塔里木盆地变形构造格局及其动力学模式——兼论楔入造山推覆成盆作用

通过对塔里木沉积盆地及周缘造山带的构造研究，重点讨论了陆内前陆盆地基底性质、变形构造样式、沉积盆地与周围造山带的几何结构特征，提出沉积盆地及盆山耦合关系的楔入造山推覆成盆作用的大陆变形动力学模式     

东天山(E85-90°)加里东沟-弧-盆褶皱系的地质特征及其构造演化

东天山加里东造山带为一沟-弧-盆褶皱系,共内部构造单元自北向南可分为海沟俯冲杂岩带、岛弧带和弧后盆地褶皱带。它主要是在晚前寒武纪和早古生代阶段于塔里木古板块北缘的安第斯型活动大陆边缘逐渐演变成西太平洋型,最后伴随西太平洋型活动大陆边缘之沟-弧-盆体系的闭合而形成的陆缘增生造山带。     

秦岭—大别造山带中几条重要构造带的特征及其意义

目的 研究秦岭一大别造山带内几条重要构造带的构造变形特征,以探讨其动力学过程.方法 通过该造山带中各构造带的几何学、运动学特征研究,分析板块构造体系向陆内构造体系转换和大陆动力学体系演化等地质过程.结果 ①洛栾构造带是二郎坪弧后盆地与华北板块南缘的陆内构造拼合带,形成于365 Ma±,挤压方向为240→60°;②商丹断裂带在260 Ma±形成,挤压方向为220→40°,以压扁作用为主,正花状构造,显示出板块碰撞带的构造特征;③襄广断裂带是扬子板块在220 Ma±,由185→5°方向与大别造山带斜向汇聚的结果;④殷马断裂带为一条右行平移的韧性剪切带;⑤武穴构造对接带是大别造山带南缘与扬子板块北缘的构造复合带,是在140 Ma±扬子板块总体由S→N挤压所致;⑥宜鲁构造带是东秦岭造山带北界,为S→N逆冲的叠瓦状推覆构造,上地壳缩短率为52%;⑦郯庐断裂带是秦岭一大别造山带东端的一条多期活动的剪切带.结论 秦岭一大别造山带经历了不同构造体制转换、板块构造系统发展、板块构造体系向陆内构造体系转换以及大陆动力学体系发展演化等地质过程;显示出古生代以来逆时针"转动挤压"到"三面围限"的动力学过程.     

东昆仑西段布喀达坂峰地区昆南断裂初步研究

通过空间展布特征、物质组成、运动学特征及构造年代学研究,确定东昆仑造山带西段布喀达坂峰地区东昆南断裂是由碎屑质糜棱岩构成的韧性剪切带,表现为左行平移的运动学特征,绢云母单矿物40Ar-39Ar坪年龄值为234～237兆年,从而确定东昆南断裂主期变形时代为中三叠世。     

五河—水吼剪切带构造解析及其指示意义

五河—水吼剪切带是大别造山带内北大别杂岩带和高压-超高压变质岩带的地表分界线,对其进行详细的构造解析有助于理解其形成演化,进而完善大别造山带演化历史。文章在详细的野外观察基础上,对五河—水吼剪切带进行了运动学涡度分析、付林图解解析。涡度分析指示该剪切带为简单剪切为主的剪切变形,付林图解指示剪切带内岩石应变类型主要为收缩应变。将该剪切带的几何学、运动学特征与周边构造带对比发现,五河—水吼剪切带的构造特征与南大别带最类似,而其几何学特征与北大别杂岩带南部一致,表明该剪切带应当具有与南大别带基本一致的形成时间,在北大别带发生穹窿活动时被改造成现今的形态。     

晓天—磨子潭断裂的构造演化对大别高压—超高压岩石折返过程的指示

位于大别造山带北部的晓天—磨子潭断裂带分隔了北大别高级变质带和北淮阳浅变质带.该断裂带由韧性剪切带和脆性正断层组成,两者具有基本一致的NW—SE向走向.脆性正断层叠加在韧性剪切带之上,控制了其北侧的早白垩世火山岩盆地的发育,为大别造山带早白垩世穹窿过程中的伸展断层.晓天—磨子潭韧性剪切带叠加在北大别灰色片麻岩之上.糜棱岩中的矿物变形温度估计(600—650℃)、基质多硅白云母探电子针分析及压力计算(约1.1GPa),指示韧性剪切带形成于高角闪岩相的下地壳深度,为造山带同碰撞折返边界.韧性剪切带糜棱面理上的矿物拉伸线理侧伏角自东向西逐渐由水平过渡到近倾向.露头构造、显微构造及石英C轴组构皆指示该韧性剪切带具有上盘向北西的运动方向.韧性剪切带几何学与运动学特征指示,大别造山带高压—超高压岩片的折返是向南东的斜向挤出,并兼有折返岩片以东端为枢纽的逆时针旋转.     

