首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
昆虫化学生态学与植物保护   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
在生态安全条件下进行植物保护,推行植物免害工程是实现可持续发展的有效途径之一。笔综述了昆虫化学生态学中昆虫与植物之间、昆虫与天敌间的化学联系,信息素与植物挥发性物质在昆虫对寄主植物定位、定居、取食和繁殖中的作用,非寄主植物对植食性昆虫寄主选择的影响等领域的研究进展,以及利用植物次生性化合物进行害虫治理的应用现状。展示了昆虫化学生态学在未来植物保护中的应用前景及昆虫化学生态学的研究方向。  相似文献   

2.
昆虫对寄主植物选择的化学感受机理   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
在植物-昆虫的相互关系中,昆虫的化学感受器起着非常重要的作用。利用这些化学感受器,昆虫可感知来自植物的各种化学信息,并由此而做出相应的行为反应。本文对昆虫的寄主选择行为和昆虫的化学感受机理进行了概述,以期为害虫综合治理提供理论依据和实践指导。  相似文献   

3.
于艳雪  金鑫  张龙 《自然科学进展》2008,18(10):1081-1092
自20世纪80年代以来,昆虫感受化学信息的机制研究进展十分迅速.气味分子结合蛋白和嗅觉受体蛋白两大类家族蛋白的发现,是昆虫感受化学信息分子机制研究的里程碑.近年来在这两大类蛋白的类型、多态性、结合特征、蛋白晶体结构、表达特点、基因缺失与电生理和行为的关系等不同方面进行了大量的工作,从而为明确这两类蛋白的生理功能及其在气味分子编码机制中的作用奠定了基础.目前已基本明确了气味分子结合蛋白主要具有接受化学信息的功能,课题组经过大量的研究发现该类蛋白还有将信号放大的功能.而嗅觉受体蛋白可以与气味分子发生作用,激活G蛋白,再作用于效应器,使得离子通道打开,产生相应电位,而将信号传出.昆虫对化学信息的分子编码机制问题的研究突破将为包括人类在内的脊椎动物感受化学信息的分子机制的研究提供有益的参考.  相似文献   

4.
科技超市     
《科技潮》1999,(8)
国际供求GJ9908001古巴一家机构提供土壤物理和生产率培训,包括:土壤——植物系统、生产率的定义、土壤肥效和物理状态、土壤结构的新概念、植物营养、植物生长的自然过程、作物增产的生理和环境控制、土壤生态学等,请有兴趣的需求者尽快与该机构联系,直接洽谈价格及其它交易事项。GJ9908002:位于瑞士的一家联合国机构提供一种名为《公共卫生中害虫及其传播疾病的化学控制方法》的书籍,这种手册包括了最新的有关使用杀虫剂控制害虫(包括啮齿动物、蜗牛)及其传播疾病的知识,以及关于公共健康的概念及确保安全的有效建议,集中了化学方法的选择、公式、设备及目标。该书为最新的第5版,包括了蜗  相似文献   

5.
本文综述了寄生蜂在寻找寄主寄生过程中物理和化学因子所起的作用。其中化学因子可分为:植物源利它素、昆虫源利它素和寄主源利它素;物理因子包括:生境因子、寄主性状和寄生蜂本身的行为可塑性3个方面。同时讨论了影响寄生蜂寻找寄主的化学和物理因子在生物防治上的应用前景。  相似文献   

6.
赤拟谷盗是一种世界性的储粮害虫,在粮食储藏过程中,给人类造成了严重的经济损失.目前防治赤拟谷盗的方法多种多样,包括使用化学保护剂、通过气调熏蒸、控制温湿度、机械防治及行为调控等,其中行为调控是防治赤拟谷盗的一种重要手段.行为调控防治手段主要依赖调控赤拟谷盗嗅觉系统对其觅食、防御、交配、繁殖、信息交流等行为产生影响,以此形成驱避与触杀作用,而气味结合蛋白在嗅觉系统中起着关键的作用.研究表明昆虫的气味结合蛋白具有稳定的三维结构,有利于与气味分子进行结合,并且在昆虫体内表达有差异,而目前主流的研究方法多种多样.本文通过对赤拟谷盗气味结合蛋白的结构、种类、表达分布及主流研究方法进行综述,为进一步研究昆虫气味结合蛋白及防治赤拟谷盗等害虫提供理论参考.  相似文献   

