Influences of Electrolytes on Soap-Free P(ST-MMA-AA) Emulsion Polymerization

1Introduction Functional polymer microspheres are kinds of polymer particles with special structures, morphologies or functional groups[1] , and have been gained much attention because of their specific properties and their application since 1980s. Although some researches have investigated that the latex particle size and its distribution,as well as the stability of polymerization and the resultant latex were strongly influenced by introducing electrolyte into the emulsion polymerization system[2] , few of them focused on the systematic study of electrolytes on the soap-free emulsion polymerization, which is considered as a conventional approach to synthesize functional polymer microspheres with clean surfaces[2]. In this presentation, the influences of variety and dosage of electrolytes on soap-free emulsion polymerization of St, MMA and AA were studied, and a series of micron or submicron sized latex particles with narrow distribution were obtained.     

P(AN-MMA)/TiO_2 Nano-composite Polymer Electrolyte by in-situ Polymerization

1 Introduction With the development of portable electric devices,polymer lithium ion batteries (PLiBs) have been widely used as the power sources because of their high energy density and safe property[1].P(AN-MMA) copolymer is a kind of cheap macromolecules easily dissolving in the polar solvents such as carbonate,it has been applied as gel polymer electrolyte in PLiBs.Here we prepare a kind of highly conductive nano-composite polymer electrolytes using the P(AN-MMA) copolymer incorporated with TiO2 nanoparticles as polymer matrix.The nano-composite polymer materials are prepared by an in-situ polymerization method.Nano-composite polymer electrolytes (NCPEs) are prepared by immersing the obtained porous P(AN-MMA)/TiO2 nano-composite polymer membranes in non-aqueous electrolyte.Their electrochemical characteristics were discussed here.     

Effects of Swelling Processes on the Particle Morphology of Porous P(MMA-EGDMA) Particles via Seeded Two-step Swelling Method

1 Results Porous functional polymer particles have been drawing great interest for their applications in many fields such as ion exchange,polymeric carrier,biomedicine,biochemistry,cosmetics,plastic pigments,and were first prepared by suspension polymerization in 1 950 s.Since 1990‘s,some approaches such as seeded emulsion polymerization method,dynamic monomer swelling method,activated swelling method and multi-step seeded method[1-4] have been used by many researchers to synthesize this kind of polymer...     

The Mechanism of Cumene Peroxidation Catalyzed by Cobalt（ Ⅱ ）-Chelated Copolymer

1 Introduction The functionalised polymers, especially for chelating polymer, have been employed to considerable effects in organic synthesis for several decades. The use of polymer groups as ligands permits the ligand surroundings to be varied and regulation of the catalytic properties of the complexes because of the flexibility of the polymer chains, their ability to adopt various conformations, and the possibility of creating various spatial distributions of metal centers immobilized on the…     

A NEW PROCESS OF COMBINATION OF INORGANIC PARTICLES WITH CELLULOSIC FABRICS

Instead of finishing the fabrics with inorganic particles by a binder, in this study the fine aluminium oxide powder were added during the polymerization system of a monomer with functional hydroxyl groups HPMA. The hot alkaline testing showed that the Al_2O_3 particles had reacted with the polymer latex. The absorbability and wash durability of the fabric treated with such a latex with Al_2O_3 were measured.     

Effect of Coordinate Bond in Molecular Recognition of Enrofloxacin with Imprinted Polymers

1 Results Molecular imprinting is a technique for the preparation of functional materials with molecular recognition properties.Molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) have become an increasingly active field of study for the construction of new material capable of molecular recognition.In general,MIPs are synthesized by polymerization of cross-linking complexes of template molecules and functional monomers.After removing the template molecules from de polymers,binding sites are formed by functional monomer derived residues complementary for the template molecules[1]. According to the principle,the stability of monomer-template complexes present in the solution prior to polymerization as well as the polymerization reaction itself undoubtedly play a dominant role in determining the recognition performance of the polymer.     

