庭湖和西洞庭湖的影响较小；随着三峡水库出库流量的增加，湖区定居性鱼类产卵生境的加权可利用面积呈现先增大再减小的趋势，不同湖区的加权可利用面积变化趋势及对三峡水库出库流量的响应情况具有显著差异，东洞庭湖定居性鱼类产卵生境的加权可利用面积呈现逐渐上升的趋势，南洞庭湖加权可利用面积总体增长幅度不大，呈现双峰曲线，西洞庭湖加权可利用面积呈现先增大后减小的趋势；定居性鱼类产卵生境的适宜生态流量范围为18 500～24 500 m³/s,最适宜生态流量为22 500 m³/s。     

Holocene lake deposits of Bosten Lake, southern Xinjiang, China

A 9.25-m-long sediment core from Bosten Lake,Xinjiang, provides detailed information about changes in the water budget and biological acticity over the last 8400 cal-endar years. The chronology is constructed from six AMS radiocarbon dates on the terrestrial plant remains. Based onanalyses of TOC, CO3, detrital compounds and biogenic SiO2,lake level fluctuations and periods of remarkably-negative water budget appeared at 8.4-8.2 cal ka, 7.38-7.25 cal ka,5.7-5.5 cal ka, 3.7-3.4 cal ka and 3.3-2.9 cal ka, respec-tively. As they are in-phase with low lake levels at Sumxl Co and Bangong Co in western Tibet Plateau and with paleo-lakes in Inner Mongolia, a climate-induced change to some-what drier and warmer conditions is inferred. A further drop in lake level after 1320 AD of about 200 yr duration may heattributed to a negative water balance prior to the main phase of the Little Ice Age. Deep and stable lake phases of 1500 yr and 1800 yr duration at 7.2-5.7 cal ka and 5.5-3.7cal ka coincide with maximum moisture during the Holocene Megathermai in China. The long term trend towards aridity since about 4.3 cal ka can dearly be recognised. The reduced water budget of Bosten Lake from 640-1200 AD may be attributed to local effects.     

洪泽湖湿地生态保护与可持续发展利用研究

洪泽湖湿地是我国重要的淡水湖泊湿地生态系统之一 ,也是江苏省湿地生态系统的重点保护区域 ,但随着人口增长和经济发展的加快 ,湿地保护、恢复与开发之间的矛盾突显 ,具体表现为湿地生物多样性受到威胁、面积萎缩、生境恶化和管理混乱 .在分析洪泽湖湿地主要生态功能及存在主要问题的基础上 ,提出湖区湿地生态保护与可持续发展利用的对策 ,即 :降低捕伐强度 ,建立自然保护区 ;退耕还湖 ,保障调洪功能 ;控制上游水质 ,建立动态监测系统 ;统一规划 ,完善管理体制等     

Estimation of the rational wa-ter area for controlling wind erosion in the dried-up basin of the Ebinur Lake and its effect detection

The Ebinur Lake region was described as a “Green Labyrinth” in “Xinjiang Map Records: Records of Rivers” published in 1910, however, the ecology and environment in the region have been seriously degenerated due to the impacts of human activities during the recent 40 years. A dried-up lake basin with an area of 107.4 km² forms in its northwestern part, is covered by unconsolidated silt deposit without vegetation, and has become one of the main dust sources of dust weathers in north Xinjiang, and the dust with an annual amount of 4.8×10⁶ t is blown out of the region by strong winds from the Alataw mountain-gap where there are 164 days occurring strong winds in a year. The rational water area and inflow of the Ebinur Lake for improving the ecology in the lake region and effectively controlling wind erosion in the dried-up lake basin are estimated using the water balance equation after analyzing the current ecological problems and the relationship be-tween the granular composition of deposit in the dried-up lake basin and the dust weathers, and the ecological effects in recent years are monitored. It is considered that the water area of the Ebinur Lake for improving the ecology in the lake region and effec-tively controlling wind erosion in the dried-up lake basin should be 800 km² at least, and the annual volume of surface runoff and groundwater recharging the lake should be over 7.92×10⁸ m³.     