7.
随着化学杀虫剂引起的农药公害的扩大而逐个被禁用,寻求代替化学杀虫剂而不招致公害的防治害虫的方法在不断进行研究。其中一个方法是,利用昆虫的保幼激素(也称幼虫激素或咽侧体激素,由咽侧体分泌,支配昆虫的幼虫蜕皮和成虫生殖腺的成熟)。然而,这个方法能适用的时间限于害虫发生阶段中的短时间,而且也有可能招致伤害作物、传播病菌等损害。与此相对,根据保幼激素在昆虫的幼虫、成虫的一生中起作用,那末以跟它相拮抗的物质即抗保幼激素用于防治害虫的方法,可能是有效的。现已报告从与昆虫有关的植物中成  相似文献   

8.
设施农业中害虫的生态控制   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
介绍了我国设施农业中蔬菜病虫害的发生特点和棚室常见害虫及其危害特征 ,并对设施农业中害虫的生态控制措施进行了阐述。这些措施包括农业防治、物理防治、生物农药防治、信息素防治、植物源保护剂和杀虫剂防治、天敌昆虫及蜘蛛防治等。  相似文献   

9.
什么叫做害虫?这个问题乍看起来似乎很容易回答.会吃庄稼、果树、蔬菜和储藏物的,会咬人的,会传播植物和人畜疾病的,都是害虫.如果我们问另外一些问题,比方说,为什么有的昆虫是重要害虫?有的昆虫是次要害虫?有的昆虫不是害虫?难道重要害虫是天生的吗?这些确实是值得思考的问题.我们说上面那些昆虫都是害虫,那是因为它们与人类的利益有矛盾.但是人类在地球上的历史才有三百万年,而昆虫在地球上  相似文献   

10.
设施农业中害虫的生态控制   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
介绍了我国设施农业中蔬菜病虫害的发生特点和棚室常见害虫及其危害特征,并对设施农业中害虫的生态控制措施进行了阐述,这些措施包括农业防治、物理防治、生物农药防治、信息素防治、植物源保护剂和杀虫剂防治、天敌昆虫及蜘蛛防治等。  相似文献   

11.
蜘蛛信息素的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
蜘蛛是农林生态系统中重要的捕食性节肢动物,许多蜘蛛种类具有噬食同类的行为趋向,因而蜘蛛同种个体之间或与猎物之间的信息交流显得尤为重要。化学通讯在蜘蛛种内及种间的信息交流中起着重要的作用,已有大量的研究用行为学的方法证实蜘蛛雌雄之间、亲子之间以及蜘蛛与猎物之间能够依据信息化学物质进行通讯,但蜘蛛信息素的化学结构鉴定以及释放和接收机制等尚缺乏深入的研究。本文就蜘蛛信息化学物质的研究进展作一概述。  相似文献   

12.
Cafaro J  Rieke F 《Nature》2010,468(7326):964-967
Computation in the nervous system often relies on the integration of signals from parallel circuits with different functional properties. Correlated noise in these inputs can, in principle, have diverse and dramatic effects on the reliability of the resulting computations. Such theoretical predictions have rarely been tested experimentally because of a scarcity of preparations that permit measurement of both the covariation of a neuron's input signals and the effect on a cell's output of manipulating such covariation. Here we introduce a method to measure covariation of the excitatory and inhibitory inputs a cell receives. This method revealed strong correlated noise in the inputs to two types of retinal ganglion cell. Eliminating correlated noise without changing other input properties substantially decreased the accuracy with which a cell's spike outputs encoded light inputs. Thus, covariation of excitatory and inhibitory inputs can be a critical determinant of the reliability of neural coding and computation.  相似文献   

13.
Insect social parasites are extreme specialists that typically use mimicry or stealth to enter ant colonies to exploit the rich, but fiercely protected, resources within their nests. Here we show how a parasitic wasp (parasitoid) contrives to reach its host, itself an endangered species of social parasite that lives inside the brood chambers of ant nests, by releasing semiochemicals to induce in-fighting between worker ants, locking the colony in combat and leaving it underprotected. Four of these chemicals are new to biology and have the potential to control pest species by inducing different agonistic behaviours in ants.  相似文献   

14.
主要讨论了多频多参数电涡流检测方法,提出了用神经网络处理多参数信号的方法。通过神经网络计算,分离多个互相干扰的参数,从而直接给出厚度的大小与热轧板的温度,实现单一参数的测量准确性,抑制干扰因素的影响。  相似文献   