Proton Conducting Polymer Electrolytes and Its Applications

1 Introduction Proton conducting solid polymer electrolytes have been extensively studied due to their potential applications in electrochemical devices such as batteries, super capacitors, electrochromic windows, sensors etc~([1,2]). Many researchers have studied the behaviour of inorganic based polymer electrolytes as proton conductors and their applications in solid state devices at room temperature~([3]). But, inorganic acid doped electrolytes have some serious disadvantages like corrosion…     

Novel Amphiphilic Polymer Gel Electrolytes Based on PEG-b-GMA-co-MMA

1 Results Gel polymer electrolytes for lithium battery have been widely investigated recently because of their high ion conductivity at room temperature. We synthesized and characterized novel gel electrolytes based on amphiphilic copolymethacrylates containing different lengths of ethylene oxide (EO) chain as ionophilic units and methyl methacrylate (MMA) chain as ionophobic units[1]. Their electrochemical properties were also measured.1H NMR and FTIR analysis results elucidated that PEG-b-glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was synthesized successfully via cationic ring-opening polymerization.The GPC results showed that the PGMA block contained 5-8 monomer units, which enabled the crosslinking of the copolymer with MMA. An amphiphilic polymer gel electrolyte based on PEG-b-GMA-co-MMA was obtained by doping the copolymer with liquid lithium electrolyte (DMC∶DEC∶EC = 1∶1∶1 (W/W) LiPF6 1.0 mol/L). Electrochemistry tests suggested that the new polymer electrolyte exhibited a high ionic conductivity at room temperature, and an Arrenius-like behaviour of the conductivity was observed.     

Structural Analysis of Layered Polymer Crystals and Application to Photofunctional Materials Using Organic Intercalation

We reported that layered polymer crystals are obtained by the topochemical polymerization of 1,3-diene monomers and provided as host material for organic intercalation. For intercalation using various long-alkyl amines as the guest species, its reaction behavior, mechanism, characteristics, and potential to application have been clarified. We also succeeded in the synthesis of several host layered polymer crystals with different tacticities and layer structures. We describe here intercalation using various stereoregular poly（muconic acid）s （PMA） and n-alkylamines as the host and guest compounds, respectively. The reaction behavior and the layered structure of the obtained ammonium polymers are discussed from the viewpoint of stereochemical structure of the host polymers.     

LLDPE/TiO2 nanocomposites produced from different crystallite sizes of TiO2 via in situ polymerization

Nano-TiO2 particles with a range of crystallite sizes were synthesized by a conventional sol-gel method,and then used as nanoparticle substrates in the synthesis of LLDPE/TiO2 nanocomposites via in situ polymerization of ethylene/1-hexene with zirconocene/MMAO catalyst.It was found that the size of the nano-TiO2 crystallite nanoparticles can influence the catalytic activity in the polymerization system.The larger nano-TiO2 crystallites provided better catalytic activity in the polymerization system due to more space for monomer attack.In addition,by thermo-gravimetric analysis,it can be seen that the larger nano-TiO2 crystallites also exhibited lower interaction with available MMAO.Consequently,the MMAO reacted more efficiently with the zirconocene catalyst during the activation process,and enhanced polymerization catalysis.All the polymer nanocomposites products did not have well defined melting temperature indicating non-crystalline polymers.This is due to the high amount of hexene incorporation(based on 13C NMR).The difference in crystallite sizes of the nano-TiO2 also affected how 1-hexene became incorporated into the polymer nanocomposites.The smaller crystallite size of nano-TiO2 allowed greater 1-hexene incorporation due to depression of the reactivity of the ethylene.The contribution of this work helps develop a better understanding of the role of nano-TiO2 in the catalytic activity of the polymerization system and in the microstructure of the polymer composite product.However,this study only considers work on the laboratory scale,so for commercial application of these results,it is necessary to scale up the polymerization process.It is only at this stage,that other physical properties,such as the mechanical properties of these materials can be sensibly determined.     

Reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene in emulsion initiated by AIBN or V50

Reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene was conducted in emulsion by using Cu（Ⅱ）/2,2＇bipydine or Cu（Ⅱ）/phen complexes, AIBN or V50 as the initiator, Brij-98 or OP-10 as the surfactant. The results of GPC showed that both polymerization processes exhibit living characters when using AIBN as the initiator. However, when V50 was used, the monomer conversion was fairly low and the whole polymerization was not controlled well. The measurement of particle size and its distribution told us that the latex particles were mean and stable when using Brij-98 as the surfactant.     

The Effect of Initiator on Acrylate Emulsion Copolymerization Containing Hydroxyl Groups

Emulsion polymerization has become the important method to obtain polymer. A typical emulsion polymerization recipe comprises of monomer, emulsifier, initiator and other necessary ingredient. Among the recipe component the initiator takes up an exceptional position for a number of reasons： （1） determine the reaction temperature; （2） Influence polymer properties and end-use; （3） Cause some effect on particle morphology. Klaus etc. described the role of initiator in emulsion polymerization, and studied the influence of initiator on polymer properties taken styrene as example. Mukul etc. studied the kinetic of emulsion copolymerization of methylmethacrylate and ethylacrylate. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of initiator on the acrylate emulsion copolymerization with hydrophilic monomer （hydroxylethyl methacrylate, HEMA）.     

Alternative Models of Iron and Cobalt Catalysts for Ethylene Oligomerization and Polymerization

1 Results Great progresses have been made in the field of transition metal-based complexes as catalytic precursors for olefin oligomerization and polymerization,in which the core subjects will remain as "know and how" to develop novel catalysts both in academic and industrial consideration.The key advantage of iron and cobalt catalyst for ethylene polymerization is to produce vinyl-type polyethylenes.Therefore following the pioneering works of bis(imino) pyridyl iron and cobalt catalyst by Brookhart[1] and Gibson[2] in 1998,there have been many contributions toward their derivatives' complexes for the investigation of their catalytic behaviors.However,there are few examples successful good activity catalysts based upon new designed ligands such as monoiminopyridines[3],2-imino-1,10-phenanthrolines[4],2-benzimidazolylpyridines[5],2-quinoxalinyl-6-imino pyridines[6] and bimetallic complex[7].Those catalysts performed good to high catalytic activities towards ethylene oligomerization and polymerization,meanwhile most of them were first contributed with our efforts inspired by bis(imino)pyridyl metal catalyst.Herein we will present our results with designing pathways,and academic and industrial considerations.     

Study on Synthesis and Characterization of Functional PS Microspheres Modified by Polyperoxide (PPX)

Peroxy functionalized polystyrene core was synthesized by emulsion polymerization using PPX as inisurf. The second stage polymerization was carried out by direct grafting of shell monomers (BuA and MMA) to the surface of functionalized PS seed latex particles which contain labile peroxy groups. The reaction kinetics of both of the two stage polymerization, the particle size measurement, DSC analysis were given.     

SYNTHESIS OF PLASTIC PIGMENT WITH MULTIHOLLOW STRUCTURE

INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, seeded emulsion polymerization was often used to synthesis polymer/polymer composite particles used in many industrial field, such as in painting, print, coating and so on. Moreover, recently ,attention has been focused on the latex particle possessing hollow structure(1～4). For example, P(St -MAA) polymer particles was changed to those having hollow structure by alkali treatment, following by being cooled to room temperature, which was named as alkali/cool…     

Simplification of Template-free Method to Prepare Polyaniline Nanotubes

1 Introduction Conducting polymer nanostructures (e.g.nanotubes or nanofibers) have received considerable attention owing their unique properties and promising applications in technology and nano-devices[1]. Conducting polymer nanostructures can be generally synthesized through "hard" and "soft" template method.Usually an external hard template in a "hard-template" method is required and the post-treatment of removing template is rather tedious."Soft-template" method is advantageous of omitting external template and post-treatment of removing template,however,structure directors (e.g.surfactants and special organic solvent) are necessary to be introduced into the chemical polymerization bath,which result in complicating the synthesis and the extraction of the final product.Therefore,to reduce reagents of a reaction system might be a approach to simplify "soft-template" method that is challenge in preparation of conducting polymer nanostructures.     

