高速航空螺旋桨翼型气动特性及数值仿真

为了提升高速航空螺旋桨的气动性能,通过计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)方法研究了平凸翼型NACA4412、超临界翼型RAE2822和高雷诺数薄翼型NACA65206在不同马赫数、不同攻角下的升阻比变化规律,以及翼型流场的马赫数等值线分布等。通过翼型的升阻比特性研究,选用NACA65206翼型设计了一款高速航空螺旋桨,并进行了螺旋桨流场的CFD仿真和气动性能计算。结果表明：随着马赫数从0.5提高到0.9,NACA65206翼型具有更好的升阻比特性,并且失速特性不断改善;采用NACA65206翼型设计的螺旋桨在0.6飞行马赫数下,推进效率高于80%,在0.7飞行马赫数下,推进效率高于75%,说明了使用薄翼型结合大后掠角度设计的高速航空螺旋桨具有较好的推进效率。     

基于Isight的自适应翼型前缘气动优化设计

为了兼顾翼型在各个飞行状态下的气动效率,基于Isight优化设计平台对自适应翼型前缘进行了气动优化设计研究.首先对Hicks-Henne型函数进行了改进,实现了翼型前缘的参数化描述;然后采用拉丁超立方实验设计方法生成样本点,并运用CFD软件进行翼型流场的气动计算,进而利用该样本数据完成对RBF神经网络的训练;最后对神经网络近似模型应用多岛遗传算法进行优化.以NACA 0006翼型为例,采用上述组合优化策略以升阻比为目标函数进行优化设计.仿真结果表明:改进后的Hicks-Henne型函数较好地描述了翼型前缘;组合优化方法显著提高了翼型气动优化效率.     

基于改进多目标粒子群算法的风力机大厚度翼型优化设计

仅以气动性能最佳为目标进行优化设计的翼型,结构性能较差.为了克服这一缺点,基于改进的多目标粒子群算法(MOPSO),提出了综合考虑气动性能和结构性能的大厚度翼型多目标优化设计方法.针对相对厚度为40%的翼型,应用翼型集成理论对翼型进行参数化表达,以翼型主要攻角处的升阻比最大和翼型面对弦线轴的惯性矩最大为设计目标,综合考虑翼型的粗糙度敏感性、失速特性及非设计工况特性,进行翼型的多目标优化设计,得到了Pareto最优解集.分析最优解集中的翼型,由此挑选出的新翼型在气动性能和结构性能上均比常用翼型DU00-W2-401有较大提高.     

自然风速下低雷诺数风力机翼型 气动特性随机数值分析

为量化随机自然风速条件下风力机翼型气动特性不确定程度,以S809风力机翼型为研究对象,基于非嵌入式概率配置点法和Transition SST转捩方程,建立了低雷诺数风力机翼型气动特性随机数值分析模型,获得了自然风速条件下风力机翼型气动力确定性和不确定性成分比例,并揭示了风速大小和方向随机耦合作用对翼型流场结构、压力系数和摩阻分布及湍动能的影响及不确定传播机制.结果表明,随机风速风向对翼型升阻气动因子不确定度影响显著,在计算攻角范围内S809翼型升阻比3σ置信区间相对不确定度最大为±35.13％;随机风速风向耦合作用下翼型升阻比不确定度分别是单随机因素下的4.76倍和1.08倍;翼型对来流不确定性敏感区域为前缘,可以考虑在翼型前缘部分进行气动稳健性优化设计.     

基于熵产方法的跨音速翼型减阻优化设计

将熵产方法引入跨音速翼型气动优化设计中,采用涡黏性模型对翼型流场熵产进行计算,进而阐述熵产对翼型阻力的影响.通过类别形状函数(CST)方法和径向基函数(RBFs)网格变形方法完成翼型参数化建模与网格变形,并将改进的NSGA2多目标遗传算法与CFD计算耦合起来实现了翼型自动优化设计,用此方法进行了跨音速翼型的气动优化设计,目标函数为来流马赫数为0.73、攻角为2.54°时升阻比最大,熵产最小.设计结果表明:优化方法在小种群下有很好的全局收敛性,得到的非支配解集分布均匀,质量较高.与参考翼型相比,优化翼型通过降低流场熵产,有效地减少了翼型阻力,大幅度提高了翼型升阻比,消除或减弱了翼型上表面激波,有效提高了翼型的气动性能.     

基于NURBS和遗传算法的潮流能水轮机翼型优化

潮流能发电水轮机翼型性能参数优劣是决定水轮机效率高低的重要因素之一,如何构造叶片翼型线是水轮机叶片设计过程中的关键问题。基于NURBS曲线构造水轮机叶片翼型参数化表征方法所构造的叶片翼型与原始翼型相比吻合度好,拟合精度较高。利用流体计算方法与XFOIL软件计算获得翼型性能参数样本,通过多目标遗传算法对NACA4415翼型升阻比展开多工况优化设计。结果表明,经过优化后的翼型升阻比性能与原始翼型相比较在所设计攻角工况下均得到提升,升阻比提升幅度随着攻角增大而增大。根据优化翼型建立的叶片功率系数相比原始叶片也得到提高,在桨距角为6°时功率系数最高提高了约7%,验证了该优化方法的正确性与合理性。     

