西北春季标准化降水指数及干旱时空特征分析

利用西北5省(区)137个测站的1961-2009年历年春季降水量资料计算标准化降水指数(SPI),统计了西北春季轻旱、重旱、特旱发生的空间分布和时间变化,然后用EOF,REOF,M-K等方法对西北春季SPI时空特征和变化趋势进行了研究.结果表明:新疆北部、甘肃河西及青海中部是干旱的主要发生区域;干旱面积率在1980年以前较高,而1981-1990偏轻,1991-2009缓慢增加.西北春季SPI结构的最明显特征是整个西北表现为一致的旱(或涝)的特征,新疆、青藏高原及西北东部是2个异常中心区,过渡带位于新疆的东部;西北春季SPI异常结构的另一显著特征是,新疆北部及青海南部与西北东部旱涝为反相结构,西北东部的多(少)雨往往对应新疆北部和青海南部的少(多)雨.利用SPI可将西北春季划分为4个旱涝异常区:青海高原区、西北东部区、新疆北部区、南疆区;并由各区代表站的SPI的M-K突变检验得,从1980年代开始,青海高原区春季降水增多,并且趋势十分显著;与其相反的是,西北东部区近年春季降水有减少的趋势;北疆区从1997年开始,春季降水有增多的趋势,而南疆区春季降水增多的趋势不十分显著.     

我国西北地区降水强度、频率和总量变化

利用西北地区120个测站1954-2003年逐日降水观测资料，采用REOF将我国西北地区降水变化划分为东西两部分进行研究，分析了近50年来西北地区东西部降水强度、频率和总降水量变化趋势以及它们之间的联系。结果表明：西北地区降水量的增多主要是西北西部降水量的增多引起的；西北西部年降水频率呈增加趋势，年平均降水强度也星增强趋势，而西北东部年平均降水强度增强，年降水频率却呈显著减少趋势。     

南亚高压与我国盛夏气候异常

利用多年逐候平均资料，分析得到盛夏南亚高压的两类平衡态－青藏高压和伊朗高压，它们又可各分为东西部型。讨论了两类平衡态及其东西部型时的温度和降水分布差异。发现：青藏高压时，高压中心及其东南地区地面气温偏高，高压西北及北面的气温明显偏低，高压东侧的东亚地区多雨.伊朗高压时，高压中心及其西北区气温偏高，高压东南区的气温偏低，在高原南侧的印度北部地区降水偏强。青藏高压东部型使长江下游及西北地区多雨，华北和华南等大片地区干旱少雨；西部型使中国西南至华北大片东北－西南走向的地区为多雨，西北地区则高温干旱。伊朗高压东部型使中国东部沿海地区多雨；西部型使中国江淮流域有 明显的多雨带。     

我国春季降水的分布特征及其与环流异常的关系

利用EOF、小波分析和相关分析讨论了我国春季降水的分布特征及降水异常的环流背景,结果表明:春季降水(3～5月)主要集中在北纬30°以南的中东部地区,而北方则降水稀少,西部降水有增加的趋势,中东部降水有减少的趋势,但不是很明显.EOF1表明长江以南和长江以北的降水呈反向分布,长江以南大范围降水变化的特征时间尺度分别为2,7a和15a,且15a时间尺度变化有明显向较大时间尺度演变的趋势,EOF2表明长江中下游与华南降水呈反向分布,长江中下游大范围降水变化的特征时间尺度分别为2,9a和更大时间尺度,且9a时间尺度变化具有明显的向较小时间尺度演变的趋势.当退居在中太平洋的副高偏强,西伸,副高北侧气压梯度力加大时,有利于长江以南地区降水,当副高偏北,西伸到长江中下游上空,乌拉尔山阻高偏强时,则有利于长江中下游地区降水.     

东亚干旱、半干旱区夏季降水的模拟研究

将IPCC第5次评估报告国际耦合模式比较计划中的18个气候模式模拟结果与美国气候预报中心的观测资料进行对比,系统评估了18个气候模式对东亚干旱、半干旱区过去58 a(1948-2005年)夏季降水变化的模拟能力,并根据分数值的大小选取模式G1和G2进行对比分析.结果表明,G1对东亚干旱、半干旱区夏季降水变化趋势的模拟与观测资料较为一致,其中中国西北地区的降水增加,而中国东北及蒙古地区的降水表现为减少的趋势,模拟的蒙古西部地区的降水变率偏小;G2的模拟结果与观测值相差较大,尤其中国东北、西北局地及蒙古地区夏季降水的变化趋势与观测值相反.合成分析结果表明,在季风偏强年,G1模拟的夏季降水变化与观测值具有较好的一致性,即中国东北和蒙古地区降水明显偏多,但在季风偏弱年,G1模拟的夏季降水变化与观测值相比偏差较大,尤其在中国东北及蒙古地区,模拟的降水变化比观测值明显偏弱.在RCP4.5和RCP8.5排放情景下,G1的模拟结果表明到2100年大部分东亚干旱、半干旱区夏季降水呈增多趋势,其中以中国西北南部及东北地区最为显著.     

