银杏叶片衰老过程中叶绿体光合能力的变化

以大田栽培的十年生雌性银杏植株为实验材料,研究自然条件下叶片衰老过程中叶绿体光合能力的变化.结果表明:叶绿体的光合能力随叶片的衰老持续下降,总叶绿素含量迅速下降,类胡萝卜素含量没有明显变化,而类胡萝卜素与叶绿素比值呈上升趋势,在衰老末期较为显著;叶绿体中ATP含量、叶绿体放氧活性、电子传递活性、光合磷酸化活性、Mg~(2+)-ATPase和Ca~(2+)-ATPase的活性均下降,且Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性明显弱于Mg~(2+)-ATPase活性;叶绿体内SOD,POD,APX和CAT四种抗氧化保护酶活性均呈先升后降的趋势,衰老后期活性最高,衰老末期四种抗氧化保护酶活性同时大幅下降,叶绿体在叶片衰老过程中具有较强活性氧清除的酶促能力.     

高温胁迫下葡匐翦股颖耐热突变体“粤选1号”能量水平研究

研究草坪草匍匐翦股颖耐热突变体“粤选1号”在高温胁迫下光反应的能量供应对光合作用暗反应的影响,结果表明:高温胁迫导致亲本叶片的光合速率、光合放氧速率、叶绿体ATPase活性、叶片ATP和ADP含量及其能荷值迅速下降, 而“粤选1号”在整个高温胁迫中,保持着较高的光合速率、光合放氧速率和ATPase活性,维持着较高的ATP和ADP含量及能荷值.表明“粤选1号”耐热性获得可能与“粤选1号”具有更多的能量供应有关.     

辣椒脉斑驳病毒对烟草活性氧代谢和光合特性的影响

以普通烟为材料,研究了感染辣椒脉斑驳病毒(Chilli veinal mottle virus,ChiVMV)和黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)后烟草叶片的生理活性以及光合特性的变化.结果表明ChiVMV侵染后宿主体内活性氧(超氧离子和H2O2)大量积累,而在CMV感染的植株中产生的活性氧较少.伴随活性氧的增加相关抗氧化物酶(SOD,CAT,POD)的活性也有升高.进一步测定叶绿素荧光参数发现,感病后烟草叶片的Fv/Fm、qP以及ETR等值明显降低,qN、NPQ值升高,并且ChiVMV对宿主光合参数的影响明显强于CMV.通过比较ChiVMV和CMV引起症状的差异性,发现ChiVMV的侵染使得植物产生大量的活性氧,造成了叶绿体结构的氧化性损伤,植物光合速率降低、叶绿体内淀粉粒积累减少,进而造成光合生物量的减少,植物生长受阻,导致感病植株的死亡.     

流动注射化学发光分析研究油茶总皂苷清除活性氧能力

活性氧自由基是人体生命活动过程中生物化学反应的中间产物。如果体内的活性氧自由基产生过多或清除过慢，则对生物分子造成一定的损害。导致各种相关疾病的发生。利用Liebermann反应对所提取的油茶总皂苷进行定性分析，用流动注射化学发光分析法分别测定其清除不同体系下产生的羟自由基的能力、超氧阴离子自由基的能力，并用天然抗氧化剂抗坏血酸作对照，实验结果显示油茶总皂苷具有较强的清除活性氧能力，对化学反应生成的活性氧自由基具有较好的清除作用。     

叶绿体信号通过诱导抗氧化酶和花青素参与拟南芥环境胁迫响应

本文研究了渗透胁迫和冷胁迫对于叶绿体信号缺失突变体gun1、gun5和abi4的影响.实验结果表明,叶绿体信号缺失突变体对胁迫的抵抗力下降,表现在植株含水量降低,电导率和丙二醛含量升高.并且发现叶绿体信号缺失突变体中抗氧化酶如POD、SOD、APX活性明显下降,活性氧(超氧离子)积累明显加重,此外叶绿体信号缺失突变体不能诱导植物体内花青素的合成.本文初步探讨了叶绿体信号与植物体内活性氧和花青素合成途径的关系,表明叶绿体信号可以通过诱导抗氧化酶和花青素从而抵抗环境胁迫.     