中国东部中生代平移断裂的变格作用

中国东部中生代开始、展现了一个历史性的伟大变革,结束了古生代南北分野的局面,进入一个以滨太平洋方位为主体的构造格局。在这个重大的变格作用中,大陆东缘新生的一系列北东、北北东向穿陆的大型平移断裂及其进行的左行剪切运动起了实质性的作用。反映了东亚大陆与太平洋盆相对运动的开始及东亚大陆真实边缘的产生。 断裂的变格作用既有控制作用又有改造作用;后者使老岩层、老岩相带、老岩体等在断裂剪切的旋转应变场中产生新的形态、新的面理及新的方位。 中生代以来的变格作用,使北北东一北东向构造格局取代了早期近东西向的格局,使阿尔卑斯体制取代了前阿尔卑斯体制,使滨太平洋构造域取代了原有的古亚洲构造域。     

中天山早古生代离散地体构造的讨论

中天山造山带的基底性质长期以来是天山大地构造研究中最有争议的问题之一。本文在比较研究中天山及塔里木北缘中晚元古代至古生代地层的基础上,认为中天山不存在连续的“前寒武系隆起带(或结晶轴)”,它是由寒武纪后从塔里木大陆北缘离散出来的若干地体组成。由于早古生代时期中天山地体的离散,形成了具洋壳性质的南天山边缘海盆地。库米什北夹于蛇绿混杂岩带中间的片麻状——眼球状花岗岩块体,是一个残留于边缘海盆地中的陆壳碎块(地体)。     

西昆仑早古生代构造演化及其对塔西南盆地的影响

在板块构造理论基础上，通过区内蛇绿岩、与俯冲有关的岩浆岩及相关沉积等综合研究，对西昆仑早古生代构造演化进行了重建：震旦纪－寒武纪西昆仑从塔里木大陆分裂出去，并在它们之间形成“昆仑洋”；寒武纪－奥陶纪“昆仑洋”洋壳向南俯冲于西仑之下，形成库地俯冲带、库地弧前盆地、西昆仑早古生代火山弧及麻扎－黑卡弧后盆地；志留纪－早泥盆世，“昆仑洋”消失，西昆仑早古生代火山弧与塔里木大陆碰撞，并形成塔里木前陆冲断带和泥盆纪前陆盆地磨拉石及塔里木大陆内泥盆纪的“红层相”     

商南-商城断裂带中段大型韧性走滑剪切带研究

商南－商城断裂带中段的韧性剪切带是由多条糜棱岩带及其所夹的变质岩块体组成的大型韧性剪切带。它是以简单剪切为主要变形机制的、于绿片岩相温压条件下形成的韧性剪切带。剪切带内糜棱岩的塑性变形和恢复重结晶作用强烈。糜棱叶理产状多较陡倾，ａ线理近水平，表明为走滑断裂。大量不对称旋转构造指示该剪切带早期为左行剪切，后期在不同地段又叠加上程度不同的右行剪切     

塔里木盆地周缘洋盆开合在盆地内部的构造沉积响应

依据塔里木盆地周缘蛇绿岩年龄及盆内钻井岩性、古生物、地球物理等资料,以古天山洋和古昆仑洋的开合演化为线索,将盆地构造沉积响应划分为五个期次。南华纪-震旦纪早世Rodinia泛大陆开始裂解,塔里木陆块北部发育南天山海槽、南部发育库地小洋盆,同期塔里木盆地只有中北部地区沉积碎屑物,塘古孜巴斯至古城墟地区为古隆起无沉积;震旦纪晚世-奥陶纪中世南天山洋和北昆仑洋(原库地小洋盆)进入成年期,塔里木陆块西部高地发育快速生长的碳酸盐岩台地,东部低地(满加尔)发育饥饿盆地,塔里木陆块形成了西台东盆的沉积格局;奥陶纪晚世-泥盆纪北昆仑洋和南天山洋分别向中昆仑和中天山微陆块俯冲(最终与塔里木陆块拼贴),塔里木陆块边缘逐渐出现不同规模的陆源剥蚀区,陆块内碳酸盐台地逐渐消亡;石炭纪-二叠纪中世北天山洋和南昆仑洋-阿尼玛卿洋关闭造山,塔里木陆块内部实际处于广义的弧后扩张状态,期间接受了海陆交互相碎屑岩沉积及海相碳酸盐岩沉积;二叠纪晚世至今金沙江洋、澜沧江洋、班公-怒江洋和雅鲁藏布江洋等先后关闭,受此影响天山、昆仑造山带强烈抬升,塔里木盆地发育库车和塔西南2个前陆盆地。     

