纳米镍催化剂对胜利超稠油水热裂解降黏的影响

利用微乳液法合成纳米镍催化剂,采用透射电镜对其进行表征,在200℃时对超稠油进行水热裂解催化反应,通过气相色谱仪、元素分析仪、相对分子质量测定仪、红外光谱仪对反应前后稠油的物化性质进行分析。结果表明:水热裂解催化反应后,超稠油降黏率达90.36%,稠油胶质与沥青质含量减少,稠油相对分子质量下降,沥青质相对分子质量降低幅度最大;反应后稠油及其重质组分的氢碳原子数比增加,硫与氮含量减少,氧含量增加;稠油发生水热裂解反应的同时,存在沥青质的聚合反应,沥青质的裂解在降黏反应中起到了关键的作用;纳米镍催化剂促进了水热裂解反应,同时抑制了聚合反应;纳米镍催化剂协同作用使高温水与稠油发生反应,产生具有表面活性的醇类、酚类、羧酸类等物质,导致反应后稠油含氧量增加,黏度降低。     

稠油油藏层内提温改质降黏技术室内实验研究

 黏度高、流动性差是制约稠油开采的主要问题,而解决的关键是降黏,本文研制和筛选出了适合稠油油藏开采的就地化学生热和催化复合体系.通过对生热体系进行正交试验,用极差分析法得出各因素对生热温度峰值影响的主次顺序;又通过对3种催化剂作用前后的原油进行了黏度和四组分测定,优选出适合稠油的催化降黏剂,并对优选出的催化剂作用后的原油进行了气相色谱分析.结果表明,影响生热温度峰值的因素的主次顺序依次是：反应物浓度、pH值、初始温度.4mol/L的NaNO₂/NH₄Cl溶液在60℃下可使反应液的温度提升150℃;油酸镍可作为稠油降黏催化剂,降黏率达80.3%,且使稠油中的胶质、沥青质含量分别下降,提高了饱和烃和芳香烃的含量.复合体系室内岩心模拟实验结果表明：交替段塞注入时,交替段塞的尺寸越小越好,0.1PV(孔隙体积)的交替段塞注入可提高驱油效率15.6%.     

稠油催化水热裂解降黏实验研究

采用高温高压反应釜模拟研究了稠油在开采过程中全温度段(50～300℃)条件下的催化水热裂解降黏反应,利用元素分析仪和高效液相色谱分析了稠油元素组成和族组成变化,利用旋转流变仪测试并分析了稠油黏度变化及黏温特性,初步探讨了200℃以下的稠油催化水热裂解降黏的实质.结果表明:稠油在低温条件下水热裂解反应降黏以破坏弱化学作用力为主,稠油降黏率与重质组分减少密切相关.有催化剂存在时,稠油催化裂解作用的主要温度在150～200℃,反应24 h降黏率可达到80%以上.     

特超稠油水热裂解降粘反应研究

针对特超稠油开采难的问题,进行了无水及有水条件下超稠油的裂解实验,通过族组分、气相色谱仪及红外光谱仪对水热裂解反应前后稠油裂解降黏规律进行了研究。结果表明,超稠油经过无水参与的裂解反应后,胶质含量减少,沥青质的含量大幅上升,芳烃的含量大幅下降,饱和烃含量略有增加。超稠油经过有水参与的裂解反应后,沥青质及胶质的含量降低,饱和烃与芳烃的含量增加。无水存在的情况下,超稠油在高温的条件下发生了裂解及聚合反应,且以生成沥青质的聚合反应为主,主要由芳烃及胶质聚合转化生成沥青质,稠油黏度增加。高温水参与了稠油水热裂解反应后,其中的聚合反应得到了抑制,促进了裂解反应的进行,使稠油的重质组分向轻质组分转化,稠油黏度降低。     

稠油致黏关键组分微观性质

为明确稠油致黏机理,提高稠油采收率,选取塔河、胜利、辽河油田3种不同稠油研究黏度等性质,通过测定油品黏度及组分分散状态,确定稠油的致黏关键组分是沥青质;通过分析油品及沥青质的金属元素和非金属元素含量,核磁共振波谱分析分子间的相互作用力,扫描电镜分析沥青质微观形态。结果表明:稠油中金属元素、非金属元素主要集中在沥青质中;稠油黏度随沥青质芳香性增加而增大,但不严格线性相关;沥青质基本结构单元为片层结构,片层厚度与黏度密切相关,层间距越小,原油黏度越大。可见,稠油中沥青质的含量、结构对稠油黏度具有重要影响。明确致黏关键因素沥青质的片层结构、层间距与稠油黏度的关系,有助于提高对沥青质结构的深入认识,为探索稠油高效降黏与开发提供新思路。     

渣油组分的受热夺氢能力

运用溶剂沉淀法和中性氧化铝柱液固吸附色谱法将2种渣油分离为饱和分、芳香分、胶质和沥青质4个组分,运用密度法分析这些组分的结构参数;以氢化芳烃9,10-二氢蒽(DHA)为分子探针测定渣油组分在380 ℃和430 ℃时的受热夺氢能力.结果表明:同一种渣油的组分组成和结构具有较大差异,不同渣油的相同组分组成和结构也存在一定差别;不同组分的受热夺氢能力按沥青质、胶质、饱和分、芳香分的顺序呈现降低的趋势;渣油夺氢抑制指数HAS随着受热温度的升高而增大,而在同一温度下,不同渣油的HAS也有差别;HAS与混炼焦化的抑焦行为正相关.     