15.
心率变异性的复杂性与分形维数分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
发挥非线性动力学的潜力,提出了心率变异性(HRV)信号的复杂度分析法和分形维数分析法。由于这两种方法能从较短的HRV信号中提取信息,因此作者又进一步把这两种分析方法发展成动态分析法。用这两种方法分别对一个改变体位的HRV信号和一个发生心肌缺血的HRV信号的过程进行了动态分析。分析结果表明,它们都成功地检测出了HRV信号的生理和病理变化。可见,动态复杂度分析法和动态分形维数分析法对HRV信号及类似于HRV的信号是很有前途的分析方法。  相似文献   

16.
The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa permanently colonizes cystic fibrosis lungs despite aggressive antibiotic treatment. This suggests that P. aeruginosa might exist as biofilms--structured communities of bacteria encased in a self-produced polymeric matrix--in the cystic fibrosis lung. Consistent with this hypothesis, microscopy of cystic fibrosis sputum shows that P. aeruginosa are in biofilm-like structures. P. aeruginosa uses extracellular quorum-sensing signals (extracellular chemical signals that cue cell-density-dependent gene expression) to coordinate biofilm formation. Here we found that cystic fibrosis sputum produces the two principal P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing signals; however, the relative abundance of these signals was opposite to that of the standard P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 in laboratory broth culture. When P. aeruginosa sputum isolates were grown in broth, some showed quorum-sensing signal ratios like those of the laboratory strain. When we grew these isolates and PAO1 in a laboratory biofilm model, the signal ratios were like those in cystic fibrosis sputum. Our data support the hypothesis that P. aeruginosa are in a biofilm in cystic fibrosis sputum. Moreover, quorum-sensing signal profiling of specific P. aeruginosa strains may serve as a biomarker in screens to identify agents that interfere with biofilm development.  相似文献   

17.
反馈技能     
在教学活动过程中,教师的任何信息活动和控制活动,都必须要通过反馈进行有效的调节和控制,才能使到这些信息活动和控制活动按照教学的目的进行,并收到预期的教学效果。教师的反馈技能的成熟水平,将对教学过程中的各项活动或教学的各个环节产生重要的影响。这就使得在教师的教学技能的训练中,不能不重视反馈的技能的训练。  相似文献   

18.
In Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae, the nodABC and nodFEL operons are involved in the production of lipo-oligosaccharide signals which mediate host specificity. The structure of these metabolites and those produced in nod mutants links the nodE and nodL genes to specific chemical features of the signal molecules. A nodE-determined, highly unsaturated fatty acid and a nodL-determined O-acetyl substituent are essential for the ability of the signals to induce nodule meristems on the host plant Vicia sativa.  相似文献   

19.
Riipi M  Alatalo RV  Lindström L  Mappes J 《Nature》2001,413(6855):512-514
Understanding the early evolution of aposematic (warning) coloration has been a challenge for scientists, as a new conspicuous morph in a population of cryptic insects would have a high predation risk and would probably die out before local predators learnt to avoid it. Fisher presented the idea of aggregation benefit through the survival of related individuals; however, his theory has been strongly debated as the mechanisms that favour grouping have never been explored experimentally with the incorporation of detectability costs. Here we create a comprehensive 'novel world' experiment with the great tit (Parus major) as a predator to explore simultaneously the predation-related benefits and costs for aposematic aggregated prey, manipulating both group size and signal strength. Our results show that grouping would have been highly beneficial for the first aposematic prey individuals surrounded by naive predators, because (1) detectability risk increased only asymptotically with group size; (2) additional detectability costs due to conspicuous signals were marginal in groups; (3) even naive predators deserted the group after detecting unpalatability (dilution effect); and (4) avoidance learning of signal was faster in groups. None of these mechanisms require kin selection.  相似文献   

20.
Mashburn LM  Whiteley M 《Nature》2005,437(7057):422-425
Many bacteria use extracellular signals to communicate and coordinate social activities, a process referred to as quorum sensing. Many quorum signals have significant hydrophobic character, and how these signals are trafficked between bacteria within a population is not understood. Here we show that the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa packages the signalling molecule 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone (pseudomonas quinolone signal; PQS) into membrane vesicles that serve to traffic this molecule within a population. Removal of these vesicles from the bacterial population halts cell-cell communication and inhibits PQS-controlled group behaviour. We also show that PQS actively mediates its own packaging and the packaging of other antimicrobial quinolines produced by P. aeruginosa into vesicles. These findings illustrate that a prokaryote possesses a signal trafficking system with features common to those used by higher organisms and outlines a novel mechanism for delivery of a signal critical for coordinating group behaviour in P. aeruginosa.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号