Decoupling of surface and subsurface sutures in the Dabie orogen and a continent-collisional lithospheric-wedging model：Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic evidences of Mesozoic igneous rocks in eastern China

Based on the distribution of UHPM rocks on the surface in Sulu terrane, the surface suture between the NCB and SCB should be located along the Wulian fault (see Fig. 1, S1). However, based on the aeromagnetic data of eastern China, Li[1] first indicated that the subsurface suture between the NCB and SCB in the region east of the Tan-Lu fault should be located to the east of Nanjing City (see Fig. 1, S2), which south displaced about 400 km from the surface suture. This is contradicto…     

Silurian to Devonian foreland basin in the south edge of Tarim Basin

Based on the theory of plate tectonics, combin-ing with the isotopic dating of ophiolite, igneous and volcan-ics, geochemical test, rare earth element analyze and seismicinterpretation, this paper studies the pre-Carboniferous tec-tonics and sedimentary formation of the south edge of theTarim Basin and proves that there exists the Kunlun Oceanunder tensional tectonics during the Sinian and Cambrian inthe south edge of the Tarim Plate. After that, due to the colli-sion orogenesis, there formed the peripheral foreland basinin the south edge of Tarim. The Upper Silurian and Devo-nian molasses sedimentary system superposed on the Sinianand Middle Silurian passive margin flysch sedimentary sys-tem and formed the bivariate structure of the foreland basin.And at the same time, based on the field geology and seismicinterpretation, we have identified that the formation of theSilurian and Devonian have the character of half depositwhich shows thick in the south area and thin in the north,and the pre-Carboniferous thrust compression tectonics re-mained in the foreland thrust belt, which further demon-strates that there existed the Silurian and Devonian periph-eral foreland basin on the south edge of the Tarim Basin.     

Detachment within subducted continental crust and multi-slice successive exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks: Evidence from the Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt

Although tectonic models were presented for exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure （UHP） metamorphic rocks during the continental collision, there is increasing evidence for the decoupling between crustal slices at various depths within deeply subducted continental crust. This lends support to the multi-slice successive exhumation model of the UHP metamorphic rocks in the Dabie-Sulu orogen. The available evidence is summarized as follows： （1） the low-grade metamorphic slices, which have geotectonic affinity to the South China Block and part of them records the Triassic metamorphism, occur in the northern margin of the Dabie-Sulu UHP metamorphic zone, suggesting decoupling of the upper crust from the underlying basement during the initial stages of continental subduction; （2） the Dabie and Sulu HP to UHP metamorphic zones comprise several HP to UHP slices, which have an increased trend of metamorphic grade from south to north but a decreased trend of peak metamorphic ages correspondingly; and （3） the Chinese Continental Science Drilling （CCSD） project at Donghai in the Sulu orogen reveals that the UHP metamorphic zone is composed of several stacked slices, which display distinctive high and low radiogenic Pb from upper to lower parts in the profile, suggesting that these UHP crustal slices were derived from the subducted upper and middle crusts, respectively. Detachment surfaces within the deeply subducted crust may occur either along an ancient fault as a channel of fluid flow, which resulted in weakening of mechanic strength of the rocks adjacent to the fault due to fluid-rock interaction, or along the low-viscosity zones which resulted from variations of geotherms and lithospheric compositions at different depths. The multi-slice successive exhumation model is different from the traditional exhumation model of the UHP metamorphic rocks in that the latter assumes the detachment of the entire subducted continental crust from the underlying mantle lithosphere and its subsequent exhumation as a whol     

The large-scale ductile shear zone in Kuda, western Kunlun

A set of metamorphic suites, previously known as the Precambrian metamorphic basement in Kuda, western Kunlun has been determined as a large nappe ductile shear zone which develops penetrative foliation, oriented stretching lineation, various but consistent kinematic indicators of thrusting from north to south. The microstructure and the supermicrostructure also display the ductile deformation characteristics, and the paleotectonic differential stress is obtained. The metamorphic age is 426–451 Ma dated by⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar method. According to tectonic background, it is a product of early Paleozoic accretionary wedge orogenesis in western Kunlun.     

