融合聚精氨酸九肽的小热休克蛋白 原核表达及蛋白纯化

目的构建小热休克蛋白-聚精氨酸九肽融合蛋白的原核表达载体,表达纯化融合蛋白.方法在小热休克蛋白表达载体的基础上利用点突变方法引入聚精氨酸九肽对应序列,转入BL21大肠杆菌感受态细胞进行原核表达,利用亲和层析方法对表达蛋白进行纯化.结果成功构建了融合聚精氨酸九肽的HSP16. 5融合蛋白表达载体,并对其在大肠杆菌细胞中的原核表达进行条件优化,研究显示:在诱导剂IPTG浓度为0. 5 mmol、37℃条件下诱导4 h目的蛋白产量较高.结论此实验成功构建了小热休克蛋白-聚精氨酸九肽融合蛋白的原核表达载体,得到了高纯度的小热休克蛋白-聚精氨酸九肽融合蛋白,为进一步研究其功能奠定基础.     

结核分枝杆菌Rv1009基因的克隆、表达及亲和层析纯化

克隆表达结核分枝杆菌Rv1009基因,序列测定正确后进行融合表达、纯化。采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）从结核分枝杆菌H37Rv基因组中扩增了Rv1009编码基因,用限制性内切酶消化后插入到pGEM—Teasv中,序列测定正确后．再亚克隆到融合表达载体pPro—EX HT中,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,目的基因经IPTG诱导,由T7启动子调控表达了氨基端带6个连续组氨酸残基的Rv1009蛋白,在变性条件下对目的蛋白进行纯化。获得了结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株Rv1009蛋白基因．得到融合6个组氨酸残基的Rv1009蛋白纯度大于80％。证实构建了结核分枝杆菌Rv1009基因的重组表达载体,并获得了高纯度的融合表达蛋白．为以后的深入研究奠定了基础．     

大肠杆菌表面展示结核分枝杆菌噬菌体结合肽

构建重组表达载体,将分枝杆菌噬菌体中分离出小分子肽段PK34的基因与大肠杆菌外膜蛋白OmpC基因相融合,并利用OmpC自身启动子将PK34及组氨酸标签在大肠杆菌外膜上进行重组蛋白表达,借助磁珠建立表面展示体系.结果表明,利用外膜蛋白OmpC的穿膜特性,能够在大肠杆菌表面对分枝杆菌噬菌体PK34肽段进行展示.通过表面展示的PK34与分枝杆菌进行有效结合,从样品中对分枝杆菌进行分离.为今后临床样本中结核分枝杆菌的分离与筛选方法提供新思路.     

结核分枝杆菌Rv2450基因真核表达质粒的构建及表达

构建结核分枝杆菌Rv2450基因真核表达载体.PCR扩增Rv2450基因,测序正确后克隆入真核表达载体pCDNA3.1（-）,重组质粒酶切鉴定正确后以阳离子聚合物转染P815细胞,分别以RT-PCR方法检测mRNA表达和间接免疫荧光技术检测目的蛋白的表达.结果构建了重组质粒pCDNA-Rv2450,RT-PCR结果证明Rv2450可在P815细胞中转录,用间接免疫荧光检测,表达有Rv2450蛋白的细胞着染.成功构建了结核分枝杆菌Rv2450基因的真核表达载体pCDNA-Rv2450,Rv2450基因可以在P815细胞中表达.     

表达HBHA和hIL-12融合蛋白的重组耻垢分枝杆菌对结核分枝杆菌感染小鼠的免疫治疗作用

评价表达HBHA和hIL12融合蛋白的重组耻垢分枝杆菌用于结核分枝杆菌感染小鼠的免疫治疗效果.结核分枝杆菌H37Rv感染小鼠4周后,用表达HBHA和hIL12融合蛋白的重组耻垢分枝杆菌免疫治疗,检测免疫小鼠肺部荷菌量和组织病理变化.重组耻垢分枝杆菌可有效控制感染小鼠肺部结核分枝杆菌的荷菌量,减轻病理损伤.但在降低肺部荷菌量方面不如化疗药物.表达HBHA和hIL12融合蛋白的重组耻垢分枝杆菌可有效控制结核分枝杆菌在小鼠体内的增殖,可能成为联合化疗药物控制结核病的有效候选疫苗.     