洪泽湖湿地生态保护与可持续发展利用研究

洪泽湖湿地是我国重要的淡水湖泊湿地生态系统之一，也是江苏省湿地生态系统的重点保护区域，但随着人口增长和经济发展的加快，湿地保护、恢复与开发之间的矛盾突显，具体表现为湿地生物多样性受到威胁、面积萎缩、生境恶化和管理混乱．在分析洪泽湖湿地主要生态功能及存在主要问题的基础上，提出湖区湿地生态保护与可持续发展利用的对策，即：降低捕伐强度，建立自然保护区；退耕还湖，保障调洪功能；控制上游水质，建立动态监测系统；统一规划，完善管理体制等．     

基于MODIS遥感影像数据的洞庭湖蓄水量估算

以洞庭湖为研究对象,应用MODIS遥感影像、水位以及湖底DEM数据估算洞庭湖蓄水量.根据水体在近红外和红外波段的吸收特性,通过对MODIS数据NDVI指数和NIR波段分别设置阈值的方法来实现对洞庭湖水面的动态提取.根据洞庭湖流域各水文/水位站的水位数据,进行空间插值,得到洞庭湖多个时段的水位空间分布.结合洞庭湖水面提取数据、水位插值数据和湖底DEM,估算洞庭湖蓄水量,并以此初步分析三峡截流前后洞庭湖流域的水文响应.结果显示,该方法能有效实现对洞庭湖蓄水量的估算,计算得出的水面面积、蓄水量有明显的相关性;洞庭湖蓄水量与城陵矶水位呈现明显的3次曲线关系,截流前后3年拟合方程决定系数分别达到了0.915和0.928;截流后三峡工程调蓄功能初显,连续3年洞庭湖汛期累积水量占全年水量比重减小;与此同时夏末秋初三峡水库蓄水,下泄水量减少加剧了2006年洞庭湖流域夏秋连旱的影响.     

基于年代数据的青藏高原东北部全新世风沙活动研究

本文对青藏高原东北部全新世风成沉积剖面的年代数据应用概率密度方法结合年代数据分布情况重建了该区全新世风沙活动历史.结果表明:青藏高原东北部早全新世风沙活动强烈,但也存在不同尺度的空间差异,表现在共和盆地、柴达木盆地及青海湖盆地风成砂都广泛发育,但青海湖盆地同期还有古土壤发育,冬给措纳湖流域在这一时期也有少量的风成砂层出现;中全新世古土壤广泛发育,风沙活动较弱,整个东北部具有较好的一致性;晚全新世以来,柴达木盆地和冬给措纳湖流域风成砂发育较好,而共和盆地古土壤广泛发育,同时青海湖盆地风成砂和古土壤均有出现,说明风沙活动强度的区域差异较大,这可能是由于局部地区受到了人为活动强烈干扰的影响.风沙活动强度与区域有效湿度密切相关,区域有效湿度较高时,风沙活动较弱;反之,风沙活动较强.另外,大面积湖泊的存在使得青海湖盆地和冬给措纳湖流域全新世风沙活动的特点与柴达木盆地和共和盆地不尽相同,湖泊水位与湖泊增湿降温效应的相互关系以及物源供给特点可能是造成这一现象的原因.年代数据的概率密度方法相对于频率统计直方图具有一定的优势,充分利用了单个年代数据符合正态分布的特点,能够反映年代数据的范围和精度.     

鄱阳湖最小生态需水研究

基于鄱阳湖水文特征,建立鄱阳湖最小生态需水计算模型。研究将频率95%对应的水位为湖泊最低生态水位,根据鄱阳湖水位-面积关系曲线,得到对应的鄱阳湖湖区面积为1 503.9 km~2。通过折算将水面蒸发转换成湖面蒸发,得到湖面净蒸发量为483.09 mm,湖区年最小生态耗水为7.3亿m~3。采用计算河道内生态需水的方法计算出湖生态需水,运用最小月平均流量法、逐月最小流量法、Tennant法、90%保证率最枯月平均流量法和90%保证率逐月流量法等,对出湖河道生态需水进行计算,并用Tennant法对结果进行评价,通过分析比较得出90%保证率逐月流量法更适合确定鄱阳湖出湖最小生态流量,得到出湖最小生态需水为777.1亿m~3,最终得到鄱阳湖最小生态需水为784.4亿m~3。研究结果对鄱阳湖流域生态保育、水生态与水环境保护及水资源管理,提供重要科学依据。     

