含镓层柱材料的合成、表征及催化活性的研究

制备了不同镓含量的镓皂石层柱材料,用XRD、NH3-TPD表征了样品的晶相、酸性,考察了样品对β-甲基萘歧化反应的催化性能．结果表明：β-甲基萘在含镓层柱材料上以异构反应为主,活性与酸量、选择性与酸性有很好的对应关系．氧化铝交联皂石与氧化镓交联皂石相比较,活性与歧化选择性高,但异构选择性低．     

含镓层柱材料在β—甲基萘歧化反应中的催化行为

制备并表征了含镓层柱材料，考察了氧化铝和氧化镓并联皂石对β－甲基萘歧化反应的催化行为。结果表明：β－甲基萘以异构化反应为主，活性与酸量、选择性与酸性有很好的对应关系。氧化铝交联镓皂石较氧化镓交联镓皂石的活性高，歧化选择性亦高而异构选择性低。     

多羟基镓低聚物做交联剂制备交联粘土的研究

采用 Ｇａ３ ＋ 在土层中形成〔 Ｇａ１３〕７ ＋ 交联制得有序性和热稳定性较好的交联粘土本工作成功地用〔 Ｇａ１３〕７ ＋ 交联天然临安土、人工合成皂石及人工合成镓皂石,并制得全镓层柱型类分子筛经 Ｘ Ｒ Ｄ 表征了样品的晶相,元素分析确定了样品的化学组成与结构式 Ｎ Ｈ３ － Ｔ Ｐ Ｄ 及 Ｐｙ － Ｉ Ｒ 结果表明,交联合成土的酸量高于交联天然土;样品均含有 Ｂ 酸和 Ｌ 酸中心,且表面 Ｌ 酸所占的份额大催化活性测试结果表明,交联合成土的活性高于天然土,且全镓样品的异构选择性高     

多羟基镓低聚物做交联剂制备交联粘土的研究

采用Ｇａ＾３＋在土层中形成〔Ｇａ１３〕＾７＋交联制得有序性和热稳定性较好的交联粘土。本工作成功地用〔Ｇａ１３〕＾７＋交联天然临安土、人工合成皂石及人工合成镓皂石，并制得全镓层柱型类分子筛。经ＸＲＤ表征了样品的晶相，元素分析确定了样品的化学组成与结构式。ＮＨ３－ＴＰＤ及Ｐｙ－ＩＲ结果表明，交联合成土的酸量高于交联天然土；样品均含有Ｂ酸和Ｌ酸中心，且表面Ｌ酸所占的份额大。催化活性测试结果表明，交联合成     

镓镍皂石的合成、交联、表征及催化性能的研究

采用水热法首次合成出自然界不存在的两种不同镓含量的镓镍皂石（ＧａＮｉＳ）－ 用多烃基铝低聚物交联，制得交联粘土（ＡｌＰＧａＮｉＳ）－ 经ＸＲＤ 表征了样品的晶相，元素分析确定了样品的化学组成与结构式－ 同时又采用红外光谱分析和程序升温还原（ＴＰＲ） 表征了样品－ＮＨ３ＴＰＤ 和ＰｙＩＲ 结果表明，样品均含有Ｂ 酸和Ｌ 酸中心，ＡｌＰＧａＮｉＳ 表面Ｌ 酸中心所占的份额大，ＡｌＰＧａＮｉＳ的酸量高于ＨＧａＮｉＳ－ 在异丙苯裂解反应和正己烷加氢异构反应上考察了样品的催化性能－ 结果表明，交联镓镍皂石催化活性较高，异构选择性较好     