结核分枝杆菌FurB（Zur）研究进展

在结核分枝杆菌中存在与铁的代谢相关的基因．铁是多种酶的辅因子，在结核分枝杆菌的生长过程中发挥了重要作用．Fur是结核分枝杆菌中存在的铁依赖调节因子，包括FurA和FurB两种类似蛋白，其中FurB被认为还具有锌依赖性．对近年来FurB的相关研究进展情况进行综述．     

结核分枝杆菌mpt64基因真核表达载体的构建及表达

构建结核分枝杆菌分泌蛋白mpt64基因真核表达载体。通过PCR法从MTBH37Rv株基因组中扩增mpt64基因，插入pGEM-T-easy载体中，序列测定正确后，将其亚克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3．1（-），重组质粒酶切鉴定正确后，以Lipo-fectamine2000转染COS-7细胞后，分别以RT-PCR方法检测mRNA表达和间接免疫荧光技术检测目的蛋白的表达。构建了真核表达载体pcDNA-mpt64，RT-PCR结果证明mpt64基因可在COS-7细胞中转录，用间接免疫荧光检测，有表达mpt64蛋白的细胞着染。结果表明，构建结核分枝杆菌mpt64基因的真核表达载体pcDNA-mpt64成功，mpt64基因可以在COS-7细胞中表达。     

结核分枝杆菌小分子热休克蛋白Hsp16.3基因缺失突变菌株对感染小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡率的影响及其时相性变化

探讨结核分枝杆菌小分子热休克蛋白Hsp16.3基因缺失突变菌株对感染小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡率的影响及其时相性变化。用激光共聚焦显微镜技术检测及鉴定结核分枝杆菌感染小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞,流式细胞术检测不同时期感染小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡率,比较结核分枝杆菌Hsp16.3基因缺失突变株与正常株感染小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡率的时相性变化。激光共聚焦显微镜检测结果显示:结核分枝杆菌国际标准强毒株H37Rv株、结核分枝杆菌国际标准强毒株H37Rv株Hsp16.3基因缺失突变株(△H37Rv)、卡介苗菌株(BCG)以及卡介苗株Hsp16.3基因缺失突变株(△BCG)均被小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞大量吞噬。流式细胞技术检测结果显示:小鼠感染△H37Rv菌株后,巨噬细胞的凋亡率逐渐上升,至感染7d时达到高峰,随后逐渐降低,1～7d内,各时间段△H37Rv感染组巨噬细胞凋亡率均显著高于H37Rv感染组,9～11d内,△H37Rv感染组巨噬细胞凋亡率反而低于H37Rv菌株组,但13～15d内,△H37Rv感染组巨噬细胞凋亡率又呈现出比H37Rv感染组高的现象,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。△BCG组凋亡率1～7d内呈现明显下降趋势,7d后巨噬细胞凋亡率变化趋于平稳,且1～5d内,△BCG组凋亡率显著高于BCG组(P<0.05),7～15d内,△BCG组与BCG组巨噬细胞凋亡率无明显差异。结果表明:与结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株野生株相比,结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株Hsp16.3基因缺失突变株在感染的早期和晚期对小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞有更强的致凋亡作用,而这种致凋亡作用与结核分枝杆菌小分子热休克蛋白Hsp16.3基因的缺失相关,说明在结核分枝杆菌感染的早期和晚期,结核分枝杆菌小分子热休克蛋白Hsp16.3的表达能够抑制宿主巨噬细胞的凋亡。     

微波对K562/MDR细胞凋亡及热休克蛋白70表达的影响

研究微波引起白血病耐药细胞株K562／MDR的凋亡以及对热休克蛋白70表达的影响。使用MTT方法检测细胞存活率，AnnexinV/PI双参数法检测K562／MDR细胞的凋亡率，流式细胞仪检测热休克蛋白70的表达。结果表明，微波可起K562／MDR细胞的凋亡，经0.20,0.60W/cm^2功率密度微波作用20min（保持43℃），37℃培养24h后，细胞凋亡率分别为10％、13．6％，而水浴加热引起的凋亡率仅为3．8％，微波照射影响细胞内热休克蛋白70的表达，在43℃时，0.20,0.60W/cm^2功率密度微波作用20min抑制HSP70的表达，实验说明微波能引起K562／MDR细胞的凋亡，该凋亡与微波引起的热休克蛋白表达的改变可能有联系。     

结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株与耐异烟肼菌株间细胞壁蛋白质组双向电泳图谱比较

利用双向电泳技术可以对体外培养的结核分枝杆菌非耐药型菌株和耐药型菌株进行细胞壁蛋白质组学比较,寻找与耐药相关的蛋白质．结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株与耐异烟肼菌株在Middlebrook 7H9 Broth培养基中37℃摇床培养1个月后,从培养物中提取结核分枝杆菌细胞壁蛋白．以pH4～7的IPG预制胶条为第一向等电聚焦,以SDS-PAGE为双向电泳第二向,经过银氨染色,图像扫描后,利用软件分析处理图像．在结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株和耐异烟肼菌株的细胞壁蛋白质凝胶图谱中分别检测出499和582个蛋白质斑点．它们的蛋白质分子质量分布基本相似,其中有102个斑点差异显著．这为研究耐异烟肼菌株的耐药机制提供了蛋白质组学方面的信息．     

