溴化环氧树脂印刷线路板的中温热解实验

利用热重法进行了溴化环氧树脂(FR4)印刷线路板不同升温速率的热解特性试验研究,并利用热重和热重微分曲线的信息计算了动力学三参数.利用固定床热解试验装置进行了大颗粒FR4型线路板中温热解实验,并利用GC-MS,FT-IR和SEM检测了热解产物.结果表明:①FR4型线路板热解温度区间为300,℃～400,℃,热解反应活化能107.70 kJ/mol,指前因子为2.22×109/s,反应级数为1;②热解气体产物主要为CO、CO2、溴甲烷及少量的丙酮和C1～C3卤代烷烃;热解液体产物主要为苯酚和烷基苯酚,还有其他C6～C17芳香族如苯、烷基苯等成分;③固体产物包括金属片和含碳的玻璃纤维,可手动实现金属和玻璃纤维的分离富集,富集的金属包含大量的铜和少量的金、镍等贵重金属,富集的玻璃纤维包含碳、硅、氧、钙和铝等元素.     

线路板废渣的真空热解动力学

采用真空热解技术对真空下线路板废渣进行了热解动力学研究,以期为真空热解批量回收处理设备的设计提供理论依据.根据线路板废渣的热失重微分(DTG)曲线,讨论了其在三个失重反应阶段的情况,计算得到反应级数为3,活化能为68.001 kJ/mol,指前因子为4.67×107m in-1.与氮气下线路板的热解相比,真空下的热解反应活化能降低了100 kJ/mol左右.同时,根据计算所得动力学参数模拟的真空热解DTG曲线与实验所得的DTG曲线相一致.     

聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料与生物质共热解动力学

利用热重法研究聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(EPS)与甘蔗渣、花生壳、玉米芯等生物质共热解过程,考察生物质和EPS共热解的相互作用,并根据热重曲线获得动力学参数建立动力学模型.热重分析结果表明:EPS分别与甘蔗渣、玉米芯共热解时有明显的协同作用,而与花生壳共热解协同作用不明显.动力学分析表明:可以用一级反应模型很好地拟合所得实验数据;EPS单独热解时可以用1个一级反应模型描述,生物质单独热解时可用3个连续一级反应模型描述,而EPS与生物质共热解则可用4个连续一级反应模型来描述.     

废轮胎粉的热解特性及其动力学模型

对废轮胎粉进行了热重和微商热重(TG/DTG)实验研究,结果表明废轮胎粉的热解主要失重区可以分为3个阶段:第1个阶段主要是少量水分和焦油的析出(热分解),以及增塑剂和其他一些有机助剂的热分解;第2个阶段主要是天然橡胶的热分解;第3个阶段则主要是合成橡胶的热分解.在TG/DTG实验研究的基础上,建立了废轮胎胶粉的热解动力学模型,得到了热解反应活化能和前指因子等参数,并采用积分法确定了热解失重速率函数f(α)在热解低温阶段和高温阶段的函数表达式.动力学模型计算结果与实验结果的对比一致.     

毛竹酶解/温和酸解木素的热解特性

为有效利用竹材,进行毛竹全组分和木素单组分热解行为的研究,提出单组分木素的热解规律及其对毛竹全组分热解的影响.采用热重分析法对毛竹酶解/温和酸解木素(EMAL)的热解行为进行了研究,并与丙酮抽提后毛竹全组分的热解行为进行了对比.探讨了升温速率和热解温度对毛竹EMAL热失重行为的影响.利用Coats-Redfern法描述毛竹EMAL的热解过程,建立了动力学模型并通过计算得到了热解动力学参数.研究结果表明毛竹EMAL热解反应的主要温度范围是150～600℃,其热解动力学模型可用一级反应表征,所得活化能随升温速率的增大而增加.     

龙口油页岩热解特性及动力学研究

利用热天平对龙口油页岩进行了热解实验,考察了不同升温速度对热解特性的影响;利用Friedman法和平行一级反应模型对热失重数据进行了数学处理,得到了有关的动力学参数,并对油页岩的热解机理进行了初步的探讨.结果表明,在转化率为5%～95%时,活化能的变化范围为100～200 kJ·mol-1,而且活化能与频率因子的对数呈线性关系.低能级和高能级的反应所占比例较小,主要反应集中在活化能为125～250 kJ·mol-1内.Friedman法和平行一级反应模型能够合理地描述油页岩的热解过程.     