镓镍皂石的合成,交联,表征及催化性能的研究

采用水热法首次合成出自然界不存在的两种不同镓含量的镓镍皂石（ＧａＮｉＳ），用多烃基铝低聚物交联，制得交联粘土（Ａｌ－ＰＧａＮｉＳ）。经ＸＲＤ表征了样品的晶相，元素分析确定了样品的化学组成与结构式。同双采用用红外光谱法分析和程序升温还原（ＴＰＲ）表征了样品，ＮＨ３＾－ＴＰＤ和Ｐｙ－ＩＲ结果表明，样品均含有Ｂ酸和Ｌ酸中心，Ａｌ－ＰＧａＮｉＳ表面Ｌ酸中心所占的份额大，Ａｌ－ＰＧａＮｉＳ的酸量高于Ｈ－Ｇａ     

铜皂石的合成及其性能表征

以Na2SiO3和Cu(NO3)2为原料,采用水热法合成了晶型良好的铜皂石,考察了原料配比、晶化温度和晶化时间对铜皂石合成的影响,利用XRD、FT-IR、N2物理吸附和SEM等手段对样品进行了表征。结果表明:在理想的化学配比(n(Si):n(Cu)=4:3)下能合成结晶度高的铜皂石;在温度60℃下就可以合成铜皂石,但温度升高,合成的铜皂石结晶度增加;在晶化时间为6h时,就可以合成铜皂石,随晶化时间的延长,合成的铜皂石结晶度增加。在原料理想配比下,晶化温度200℃、晶化时间24h的水热条件为铜皂石的最佳合成条件。     

不同层间距的交联粘土对1，2，4—三甲苯歧化反应的催化性能

用铝和锆的羟基低物交联合成皂石及天然临安土,制得不同层间距的交联粘土,表征了样品的晶相、酸性、考察了样品对1,2,4－三甲苯歧化反应的催化性能,结果表明层间距、转化率及选择性间存在一定关系,层间距越大转化率越高,但对1,2,4,5－TEMB的选择性越低,样品的酸类型及酸量对反应也有影响,样品的酸量越大转化率越高,交联粘土的强B酸中心有利于1,2,4－三甲醛发生歧化反应,而弱酸中心有利于1,2,4－三甲苯发生异构化反应。     

不同层间距的交联粘土对1,2,4-三甲苯歧化反应的催化性能

用铝和锆的羟基低聚物交联合成皂石及天然临安土 ,制得不同层间距的交联粘土 表征了样品的晶相、酸性 考察了样品对 1 ,2 ,4-三甲苯歧化反应的催化性能 结果表明层间距、转化率及选择性间存在一定关系 ,层间距越大转化率越高 ,但对 1 ,2 ,4,5-TEMB的选择性越低 样品的酸类型及酸量对反应也有影响 ,样品的酸量越大转化率越高 ,交联粘土的强B酸中心有利于 1 ,2 ,4-三甲苯发生歧化反应 ,而弱酸中心有利于 1 ,2 ,4-三甲苯发生异构化反应     

铬铝基柱撑蒙脱石的制备与孔道结构

以钠基蒙脱石为原料,采用取代法合成铬铝柱化剂,并用湿法工艺制备铬铝基柱撑蒙脱石,研究不同Cr与Al物质的量比和pH对柱撑蒙脱石制备的影响。研究结果表明:当Cr离子与Al离子物质的量比为2:1、加入100mL浓度为0.4mol/L NaOH时,可得到(001)层间距达2.0535nm的铬铝基柱撑蒙脱石,铬铝二元聚合羟基阳离子与钠基蒙脱石之间发生离子交换反应,进入膨胀的蒙脱石层间;铬铝柱撑蒙脱石的基本结构在离子交换过程中并没有发生改变,且发现铬氧八面体,但未发现铬氧四面体,铬离子倾向于以铬氧八面体的形式进入铬铝基柱撑蒙脱石层间;铬铝基柱撑蒙脱石的比表面积为170.4m2/g,孔容为0.1841cm3/g,介孔平均孔径为3.840nm,说明铬铝基柱撑蒙脱石比钠基柱撑蒙脱石、铝基柱撑蒙脱石和铬基柱撑蒙脱石具有较大的比表面积、较大的微孔和较小的介孔,铬铝柱撑蒙脱石是一种有用的催化和吸附材料。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-