植物抗氧化系统对逆境胁迫的动态响应

植物体内存在着一套抗氧化系统,植物正常生长的情况下该抗氧化系统使植物体内活性氧处于动态平衡、逆境胁迫是导致植物体内活性氧失衡,植物抗氧化能力下降的主要原因.在逆境条件下,植物体内活性氧过度积累,抗氧化系统清除活性氧的能力相对不足,植物组织受到氧化损伤.本文综述、分析和归纳了逆境胁迫对植物中活性氧积累的影响,重点论述了植物中酶类抗氧化系统和次生代谢产物对盐、紫外、高温等逆境胁迫的动态响应.     

银杏叶片生长过程中叶绿体光合能力的变化

以十年生雌性银杏为实验材料,研究自然条件下叶绿体的光合能力和变化.结果表明:随着叶片的生长,叶绿素含量和净光合速率逐渐增加,但类胡萝卜素含量变化不大;叶绿体放氧活性、光合磷酸化活性、ATP含量、Ca~(2+)-ATP酶活性以及PSII,PSI和全电子链的电子传递活性逐渐提高;类囊体膜室温吸收光谱在蓝紫光区(430nm)和红光区(680nm)分别有两个吸收峰,类囊体膜室温发射光谱在640nm和680nm处有明显的峰值,光吸收值和680nm荧光值都随着叶片的生长而上升.显示光合器官在叶片生长过程中逐步发育和完善,叶绿体的光合能力随叶片生长而逐渐增强.     

CaCl_2对玉米幼苗光合器官抗冷性的效应

以对低温敏感的C4 植物玉米的幼苗为材料 ,研究了低温对玉米幼苗光合功能的损伤。随低温处理时间的延长 ,玉米离体叶片光合速率迅速下降 ,叶绿体希尔反应活性下降 ,叶片电解质外渗率增加。 5 g/LCaCl2预处理可以减缓低温下叶片光合速率及叶绿体希尔反应的下降 ,对离体叶片电解质外渗率的增加也起到一定的抑制作用 ,但对叶片叶绿素的含量无明显影响     

研究查明植物耐高温逆向调控机制

植物在高温胁迫下会产生应激防御反应,启动体内大量热激转录因子（HSF）和热激蛋白（HSP）基因的转录,从而维护细胞和叶绿体的稳定性,但对于启动这些热激响应基因表达的信号来源并不清楚。最近,中科院上海生命科学研究院植物生理生态所的科研人员开展了植物高温胁迫响应蛋白的鉴定工作。     

锰离子对微球藻(Nannochloris)和杜氏藻(Dunaliella)光下气体交换的影响

锰离子在光合作用中可以促进氧的释放,由于其高氧还电位,在光系统Ⅱ的氧化侧充当电子传递体。曾有人报告光合细胞在某些情况下,在光下存在某些和光呼吸不同的吸氧反应,这种光推动下的氧的吸收可能是一种光还原作用。特别是当存在某种抑制光合碳循环的因子和缺乏Calvin循环的某种基质时,这种吸氧作用表现得更为明显,部分平衡了光合中氧的释放,使光合作用中氧的净交换量在某一段时间内可能趋于零。曾有人报告氯化锰(6×10~(-6)M)可促进甜菜分离叶绿体的光下氧还原作用。此外,Mn~(++)在光下和有充足的O_2的条件下,可以促进C_3植物光呼吸中乙醛酸的酶促或非酶促氧化,产生二氧化碳。然而在藻类中光呼吸是否存在,研究的结果甚不一     

State transitions and light adaptation require chloroplast thylakoid protein kinase STN7

Photosynthetic organisms are able to adjust to changing light conditions through state transitions, a process that involves the redistribution of light excitation energy between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI). Balancing of the light absorption capacity of these two photosystems is achieved through the reversible association of the major antenna complex (LHCII) between PSII and PSI (ref. 3). Excess stimulation of PSII relative to PSI leads to the reduction of the plastoquinone pool and the activation of a kinase; the phosphorylation of LHCII; and the displacement of LHCII from PSII to PSI (state 2). Oxidation of the plastoquinone pool by excess stimulation of PSI reverses this process (state 1). The Chlamydomonas thylakoid-associated Ser-Thr kinase Stt7, which is required for state transitions, has an orthologue named STN7 in Arabidopsis. Here we show that loss of STN7 blocks state transitions and LHCII phosphorylation. In stn7 mutant plants the plastoquinone pool is more reduced and growth is impaired under changing light conditions, indicating that STN7, and probably state transitions, have an important role in response to environmental changes.     

The PSI-H subunit of photosystem I is essential for state transitions in plant photosynthesis

Photosynthesis in plants involves two photosystems responsible for converting light energy into redox processes. The photosystems, PSI and PSII, operate largely in series, and therefore their excitation must be balanced in order to optimize photosynthetic performance. When plants are exposed to illumination favouring either PSII or PSI they can redistribute excitation towards the light-limited photosystem. Long-term changes in illumination lead to changes in photosystem stoichiometry. In contrast, state transition is a dynamic mechanism that enables plants to respond rapidly to changes in illumination. When PSII is favoured (state 2), the redox conditions in the thylakoids change and result in activation of a protein kinase. The kinase phosphorylates the main light-harvesting complex (LHCII) and the mobile antenna complex is detached from PSII. It has not been clear if attachment of LHCII to PSI in state 2 is important in state transitions. Here we show that in the absence of a specific PSI subunit, PSI-H, LHCII cannot transfer energy to PSI, and state transitions are impaired.     

Heat Denaturation of Protein Structures and Chlorophyll States in PSII Membranes

IntroductionPhotosystem II (PSII) is a large supramolecularpigment-protein complex found in the thylakoidmembranes of green plants,algae andcyanobacteria.Its main role is to drive light-induced electron transfer from water toplastoquinone with a concomitant production ofmolecular oxygen.PSII membranes consist of anouter antenna portion of light-harvestingchlorophyll (Chl) a/b binding complexes (LHCII)and a core fraction.The core fraction is composedof an inner antenna of membrane-bound …     

Changes in the transthylakoid proton gradient are caused by the movement of phycobilisomes in the cyanobacterium <Emphasis Type="Italic">Synechocystis</Emphasis> sp. strain PCC 6803

Phycobilisomes (PBSs) are the main accessory light-harvesting complexes in cyanobacteria and their movement between photosystems (PSs) affects cyclic and respiratory electron transport. However, it remains unclear whether the movement of PBSs between PSs also affects the transthylakoid proton gradient (ΔpH). We investigated the effect of PBS movement on ΔpH levels in a unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, using glycinebetaine to immobilize and couple PBSs to photosystem II (PSII) or photosystem I (PSI) by applying under far-red or green light, respectively. The immobilization of PBSs at PSII inhibited decreases in ΔpH, as reflected by the slow phase of millisecond-delayed light emission (ms-DLE) that occurs during the movement of PBSs from PSII to PSI. By contrast, the immobilization of PBSs at PSI inhibited the increase in ΔpH that occurs when PBSs move from PSI to PSII. Comparison of the changes in ΔpH and electron transport caused by the movement of PBSs between PSs indicated that the changes in ΔpH were most likely caused by respiratory electron transport. This will further improve our understanding of the physiological role of PBS movement in cyanobacteria.     