A small-molecule nitroimidazopyran drug candidate for the treatment of tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis, is the greatest single infectious cause of mortality worldwide, killing roughly two million people annually. Estimates indicate that one-third of the world population is infected with latent M. tuberculosis. The synergy between tuberculosis and the AIDS epidemic, and the surge of multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis have reaffirmed tuberculosis as a primary public health threat. However, new antitubercular drugs with new mechanisms of action have not been developed in over thirty years. Here we report a series of compounds containing a nitroimidazopyran nucleus that possess antitubercular activity. After activation by a mechanism dependent on M. tuberculosis F420 cofactor, nitroimidazopyrans inhibited the synthesis of protein and cell wall lipid. In contrast to current antitubercular drugs, nitroimidazopyrans exhibited bactericidal activity against both replicating and static M. tuberculosis. Lead compound PA-824 showed potent bactericidal activity against multidrugresistant M. tuberculosis and promising oral activity in animal infection models. We conclude that nitroimidazopyrans offer the practical qualities of a small molecule with the potential for the treatment of tuberculosis.     

结核分枝杆菌的抗逆性与致病性研究进展

结核病是由结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB)复合群感染导致的人畜共患传染病，在新型冠状病毒感染暴发前是全球死亡人数最多的单一传染病。结核病致死率高，主要原因是其致病菌结核分枝杆菌具有极强的毒力且可以抵御多种外界环境胁迫因子。本文主要介绍结核分枝杆菌对理化胁迫的耐受性，以及结核分枝杆菌的耐药性、致病性与免疫性，为深入研究结核病的发病机制和研发新型的抗结核药物提供理论指导。     

A glycolipid of hypervirulent tuberculosis strains that inhibits the innate immune response

Fifty million new infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis occur annually, claiming 2-3 million lives from tuberculosis worldwide. Despite the apparent lack of significant genetic heterogeneity between strains of M. tuberculosis, there is mounting evidence that considerable heterogeneity exists in molecules important in disease pathogenesis. These differences may manifest in the ability of some isolates to modify the host cellular immune response, thereby contributing to the observed diversity of clinical outcomes. Here we describe the identification and functional relevance of a highly biologically active lipid species-a polyketide synthase-derived phenolic glycolipid (PGL) produced by a subset of M. tuberculosis isolates belonging to the W-Beijing family that show 'hyperlethality' in murine disease models. Disruption of PGL synthesis results in loss of this hypervirulent phenotype without significantly affecting bacterial load during disease. Loss of PGL was found to correlate with an increase in the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour-necrosis factor-alpha and interleukins 6 and 12 in vitro. Furthermore, the overproduction of PGL by M. tuberculosis or the addition of purified PGL to monocyte-derived macrophages was found to inhibit the release of these pro-inflammatory mediators in a dose-dependent manner.     

Persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages and mice requires the glyoxylate shunt enzyme isocitrate lyase

Mycobacterium tuberculosis claims more human lives each year than any other bacterial pathogen. Infection is maintained in spite of acquired immunity and resists eradication by antimicrobials. Despite an urgent need for new therapies targeting persistent bacteria, our knowledge of bacterial metabolism throughout the course of infection remains rudimentary. Here we report that persistence of M. tuberculosis in mice is facilitated by isocitrate lyase (ICL), an enzyme essential for the metabolism of fatty acids. Disruption of the icl gene attenuated bacterial persistence and virulence in immune-competent mice without affecting bacterial growth during the acute phase of infection. A link between the requirement for ICL and the immune status of the host was established by the restored virulence of delta icl bacteria in interferon-gamma knockout mice. This link was apparent at the level of the infected macrophage: Activation of infected macrophages increased expression of ICL, and the delta icl mutant was markedly attenuated for survival in activated but not resting macrophages. These data suggest that the metabolism of M. tuberculosis in vivo is profoundly influenced by the host response to infection, an observation with important implications for the treatment of chronic tuberculosis.     

Ipr1 gene mediates innate immunity to tuberculosis

An estimated eight million people are infected each year with the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and more than two million die annually. Yet only about 10% of those infected develop tuberculosis. Genetic variation within host populations is known to be significant in humans and animals, but the nature of genetic control of host resistance to tuberculosis remains poorly understood. Previously we mapped a new genetic locus on mouse chromosome 1, designated sst1 (for supersusceptibility to tuberculosis 1). Here we show that this locus mediates innate immunity in sst1 congenic mouse strains and identify a candidate gene, Intracellular pathogen resistance 1 (Ipr1), within the sst1 locus. The Ipr1 gene is upregulated in the sst1 resistant macrophages after activation and infection, but it is not expressed in the sst1 susceptible macrophages. Expression of the Ipr1 transgene in the sst1 susceptible macrophages limits the multiplication not only of M. tuberculosis but also of Listeria monocytogenes and switches a cell death pathway of the infected macrophages from necrosis to apoptosis. Our data indicate that the Ipr1 gene product might have a previously undocumented function in integrating signals generated by intracellular pathogens with mechanisms controlling innate immunity, cell death and pathogenesis.     