基于SMMI的红碱淖湖区面积遥感分析

红碱淖是我国最大的沙漠淡水湖,在当地气候的调节、水资源的平衡及生物多样性的保持等方面发挥着非常重要的作用。以2000~2014年MODIS陆地植被数据产品MOD13Q1为数据源,在提取NIR和Red波段反射率的基础上,利用土壤湿度监测指数(SMMI)提取红碱淖年内和年际面积数据,并对其15 a间变化趋势进行分析。结果表明:红碱淖面积年内变化规律为每年4月开始缓慢增大,至7月~8月间达到最大,而后逐渐减小;红碱淖湖区面积总体呈线性减少趋势(R~2=0.884 7),由2000年的49.63 km~2减小到2014年的31.88 km~2,变化率为36%,平均缩减速度为1.18 km~2/a。相比较气象因子而言,人类活动是影响红碱淖面积变化的主要因素。     

Three-Gorge Dam influences wetland macrophytes in middle and lower reaches of Yangtze

Dongting Lake, located in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze, is regarded as a lake during the water swelling period and a continent in the ebbing period. The construction of the Three-Gorge Dam has influenced the water level of Dongting Lake and the growth of wetland macrophytes in the area. In this study, the growth of main species of wetland macrophytes, such as Carex and Phragmites at Dongting Lake, was observed, and the hydraulic gradient, one of the main factors dominating the abundance and distribution of wetland macrophytes, was also studied at six stations in Dongting Lake area and the effect of the Three-Gorge Dam construction on the growth of wetland macrophytes was observed.     

Quantitative analysis of lake area variations and the influence factors from 1971 to 2004 in the Nam Co basin of the Tibetan Plateau

By using remote sensing and GIS technologies, spatial analysis and statistic analysis, we calculated the water area and volume variations of the Nam Co Lake from 1971-2004, and discussed their influence factors from the viewpoints of climatic change and water balance. Data source in this study includes bathymetric data of the lake, aerial surveyed topographic maps of 1970, remote sensing images of 1991 and 2004 in the lake catchment, meteorological data from 17 stations within 1971-2004 in the adjacent area...     

Three-Gorge Dam influences wetland macrophytes in middle and lower reaches of Yangtze

Dongting Lake,located in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze,is regarded as a lake during the water swelling period and a continent in the ebbing period.The construction of the Three-Gorge Dam has influenced the water level of Dongting Lake and the growth of wetland macrophytes in the area.In this study,the growth of main species of wetland macrophytes,such as Carex and Phragmites at Dongting Lake,was observed,and the hydraulic gradient,one of the main factors dominating the abundance and distribution of wetland macrophytes,was also studied at six stations in Dongting Lake area and the effect of the Three-Gorge Dam construction on the growth of wetland macrophytes was observed.     

中国秀丽白虾不同地理群体的形态变异(英)

分别测量了300尾采自中国五个淡水湖（太湖、滇池、呼伦湖、兴凯湖和巢湖）秀丽白虾的10个形态学指标，运用三种多元统计方法对不同地理群体间的形态差异进行了比较研究.聚类分析结果表明，太湖群体和滇池群体的形态最为接近，而与兴凯湖群体、呼伦湖群体和巢湖群体的趋异程度逐渐增加.判别分析按雌、雄个体分别建立了5个群体的判别函数，其中雌体的判别准确率为80.0%~93.5%（P1），87.5%~93.5%（P2），综合判别率为90.8%；雄体的判别准确率为：80.0%~90.3%（P1），77.1%~95.2%（P2），综合判别率为87.8%.五个地理群体间的形态差异须有多项参数综合判别才能辨识.主成份分析构建的三个雌体主成份的累积贡献率为75.97%，而三个雄体主成份的累积贡献率为73.63%，五个地理群体间的形态差异主要取决于全长、尾肢长、头胸甲宽、腹部长和腹部宽等5个形态学特征.提示秀丽白虾的形态变异与其生活的水体理化因子和底质不同密切相关，推测环境因子对白虾形态特征的选择作用，使其群体表型具有可塑性.此外，不当的引种和人工养殖对滇池群体种质混杂的不良影响，需要进一步深入研究，并在选种过程中加以重视.