西北区降水时空特征分析

利用中国西北五省９０个测站１９６０－１９９０年历年月降量资料,采用ＥＯＦ、ＲＥＯＦ、波谱地 水量的空间特征、变化规律进行了诊断分析,结果表明：西北区年降水的主要空间异常型表现为全区一致的多雨或少雨型,这是西北区的第一气候特征,西北区降水异常区域大致可划分为８个区,７０年代中后期后８０年代初是近３０年来西北区水较明显的一个转折期,高原东侧区的降水仍然存在着准３年周期变化。     

夏季青藏高原东部热源异常与环流场和降水的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国160个站点的月平均降水资料,选取了2008年9月四川汶川地区特大暴雨实例,分析并验证了夏季青藏高原东部热源异常和中国局部降水异常的关系。结果表明:1夏季高原东部热源偏强会引起500h Pa风场能量偏大,其能量大值区与强降水区域分布相对应;2夏季高原东部热源偏强会引起南亚高压偏东偏强,从而引起西太副高西伸,使得水汽源源不断的向降水区域输送;3夏季高原东部热源异常时,通过加热场-高度场-降水场的同期及滞后效应,进一步影响到中国局部地区的降水异常。     

陕甘宁及内蒙古西部地区春季降水的气候特征

利用陕西、甘肃、宁夏和内蒙古西部地区64个测站1961～2000年春季降水量的资料,采用EOF、REOF、小波分析和突变分析等方法,对陕甘宁及内蒙古西部地区春季降水的空间分布特征和时间演变规律进行了诊断分析研究.结果表明:陕甘宁及内蒙古西部地区春季降水的空间分布既有整体一致的特性,也存在东部和西部、南部和北部相反变化的差异,可将陕甘宁及内蒙古西部地区划分为三个主要的降水异常区域:陕南秦岭区、甘蒙西部区和河套区.各异常区代表站资料反映出近40a来陕甘宁及内蒙古西部地区春季降水呈减少趋势,但未发生突变现象,并且存在着14a,8a和2～6a的周期变化.     

低纬高原地区不同强度降水日数变化及其与2009—2011年干旱的联系

根据低纬高原地区1961—2011年逐日降水量台站观测资料,利用趋势分析、小波分析等统计诊断方法对低纬高原地区不同强度降水的时空分异特征进行研究,结果表明:低纬高原地区降水事件以小雨和中雨为主,其日数占总降水日数的90%以上,产生的降水量也达到总降水量的60%以上.小雨和中雨量级降水日数与低纬高原总降水日数及总降水量的"U"型分布特征较为相似,但大雨及暴雨量级降水日数与总降水日数的空间分布差异明显.伴随着全球增暖,低纬高原地区东部小雨及中雨量级降水事件发生频率显著减少,导致低纬高原东部地区的总降水量呈现明显减少的趋势.而低纬高原西部地区,各量级降水日数变化趋势在空间上存在较大差异,各量级降水日数对总降水量贡献相互抵消,导致低纬高原西部地区总降水量变化趋势不明显.对造成2009—2011年连续严重干旱的各等级降水频次贡献进行分析,结果表明中雨量级降水频次异常偏少在此次严重干旱事件的发生、发展中起决定性作用.     

青藏高原冬季NDVI变化与我国夏季降水的关系

利用1982年1月—2001年12月NDVI资料、台站降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,通过相关分析和合成分析等方法,初步分析了青藏高原冬季植被变化与我国夏季降水的关系.结果发现,高原冬季植被多少与我国夏季降水存在明显的相关关系.高原冬季NDVI大时,我国华南地区、华北地区等夏季降水偏多,而长江流域(主要是中游地区)和西南地区西北部、东北地区西部降水偏少.高原冬季NDVI与我国夏季降水的相关系数从南到北,总体呈西北-东南向" - -"带状分布.降水的年内分布也因为不同年份NDVI的多少而存在较明显的差异,后期的大气环流变化能够较好地解释我国夏季降水的这种差异.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

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Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

英文诗歌中的喻类修辞

为了有助于提高英文爱好者的个人情操、文化素养和学习兴趣,以及专业人员对英语学习和研究进行多途径的探索,本文通过一些精选诗歌的引证和分析,着重论述了喻类修辞法在英文诗歌中的运用其及效果。     

Man Is Unable to Change the Miserable Life——Analysis of the Arrangement of Four Characters in The Glass Menagerie

Tennessee Williams is considered as one of the most important American playwrights since World War II.The Glass Menagerie is his first successful drama,which describes a tragic situation of family and means to say that Man is unable to change the miserable life,no matter whatever means he try,This essay focuses on the analysis of the arrangement of the four main characters:Laura.Amanda,Jim and Tom to reveal the theme.Laura is fragile.Amanda is brave.Jim is vital.Tom is sensible.And all of them develop and try the different means to struggle against life,but fail tragically.With the evidence,the paper comes to conclusion naturally that Man is unable to change the miserable life,and he dooms to fail.     

Characterization of root-nodulating bacteria on Retama raetam in arid Tunisian soils

The aim of this study is to investigate the diversity of Retama raetam root-nodule bacteria isolated from arid regions of Tunisia. Twelve isolates, chosen as representative for different 16S rRNA gene patterns, were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phenotypic analysis. Isolates were assigned to Sinorhizobium, Rhizobium and Agrobacterium. Symbiotic properties of Sinorhizobium and Rhizobium isolates showed a large diversity in their capacity to infect their host plant and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Strain RK 22 identified as Rhizobium was the most effective isolate.     

Features of Women''s language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Affordable Accurate Evaluation of the Binding Conformations Predicted by Molecular Docking Studies in Bio-System

正Recently,docking has been widely used to predict the binding-modes of protein-inhibitors,when the crystal complexes structure was absent.Most docking algorithms are able to generate a large number of probable conformations,it,however,is difficult to effectively evaluate these docking poses and identify the most reasonable bindingmode.In the present study,on the basis of the crystallographic data of human 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme