不同取向贝壳材料力学性能的压痕法研究

天然生物材料的组织结构特征及其与性能间的关系研究对于材料的仿生设计有重要意义.利用压痕法压研究了贝壳材料的硬度,断裂韧性及脆性指标,并结合SEM技术研究了贝壳珍珠层压痕形貌,探讨了珍珠层的增韧机制.结果表明,无论是珍珠层和还是柱状晶生长纹对其性能影响较小,珍珠层在平行于片层方向上与垂直于片层方向的性能差别较大,珍珠层明显的各向异性主要来自于其独特的组织特征.珍珠层其成分和独特的微观结构特点决定了其在应力场中是一种能量耗散结构,裂纹在扩展过程中,裂纹偏转,有机物桥联,纤维拔出等多种增韧机制在协同作用于材料韧性.     

褶纹冠蚌贝壳结构特征及其珍珠层呈色机制研究

采用反射光谱仪和扫描电镜(SEM)对淡水褶纹冠蚌贝壳壳层微结构及珍珠层彩虹色成因进行较系统研究,对珍珠层构色机制进行了理论模拟。结果表明:贝壳棱柱层为棒柱结构,且与珍珠层呈近垂直交接;同一贝壳的珍珠层,生长端存在明显的彩虹色,且反射波长位于蓝绿波段,而成熟端无明显颜色和反射波长;构成珍珠层成熟和生长端文石板片厚度存在明显差异,且两者厚度分别约为1 483 nm和426 nm;珍珠层中文石板片与蛋白质周期排列构成一光子带隙结构,该结构与蛋白质色素的共同作用是其颜色产生的直接原因。     

翡翠贻贝贝壳的微结构研究

双壳纲贝壳是一种天然的有机一无机复合材料,具有优异的力学性能.为了解翡翠贻贝贝壳的矿物组成和微结构,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对贝壳进行分析,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)对其生长区和成熟区珍珠层微结构进行观察.结果表明,该贝壳珍珠层、棱柱层及其过渡区域均由文石组成;首次发现该贝壳珍珠层由帽状和平板状文石板片构成,其弯曲度和...     

绿贻贝贝壳的微结构特征及光谱分析

贻贝贝壳是一种由碳酸钙晶体和少量有机质形成的高度有序的天然纳米复合材料,历来是生物材料、组织工程以及仿生学研究的重要对象。利用扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱分析以及X射线衍射分析等,对绿贻贝贝壳的微观结构、碳酸钙晶体构型以及有机质结构特征进行分析。绿贻贝贝壳主要包含珍珠质(Nacre)层和肌棱柱层;两者的碳酸钙晶体构型均采取了文石构型;在后闭壳肌-贝壳连接部位,肌肉与贝壳碳酸钙晶体之间由一层有机质膜连接且该膜质地明显区别于珍珠质层表面的膜。绿贻贝各层结构中的蛋白质均以β-折叠为优势构象,但是肌棱柱层中蛋白质的β-折叠含量较珍珠质层高。     

高韧性复相陶瓷材料的仿生结构设计、制备与力学性能

从天然生物材料 (竹、木、贝壳等 )结构出发 ,提出了高韧性复相陶瓷材料仿生结构设计新思路及设计的基本要点 .针对仿贝壳珍珠层结构特征 ,采用轧膜或流延成型工艺 ,成功制备出仿贝壳珍珠层结构特征的Si3 N4 /BN层状陶瓷材料 .通过对该材料的结构参数和几何参数进行优化设计 ,可获得优异的力学性能 :断裂韧性在 2 0～ 2 8MPa·m1/ 2 ,断裂功高于 40 0 0J/m2 ,同时抗弯强度可保持在 5 0 0～ 70 0MPa .并分析了该材料具有高韧性的原因 ,提出了仿生结构陶瓷材料的增韧机制     

贝壳珍珠层动态的文石板片厚度及其新结构模型

利用扫描电镜对大珠母贝、合浦珠母贝及三角帆蚌壳中区珍珠层自然断面微结构进行了系统的研究,首次发现贝壳珍珠层纵向文石板片厚度在不同部位具有明显的差异,大珠母贝、合浦珠母贝及三角帆蚌珍珠层从内层面到外层面文石板片最大厚度差分别达到462、246、26nm;并根据SEM观察结果初步建立了一种新的连续可变厚度型珍珠层结构模型,这对生物矿物学、物理光学及仿生材料学方面的相关研究具有重要指导意义.     

基于AlN压电层的薄膜体声波谐振器

以AlN薄膜为压电层,采用体硅微细加工工艺制备背空腔型结构薄膜体声波谐振器.材料测试结果表明,在优化溅射工艺下沉积的AlN薄膜具有(002)择优取向及良好的柱状晶结构.扫描电镜表征结果证实所制得空腔背部平滑且各向异性较好.用网络分析仪测试可知,所制得的谐振器具有较好的频率特性:谐振频率为2.537 GHz,机电耦合系数3.75%,串、并联品质因数分别为101.8、79.7.     

3D打印仿贝壳珍珠层复合材料的压缩力学性能

为了研究3D打印仿贝壳珍珠层复合材料在准静态压缩情况下的力学性能,探索3D打印贝壳珍珠层复合材料细部尺寸变化对力学性能的影响规律,采用光固化3D打印成型的制备方法,应用刚性不透明塑料Vero Blue作为硬质砖块,软质橡胶Tango Black作为软质胶层,制备了不同砖块长宽比和不同软胶层厚度的仿贝壳珍珠层复合材料试样。运用准静态压缩的力学测试方法,同时结合有限元分析软件ABAQUS的验证,考察了仿贝壳珍珠层复合材料的压缩力学性能。实验和数值分析结果清晰表明,3D打印仿贝壳珍珠层复合材料的主要破坏形式是软质胶层开裂。数据结果显示:当软质胶层厚度不变,增加硬质砖块的长宽比可以提升整体材料的弹性模量22%～48%;而硬质砖块长宽比保持不变时,软质胶层厚度的减少则能提升断裂能量190%～253%.另外分析了试样在压缩应变为0.05时的压缩应力,结果显示有限元分析与实验结果比较吻合。     

电铸Cu的显微组织、晶粒取向和晶界结构

采用SEM,TEM和EBSD研究了电铸Cu的微观组织形貌、晶粒取向和晶界特征.SEM观察表明,沿沉积方向,组织由细小等轴晶区、等轴晶和柱状晶的混合晶区转变为粗大柱状晶区.EBSD分析表明,对于所有晶区,小角度晶界(15°)的分布频率较小,大角度(≥15°)晶界为电铸Cu组织的主要晶界.在大角度晶界中,CSL晶界占有很大比例,其中Σ3的分布频率较大.柱状晶由平行分布的层状孪晶构成,近似垂直于沉积厚度方向,层间孪晶界为Σ3类型,TEM的观察也显示了孪晶的存在.细等轴晶区晶粒的择优取向不明显,混合晶区和粗柱状晶区有明显的〈111〉和〈101〉择优取向.在粗柱状晶区,平行于沉积厚度方向,具有较强的〈111〉择优取向,表明大多数{111}孪晶面垂直于沉积厚度方向.     

混合稀土对AB5贮氢合金织构生长特性影响的PLS研究

利用偏最小二乘法（PLS）研究混合稀土组成对贮氢合金的织构生长特性的综合影响,并提出了合金织构择优取向的判据。对于平行于柱状晶织构,择优取向（101） (201)晶面受Nd的影响最为敏感,Ce的影响最小,同时Ce对择优取向的作用与La,Pr,Nd的作用相反;对于垂直柱状晶织构,择优取向（200） (110)晶面受Pr的影响最为敏感,而受Nd的影响最小。     

珍珠母堆垛微结构的力学性能和热稳定性

一直以来,软体动物贝壳内的珍珠母因为其由文石片和片间有机基质薄层堆垛而成的微结构及其卓越的力学行为而广受关注,但对贝壳珍珠母的多级结构,尤其是其中的两级有机基质结构的力学功能研究甚少.本文通过机械载荷和温度载荷组合来研究皱纹盘鲍（Haliotis Discus Hannai）贝壳内的珍珠母的结构和力学特性关联.发现文石片层间的有机基质的热解有效降低了珍珠母堆垛微结构的强度和韧性,并在250℃时使珍珠母的层叠堆垛结构完全崩溃,此时有机基质的热解量约为1.7wt%,仅为有机基质总量的40%.而力学性能试验比较发现,珍珠母堆垛微结构的热稳定远低于其基本组成单元——文石片纳米复合结构.另外,尽管有机基质薄层的黏着作用对珍珠母的力学性能具有积极意义,但珍珠母微结构本身的逐层交错堆垛设计机制是影响其刚度的决定性因素.     

Vaterite or aragonite observed in the prismatic layer of freshwater-cultured pearls from South China

A prismatic layer is present in both freshwater-cultured pearls and seawater-cultured pearls. The phase structure of the prismatic layer of freshwater-cultured pearls is investigated for the first time and novel findings are reported in this paper. X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM) and micro-infrared (IR) spectroscopy were used to characterize the crystallized layers of high and low-quality freshwater-cultured pearls. Results show that there is no calcite in the prismatic layer of freshwater-cultured pearls, which is different from what was found for seawater-cultured pearls. We found that an aragonite phase was present in the prismatic layer of high-quality freshwater-cultured pearls and that a vaterite or aragonite phase was present in low-quality pearls. Based on this study an internal factor that influences the quality of freshwater-cultured pearls is discussed.     