塔里木盆地深部构造与震旦纪裂谷

塔里木盆地是一个发育在塔里木反块中部的大型克拉通盆地，它位于一近东西向展布的地幔隆起之上，其地壳厚度为４１～５０ｋｍ。盆地基底结构复杂，由太古界—下元古界深变质岩系和中上元古界浅变质岩系经８００Ｍａ前的热构造事件拼合固结而成。基底四周被深大断裂切割，控制和影响着盆地的形成与演化。震旦纪，岩石圈伸展分裂，塔里木盆地南北缘均为被动大陆边缘，其裂谷作用具有北强南弱东强西弱的特点。因此，在盆地部形成夭折裂谷，盆地西南则表现为克拉通内坳陷     

阿中地块南缘晚元古代火山岩地质特征及构造环境分析

阿中地块南缘晚元古代索尔库里群基性火山岩与滨浅海相细粒陆源碎屑岩、成熟度较高的石英砾岩和碳酸盐岩共生,这套火山-沉积岩发生浅变质强变形作用改造,其形成于大陆裂谷构造环境,基性火山岩为大陆裂谷拉斑玄武岩,火山岩-火山碎屑岩上覆岩系--碳酸盐岩中含大量小型叠层石,通过区域对比证明该套地层时代为晚元古代青白口纪,其沉积建造、岩相古地理环境与塔里木北缘库鲁克塔格地区同时代地层特征相似,说明青白口纪时南、北塔里木就有了统一的盖层.     

Sm-Nd isochron age of ophiolite along northern margin of Altun Tagh Mountain and its tectonic significance

An ophiolite belt is exposed to the northern edge of Altun Tagh Mountain. Geochronological researches were made on gabbro and basalt. Sm-Nd isochron age of gabbro is (829 ± 60) Ma, while the age of gabbro mixed basalt is (949 ± 62) Ma. The dating of Sm-Nd isochron proves that ophiolite formed in (829 ± 60) Ma, which implies that the northern half of Tarim (or north Tarim Block) had been separated by an ocean from the southern half of Tarim and Qaidarn (or south Tarim Block) until (829 ± 60) Ma. The south Tarim Block could accrete to the north Tarim Block at the beginning of Sinian, thereby forming the north Altun Tagh suture. The Sinian system would be the first cover on the amalgamated Tarim craton.     

塔里木盆地孔雀河地区构造特征及演化

孔雀河地区位于塔里木盆地东北部,从前震旦纪至今,经历了多期的构造变动和复杂的演化历史,形成了现今北西西-近东西向、北北东-近南北向、北北西向和北东东向基本断裂体系,同时断裂活动表现为多期性和继承性的特点;发育断背斜、断鼻、背斜及断块等构造圈闭类型,其分布具有东西分区、纵向分层的特征.纵向上,就中生界、古生界而言,下古生界较中生界发育,上古生界不发育;横向上,明显受断层控制,并沿主控断层走向方向成排成带展布;利用平衡剖面法,并结合区域构造研究成果将该区构造演化划为五个阶段:被动陆缘裂陷阶段(Z-O1)、拉张至挤压环境转变阶段(O2-S)、北东和北西向构造发育阶段(D-P1)、古生代构造的再生长及近东西向褶皱形成阶段(J)、大面积的整体升降运动阶段(K-Q).     

Post-collisional extensional and thrust-nappe structures in northern part of Dabie Mountains

Thrust-nappe structures and extensional structures simultaneonsly occur in the northern part of the Dabie Mountains. The systematic structural study reveals that extensional structures along the Mozitan-Xiaotian fault and thrust-nappe structures that take the Jinzhai-Shucheng fault as their frontal thrust share the same shear sense, and display a transitional relationship from the ductile extensional structure of deep level in the south to the ductile-brittle and brittle thrust-nappe structure of shallow level in the north. The extensional and thrnst-nappe structures in the region are explained to result from post-collisional processes by the continuous subduction of the Yangtze continental block and the extension induced by the uplifting of the core part of the Dabie Mountains, which are components of the exteasional structures produced in the exhumation process of the ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks in the Dabie Mountains. Because of the frontal blocking in the process of the north-westward spreading, the extension and detachment of the low-grade metamorphic rocks along the Mozitan-Xiaotian fault was transformed into the northwestward thrustiag, resulting in the thrust-nappe structures. They developed in the period of 200-170 Ma, maybe last till the late Jurassic.