常压渣油加氢反应产物体系的胶体稳定性

在高温高压反应釜内,使用加氢转化催化剂对绥中36-1常压渣油进行加氢反应.通过分析产物的SARA四组分组成、数均相对分子质量及沥青质的平均结构和溶解度参数考察反应后体系胶体的稳定性.结果表明:反应温度升高,体系的稳定性逐渐变差,产物的SARA四组分中饱和分与沥青质的总含量增大,芳香分与胶质的含量降低;组分的数均相对分子质量减小,组成的改变影响产物的胶体稳定性;沥青质平均分子结构中环烷碳率、烷基碳率降低,芳香碳率增大,缩合度参数变小,沥青性质变差;沥青质平均分子结构中溶解度参数增大,分子间作用增大;组分组成及平均结构的变化导致反应后体系的胶体稳定性变差.     

注蒸汽条件下稠油中沥青质催化降解实验研究

利用高温高压反应釜研究了以自制的油溶性有机镍盐作为催化剂进行稠油中沥青质降解反应。正交试验确定了最佳反应条件为：反应温度240℃,反应时间24h,催化剂用量0.6wt%(以沥青质质量计算)。对反应前后的沥青质进行了元素测定,发现反应后H/C原子比增加,S含量的降低,沥青质相对分子质量的下降主要是桥链硫醚和桥链及侧链脂肪单元断裂的结果。采用红外光谱对反应前后沥青质的结构进行了测定,反应后沥青质中重质组分的结构发生了变化,重质组分的减少,轻质组分的增多。催化剂的加入可以降低沥青质分子内及分子间的极性相互作用,使沥青质分子骨架在空间里尽可能呈现松弛状态,与沥青质分子中的杂原子发生了作用,使部分氢键被破坏,部分C-R键发生断裂。     

热化学就地生热促进稠油水热裂解实验研究

针对稠油就地水热裂解反应因地层温度有限而受影响的情况,开展了利用热化学就地生热提升地层温度促进稠油水热裂解反应的模拟实验。结果表明:向反应釜中注入5mL浓度为5mol/L的NaNO2/NH4Cl放热体系后,反应釜温度从200℃提升到了240℃以上,压力增加了近0.4MPa,反应后稠油降黏率增加了40%左右,饱和烃、芳香烃含量明显增加,胶质、沥青质含量明显降低,热化学生热提温可促进稠油水热裂解反应。分析认为现场热化学体系注入工艺可行、放热反应速度与热峰位置可控、对地层无伤害,热化学生热提温促进稠油就地水热裂解降黏具有可行性,具体应用时应深入分析热化学就地生热提温的影响因素并优化相关操作参数。     

伊朗Y油田沥青质稠油侵入钻井液处理技术

伊朗Y油田钻井施工面临沥青质稠油侵害的难题,由于钻遇沥青质稠油胶质和沥青质含量高,严重影响钻井液流变性能和安全钻进。通过对沥青质稠油组份分析后认定其属于典型的劣质稠油,其自身黏度受温度变化影响剧烈,是造成钻井液污染和流变性能恶化的根本原因。通过室内研究形成了以乳化剂、柴油为主的钻井液乳化降粘技术,能有效改善受沥青质稠油污染的钻井液流变性能;以交联硬化剂为主的沥青质稠油表面硬化技术,室内实验加入8.6%的交联硬化剂能明显减少沥青质稠油黏附钻具、筛网;以氧化硬化剂为主的沥青质稠油改性技术,在钻井液环境下可将沥青质稠油软化点从50℃提高至110℃,有效抑制了沥青质稠油的高温流动性。钻井液乳化降黏技术和沥青质稠油氧化硬化技术分别在雅达Y油田F19井和F17井进行了现场应用,改善了受污染钻井液的流变性能,减弱了沥青质稠油向井筒的侵入速度和侵入量,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

正~~     

An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.     

Tracking data management using topology of moving object database system for moving object constrained trajectory in LBS application

Advances in wireless technologies and positioning technologies and spread of wireless devices, an interest in LBS (Location Based Service) is arising. To provide location based service, tracking data should have been stored in moving object database management system (called MODBMS) with proper policies and managed efficiently. So the methods which acquire the location information at regular time intervals then, store and manage have been studied. In this paper, we suggest tracking data management techniques using topology that is corresponding to the moving path of moving object. In our techniques, we update the MODBMS when moving object arrived at a street intersection or a curved road which is represented as the node in topology and predict the location at past and future with attribute of topology and linear function. In this technique, location data that are corresponding to the node in topology are stored, thus reduce the number of update and amount of data. Also in case predicting the location,because topology are used as well as existing location information, accuracy for prediction is increased than applying linear function or spline function.