Rubber／exfoliated-clay nanocomposite gel： Direct exfoliation of montmorillonite by telechelic liquid rubber

Polymer/clay nanocomposites have been intensively studied in the past few years because of their improved mechanic strength, thermal stability, barrier properties as well as chemical resistance. When the clay layers are dispersed in the polymer matrix, two types of nanocomposites structures can be obtained: intercalated and exfoliated     

Preparation and adsorption behaviors of Cu(II) ion-imprinted polymers

Imprinted polymers were prepared for selective removal of Cu(II) ions from metal solutions. Three ion-imprinted polymers were synthesized with methacrylic acid (MAA), acrylamide (AA) and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA) respectively as the functional monomers, ethleneglycoldimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linking agent, 2,2’-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator and Cu (II) ion as the imprint ion. The template Cu (II) ion was removed from the polymer by leaching with a liquid of a 1:1 volumetric ratio of HCl to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The capacity and selectivity of Cu(II) ion adsorption were investigated with the three imprinted polymers and their non-imprinted counterparts. The polymers have a maximum adsorption capacity at pH 7.0. The isotherm of their batch adsorption of Cu(II) ions shows a Langmuir adsorption pattern. Imprinted polymers all have a much higher capacity and higher selectivity of Cu(II) adsorption than non-imprinted ones. MAA polymer benefits the most from imprinting. Imprinted MAA polymer has the highest selectivity when used to rebind Cu (II) ion from an aqueous solution in the presence of other metal ions. Ion imprinting can be a promising technique of preparing selective adsorbents to separate and preconcentrate metal in a medium of multiple competitive metal ions through solid phase extraction (SPE).     

The Mechanism of Cumene Peroxidation Catalyzed by Cobalt(Ⅱ)-Chelated Copolymer

1Introduction The functionalised polymers, especially for chelating polymer, have been employed to considerable effects in organic synthesis for several decades. The use of polymer groups as ligands permits the ligand surroundings to be varied and regulation of the catalytic properties of the complexes because of the flexibility of the polymer chains, their ability to adopt various conformations, and the possibility of creating various spatial distributions of metal centers immobilized on the polymer chains[1,2]. In our recently studies[3-5], the chelating copolymer with imino-diacetic acid chelating group in the polymer side chain was manufactured, and which can increase effectively amount of the chelating group within the polymer. Meanwhile, the high catalysis performance in organic synthesis had also been proved via benzaldehyde and cumene peroxidation. For cumene peroxidation,it is hardly to find such a simple catalyst with high conversion and selectivity due to hydroperoxide decomposition by a radical mechanism. The cumene peroxidation by catalyst system and its reaction mechanism as well as the kinetic study are popularly investigated object for many researchers[6-9]. However, the reaction mechanism still does not clear owing to the by-products will be produced following the different catalysts used.     

Recent progress in immobilization of late-transition-metal complexes with diimine ligands for olefin polymerization

Late-transition-metal(LTM) catalysts are a family of very flexible ethylene polymerization catalysts because their catalytic performance can be easily adjusted by modifying the ligand structure.Their less oxyphilicity character,which may promote the production of copolymers from ethylene and polar comonomers,is another aspect that attracts much attention in both academic and industrial fields.The immobilization of LTM catalysts on spherical supports is a crucial step prior to their use in the industrial processes of gas-phase or slurry polymerizations.This paper reviews recent developments in supported LTM catalysts for olefin polymerization,and summarizes loading methods and mechanisms of the immobilization of LTM catalysts on inorganic,organic,and inorganic-organic materials,and the effects of immobilization on catalytic activity,polymerization mechanism,and polymer morphology.