Dynamic analysis of preferential orientation of aragonite crystals in nacre from mollusk shell

Based on the scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations, it is confirmed that the nacre is composed of aragonite crystals and organic matrix with interlaced arrangement, showing ordered "brick-mortar" structure. The dynamic analysis of preferential orientation of aragonite crystals in the nacre from the abalone (Haliotis diverscolor supertexta) with different shell ages is systematically investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). Experiments reveal that, in the nacre from the juvenile mollusk shell, there exist three kinds of orientations of aragonite crystals: (113), (002) and (012). However, along with the growing of the mollusk shell, the intensity of (012) and (113) becomes weak, and the (002) becomes the preferred crystal orientation of aragonite in the nacre from the adult mollusk shell, which means that the c axis of aragonite crystals is perpendicular to the nacreous layers. The results obtained show that the nacre possesses a highly ordered structure at the micrometer/nanometer multiscale levels.     

Dynamic analysis of preferential orientation of arasonite crystals in nacre from mollusk shell

Based on the scanning electron microscope （SEM） observations, it is confirmed that the nacre is composed of aragonite crystals and organic matrix with interlaced arrangement, showing ordered ＂brick-mortar＂ structure. The dynamic analysis of preferential orientation of aragonite crystals in the nacre from the abalone （Haliotis diverscolor supertexta） with different shell ages is systematically investigated using X-ray diffraction （XRD） and high resolution transmission electron microscope （HRTEM）. Experiments reveal that, in the nacre from the juvenile mollusk shell, there exist three kinds of orientations of aragonite crystals： （113）, （002） and （012）. However, along with the growing of the mollusk shell, the intensity of （012） and （113） becomes weak, and the （002） becomes the preferred crystal orientation of aragonite in the nacre from the adult mollusk shell, which means that the c axis of aragonite crystals is perpendicular to the nacreous layers. The results obtained show that the nacre possesses a highly ordered structure at the micrometer/nanometer mulUscale levels.     

Extraction and Purification of Matrix Protein from the Nacre of Pearl Oyster Pinctada fucata

A soluble matrix protein P14 with an apparent molecular mass of 14.5 kDa was isolated from fragmented nacre of pearl oysters （Pinctada fucata） treated with 10% NaOH solution to investigate the nacre matrix proteins and their effect on the CaCO3 crystal. The protein was characterized by gel exclusion chromatography and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography after demineralization by 10% acetic acid. The X-ray diffraction pattern of P14 crystals indicates that P14 plays an important role in nacre biomineralization. P14 can induce aragonite formation, stimulate CaCO3 crystal formation, and accelerate aragonite precipitation. Heating of the acid insoluble nacre residue, which was named conchiolin, in 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate solution supplemented with 10% β-mercaptoethanol solution for 10-20 min at about 100℃ gave two other soluble proteins having molecular masses of 19.4 kDa and 25.0 kDa. The present study suggests that these two proteins are linked to the insoluble organic matrix by disulfide bridges because the extraction yield increases when β-mercaptoethanol is added to the medium.     

贝壳韧带微结构的高分辨扫描电镜研究

采用高分辨SEM及XRD对合浦珠母贝韧带进行了研究,结果表明,合浦珠母贝韧带无机相主要由文石组成.韧带具有明显的层状结构,同一生长层及相隔生长层中文石纤维呈一致定向排列,而相邻生长层文石纤维的定向明显不同,呈“交叉棱柱层”结构样式.合浦珠母贝韧带中文石纤维的直径为80~90 nm,具有典型的2D光子晶体结构特征.     

广西合浦养殖珍珠的宝石学特征

合浦养殖珍珠的结构可分为珍珠层型、棱柱层型及复合型三类。化学成分主要为碳酸钙，其次为有机质和水，此外含有多种微量元素。矿物成分是由碳酸钙的两种矿物相－文石和方解石组成，文石为主要组成矿物，文石与方解石含量的比值愈高，珍珠质量愈好，反之，愈差。珍珠中的微量元素没有以类质同像方式参与到矿物晶格中，水是以吸附态存在。珍珠的颜色以白色、淡黄色为主，密度２．６５～２．７６ｇ／ｃｍ３，维氏硬度１６３～１８３ｋｇ／ｍｍ２，折光率１．５３３～１．６９０，珍珠形态以圆形为主，大小一般在４～７ｍｍ，珍珠工艺性能的评价通常采用“光、重、圆、大”四字标准。     

Multifunctional artificial nacre via biomimetic matrix-directed mineralization

Natural nacre, one of the most studied biological structural materials with delicate hierarchical structures and extraordinary performance, has inspired the design and fabrication of artificial structural ceramics with high fracture toughness. However, to meet the diverse requirements of different applications, future structural materials must be multifunctional with superior mechanical properties, such as strength, hardness, and toughness. Herein, based on the matrix-directed mineralization method for producing biomimetic structural materials, we introduce nanoparticles with different inherent functions into the platelets of artificial nacre via the co-mineralization of aragonite and the nanoparticles. Besides their enhanced mechanical properties, the obtained artificial nacre materials also exhibit different functions depending on the type of the nanoparticles. To extend the versatility of this strategy, the effects of nanoparticles of different sizes and zeta potentials on mineralization are also analyzed. This universal strategy can be applied to the fabrication of other types of functionalized biomimetic structural ceramics that have potential applications in various fields, such as biomedical science.