Complex lipid determines tissue-specific replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice

Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death in the world resulting from a single bacterial infection. Despite its enormous burden on world health, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bacterial multiplication and concomitant tissue damage within an infected host, including experimentally infected mice, occurs primarily in the lungs-the favoured niche of M. tuberculosis. Although it has been proposed that the distinctive cell wall of M. tuberculosis is important for virulence, rigorous genetic proof has been lacking. Here, using signature-tagged mutagenesis, we isolated three attenuated M. tuberculosis mutants that cannot synthesize or transport a complex, cell wall-associated lipid called phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) which is found only in pathogenic mycobacteria. Two mutants have transposon insertions affecting genes implicated in PDIM synthesis; the third has a disruption in a gene encoding a large transmembrane protein required for proper subcellular localization of PDIM. Synthesis and transport of this complex lipid is only required for growth in the lung; all three mutants are unaffected for growth in the liver and spleen. This clearly shows that a lipid is required for M. tuberculosis virulence.     

抗结核分枝杆菌感染的免疫机制

对宿主利用体内各种细胞与结核分支杆菌的相互作用进行了综述.机体抵抗结核分枝杆菌感染的机制包括特异性免疫和非特异性免疫,参与非特异性免疫的主要有巨噬细胞和γδT细胞,另外,树突状细胞在引发T细胞免疫方面起着关键的作用.由于结核分支杆菌是胞内寄生菌,特异性免疫以细胞免疫为主,主要包括CD4+T细胞免疫和CD8+T细胞免疫.     

补阳还五汤与高血压病气虚血瘀证“方证相关”的蛋白质组学研究

揭示补阳还五汤与高血压病气虚血瘀证"方证相关"的现代生物学基础,制作高血压病气虚血瘀证细胞模型。用补阳还五汤含药血清干预细胞模型,利用双向凝胶电泳(2-DE)及基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS/MS)技术筛选及鉴定差异表达的蛋白点。并对其进行生物学分析。结果高血压病气虚血瘀证组与健康对照组比较,差异蛋白质点有30个。其中,有16个蛋白上调,14个蛋白质下调。补阳还五汤组与高血压病气虚血瘀证组比较,差异蛋白质点有14个。其中,有9个蛋白上调,5个蛋白质下调。MALDI-TOF-MS/MS鉴定出:高血压病气虚血瘀证组与健康对照组差异蛋白点共有8个蛋白被成功鉴定出来。表达上调的蛋白有肽基脯氨酰异构酶A、肽基脯氨酸顺反异构酶A样1亚型、真核翻译起始因子5A-1 B亚型、微管蛋白beta-2C、CRA_b亚型、3-羟酰辅酶A脱氢酶2型异构体2。表达下调的蛋白有丙酮酸激酶同工酶M1亚型、抑制蛋白-1、抑制蛋白-1 1亚型、补阳还五汤组与高血压病气虚血瘀证组差异蛋白点共有3个蛋白被成功鉴定出来。表达上调的蛋白有丙酮酸激酶CRA_c亚型、热休克蛋白27;表达下调的蛋白有膜联蛋白A1,CRA_b亚型。这些蛋白多与促进或抑制细胞凋亡有关。说明高血压病气虚血瘀证存在着细胞凋亡,补阳还五汤可以纠正高血压病气虚血瘀证引起的细胞凋亡。这些差异蛋白可以作为高血压病气虚血瘀证的标志蛋白或补阳还五汤的作用靶点,抑制细胞凋亡可能是补阳还五汤与高血压病气虚血瘀证"方证相关"的现代生物学基础之一。     

The catalase-peroxidase gene and isoniazid resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis is responsible for one in four of all avoidable adult deaths in developing countries. Increased frequency and accelerated fatality of the disease among individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus has raised worldwide concern that control programmes may be inadequate, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has resulted in several recent fatal outbreaks in the United States. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid, INH) forms the core of antituberculosis regimens; however, clinical isolates that are resistant to INH show reduced catalase activity and a relative lack of virulence in guinea-pigs. Here we use mycobacterial genetics to study the molecular basis of INH resistance. A single M. tuberculosis gene, katG, encoding both catalase and peroxidase, restored sensitivity to INH in a resistant mutant of Mycobacterium smegmatis, and conferred INH susceptibility in some strains of Escherichia coli. Deletion of katG from the chromosome was associated with INH resistance in two patient isolates of M. tuberculosis.