龙口油页岩热解特性及动力学研究

利用热天平对龙口油页岩进行了热解实验,考察了不同升温速度对热解特性的影响;利用Friedman法和平行一级反应模型对热失重数据进行了数学处理,得到了有关的动力学参数,并对油页岩的热解机理进行了初步的探讨。结果表明,在转化率为5%~95%时,活化能的变化范围为100~200 kJ.mol-1,而且活化能与频率因子的对数呈线性关系。低能级和高能级的反应所占比例较小,主要反应集中在活化能为125~250 kJ.mol-1内。Friedman法和平行一级反应模型能够合理地描述油页岩的热解过程。     

单颗粒印刷线路板热解传热特性模拟研究

建立了单颗粒印刷线路板的传热模型,模拟了热解传热过程,分析了比热容、导热系数和反应热等参数对线路板颗粒温度变化的影响,并通过热重实验对模型进行验证分析.结果表明:在热解过程中,越靠近颗粒中心的部分,比热容变化对颗粒温度变化的影响越明显;在考虑与不考虑比热容变化两种条件下,线路板颗粒温度偏差最大可达21%;线路板颗粒导热系数存在各向异性特点,对于不同区域,y方向和z方向导热对温度变化的影响效果不同;实验与模拟热重曲线的热失重率差仅为9.78%,表明该传热模型设计较为合理.     

木质纤维素生物质组分的催化快速热解

本文以酸性HZSM-5分子筛为催化剂,利用热重分析(TGA)和热裂解-气质联用(Py-GC/MS)等技术考察了生物质的两大组分纤维素和木质素的催化热解过程.氮气气氛下慢速热解的TGA实验表明,纤维素与Kraft木质素分别于285℃和135.7℃开始热解,纤维素热解后的残留量较少,仅为初始质量的8.6%,而Kraft木质素热解后的残留量高达61.9%.氦气气氛下的Py-GC/MS实验表明,纤维素快速热解的主要产物为左旋葡聚糖(LG)、羟基乙醛和羟基丙酮,积碳率仅为5%;Kraft木质素快速热解产物主要为含有不同取代基的酚类化合物,积碳率为50%.催化快速热解的Py-GC/MS实验表明,加入酸性HZSM-5分子筛可以使生物质热解产物实现有效的加氢脱氧,大大提高了热解油中的芳烃含量.然而由于热解过程中HZSM-5分子筛失活很快,使得积碳问题更加严重,纤维素催化热解的积碳率为61%,木质素样品更是高达85%.     

超临界乙醇抽提废弃线路板的实验研究

以超临界乙醇为抽提溶剂,在反应温度为280℃、反应压力为7.4MPa、反应时间为60min的条件下对FR-4型溴化环氧树脂基板进行超临界乙醇抽提实验研究,并对其抽提液体和固体产物进行分析,计算其抽提率和结焦率。结果表明,利用超临界乙醇抽提废弃线路板具有高抽提率和低结焦率的特点;抽提反应完成后废弃线路板各材料层之间分离效果明显,且玻璃纤维可以回收利用;液体产物中的主要成分是苯酚及其衍生物和微量的Br、P、S、N等化合物。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.     

Tracking data management using topology of moving object database system for moving object constrained trajectory in LBS application

Advances in wireless technologies and positioning technologies and spread of wireless devices, an interest in LBS (Location Based Service) is arising. To provide location based service, tracking data should have been stored in moving object database management system (called MODBMS) with proper policies and managed efficiently. So the methods which acquire the location information at regular time intervals then, store and manage have been studied. In this paper, we suggest tracking data management techniques using topology that is corresponding to the moving path of moving object. In our techniques, we update the MODBMS when moving object arrived at a street intersection or a curved road which is represented as the node in topology and predict the location at past and future with attribute of topology and linear function. In this technique, location data that are corresponding to the node in topology are stored, thus reduce the number of update and amount of data. Also in case predicting the location,because topology are used as well as existing location information, accuracy for prediction is increased than applying linear function or spline function.