Low-light-adapted Prochlorococcus species possess specific antennae for each photosystem

Prochlorococcus, the most abundant genus of photosynthetic organisms, owes its remarkably large depth distribution in the oceans to the occurrence of distinct genotypes adapted to either low- or high-light niches. The pcb genes, encoding the major chlorophyll-binding, light-harvesting antenna proteins in this genus, are present in multiple copies in low-light strains but as a single copy in high-light strains. The basis of this differentiation, however, has remained obscure. Here we show that the moderate low-light-adapted strain Prochlorococcus sp. MIT 9313 has one iron-stress-induced pcb gene encoding an antenna protein serving photosystem I (PSI)--comparable to isiA genes from cyanobacteria--and a constitutively expressed pcb gene encoding a photosystem II (PSII) antenna protein. By comparison, the very low-light-adapted strain SS120 has seven pcb genes encoding constitutive PSI and PSII antennae, plus one PSI iron-regulated pcb gene, whereas the high-light-adapted strain MED4 has only a constitutive PSII antenna. Thus, it seems that the adaptation of Prochlorococcus to low light environments has triggered a multiplication and specialization of Pcb proteins comparable to that found for Cab proteins in plants and green algae.     

Ebselen对羟基自由基作用的ESR研究

本文用ESR研究了Ebselen对羟基自由基的作用.结果表明:Ebselen能清除羟基自由基;其清除作用随浓度增加而增加;Ebselen的清除效果远大于SeO_2.     

3种药用石斛多糖的抗氧化活性比较研究

比较了铁皮石斛、大苞鞘石斛和金钗石斛3种石斛茎段粗多糖、精多糖（除蛋白多糖）和多糖组分（过层析柱多糖分离组分）对DPPH、OH和O-2 3种自由基的离体抗氧化活性. 结果表明:随着多糖纯度增强和质量浓度的提高，抗氧化效果均显著增强，在12 g/L时，处理效果最佳，铁皮石斛多糖组分（DOPP-I）、大苞鞘石斛多糖组分（DWPP-I）和金钗石斛多糖组分（DNPP-I）对DPPH自由基的清除率均在75%以上，对OH自由基的清除率在 84%以上，且显著优于Vc (Vitamin c)，但3种多糖组分间差异不显著；3种石斛多糖对O-2自由基的清除能力显著低于Vc，但DWPP-I的清除能力显著高于DOPP-I和DNPP-I. 总之，大苞鞘石斛多糖组分DWPP-I的抗氧化能力略优于铁皮石斛和金钗石斛.     

天然纤维素纳米微晶的制备及性质

分别以二甲基亚砜（DMSO）前处理过的棉纤维和没有经过二甲基亚砜前处理的棉纤维为原料制备了纤维素纳米粒子．通过TEM,WXRD,IR,DSC,TGA及元素分析等手段对其结构和性能进行了表征．TEM表明其形态为长度在数百纳米,直径在数十纳米的棒状粒子．IR分析表明两种情况下制得的纤维素纳米粒子和棉纤维具有相同的特征官能团．元素分析表明,该纳米粒子中碳、氧元素百分含量比棉纤维的更接近于理论值,而氢元素百分含量略高于理论值．WXRD分析表明纤维素纳米粒子和棉纤维属于同一种晶型,经过DMSO前处理制得的纤维素纳米粒子结晶度略有下降．热分析表明纤维素纳米粒子热稳定性低于棉纤维,经过DMSO前处理得到的纤维素纳米粒子表现更明显．     

海滨锦葵的耐冷性及低温弱光对其光系统的伤害

以海滨锦葵为实验材料,研究不同低温处理对海滨锦葵光合作用的伤害,探求海滨锦葵对低温胁迫的敏感温度,以及低温弱光对海滨锦葵的伤害．结果表明：在低温胁迫下,海滨锦葵的净光合速率（Pn）、光系统II实际光化学效率（ФPSII）、最大光化学效率（Fv／Fm）显著下降,说明随着温度的降低,海滨锦葵光化学活性受到抑制,13℃是其低温胁迫下的临界温度．低温弱光（6℃、200μmol·m^-2s^-1）处理4h后Fv/Fm下降了2．5％,而光系统I活性（△I／I0）下降了18．5％,说明在低温弱光条件下,海滨锦葵光系统I受到的伤害高于光系统II;在恢复过程中,光系统II在8h基本完全恢复,而光系统I和净光合速率在48h后仍没有恢复到正常水平,说明PSI的恢复速率成了光合作用的主要限制因素．