亚音速下翼型气动性能数值分析

文章基于数值模拟的方法，研究NACA0012翼型的失速及流场参数改变对飞机的气动性能影响；运用SST k-ω湍流模型和Solution Steering收敛方法得出翼型的流场计算参数，并与美国航空航天局(NASA)的试验数据进行对比，验证计算翼型的准确性。结果表明：当Re为5×10⁶和10×10⁶时，最大升力系数随马赫数的变化波动较大，且变化趋势基本相同，最大升力系数出现在Ma=0.20左右，分别为1.46、1.59,是所研究范围飞机的最佳飞行状态；在低Re的情况下，翼型的最大升阻比随马赫数增大而先增大后减小，且翼型的最大升阻比出现位置在马赫数为0.20～0.30;在亚音速条件下，翼型的失速攻角在一定范围内随马赫数变化可以用对数函数进行定量描述。     

基于代理方法的带小翼翼型气动模型

为满足带后缘小翼智能旋翼气动弹性分析的需求,建立一种基于代理方法的后缘小翼翼型气动力计算模型。模型从小翼偏转后的翼型实际形状出发,对带偏转小翼的翼型流场划分C型网格,基于二维黏性N-S方程求解流场计算翼型气动力。为方便气动弹性集成分析,节约求解非定常翼型气动力的时间成本,以RBF模型代理翼型CFD方法计算非定常翼型的环量气动力,以薄翼型理论计算气动力的非环量部分。以对称的NACA 0012翼型和非对称的NACA 23012翼型风洞试验数据和模型的计算结果对比,充分验证了模型计算常规翼型和带小翼翼型气动力的精度,同时证实了模型对不同翼型形状的适应性。     

改进的粒子群算法在翼型优化设计中的应用

建立了多目标风力机翼型型线优化模型,并采用改进的粒子群优化算法对多目标风力机翼型型线进行优化,设计出4种不同厚度的性能较好的风力机翼型。对CQUA18和CQUA21两种新翼型的气动特性与相同厚度典型的风力机翼型进行对比分析,结果表明,该翼型具有良好的气动特性,对翼型的前缘粗糙度不敏感,在主要攻角范围内,光滑和粗糙条件下,新翼型的升力系数和升阻比都要高,其气动特性具有显著的提高。     

基于多岛遗传算法的垂直轴风机翼型优化设计

为了解决垂直轴风力机的风能利用率在实际应用中低于水平轴风力机的问题,通过以多岛遗传算法为核心与翼型参数化、ICEM网格生成以及计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)流场计算相结合,并以翼型的升阻比为优化目标,建立优化模型,进而开发自动优化评估流程,完成翼型的优化设计与气动性能分析。结果表明：相比初始翼型,优化翼型是非对称翼型,其最大相对厚度降低1%,升阻比提高17.78%,升力系数提高16.7%,为0.11c(c为翼型的弦长);其最大相对厚度对应在弦上的位置向翼型的前缘移动了0.036c。且翼型弯度明显增加,中弧线偏移量最大值为0.017 4c。优化翼型的前缘半径变化不大,但翼型尾缘夹角明显变小,翼型上翼面轮廓线相对平缓。     

Aerodynamic Characteristics and Noise Collaborative Optimization of an Airfoil

Aerodynamic noise is the main problem restricting its development nowadays in green energy, ocean engineering and aerospace engineering. In order to limit the aerodynamic noise of an airfoil structure, a method is proposed in this paper by designing low noise airfoils. This method optimized the aerodynamic noise of two-dimensional airfoil, and considered the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil at the same time. Based on Joukowski conformal transformation, airfoil geometry is parameterized firstly. Then, the optimization model taking the lift-to-drag ratio and airfoil self-noise as the design objective, is established to modify the airfoil by active set algorithm until the airfoil can satisfy the design condition. Finally, the noise of the optimized airfoil is verified according to the prediction theory of airfoil noise. Moreover, the relationship between airfoil geometry and noise is analyzed. The results show that the lift-to-drag ratio of the optimized airfoil increased, and the noise also decreased. Thus, the optimization method can be used to address special design of low-noise airfoil. Besides, the optimization method in this paper can provide reference for improving lift-to-drag ratio and reducing noise of the airfoil in aircraft and submarine rudder system.     

Functional design of wind turbine airfoils based on roughness sensitivity characteristics

To improve aerodynamic performance of wind turbine airfoils,the shape profile characteristic of the airfoil is investigated.Application of conformal transformation,one functional and integrated expression of wind turbine airfoils is presented.Using the boundary layer theory,the aerodynamic model with roughness of wind turbine airfoils is introduced by studying flow separation around the airfoil.Based on the shape expression and aerodynamic performance of airfoils,the function design of wind turbine airfoils is carried out that the maximum lift-drag ratio and low roughness sensitivity are designed objects.Three wind turbines airfoils with different thickness are gained which are used at tip part of blades.As an example,the aerodynamic performance of one designed airfoil with relative thickness of 15% is simulated in different conditions of clean surface,rough surface,laminar flow and turbulent flow.The comparison of aerodynamic performance between the designed airfoil and one popular NACA airfoil is completed which can verify the better performance of the designed airfoil and reliability of the designed method.     

基于模拟退火算法的垂直轴风机翼型优化设计

为了实现智能优化垂直轴风机翼型的气动特性,提高垂直轴风机的功率系数,通过模拟退火算法作为寻优方法,用气动性能计算工具XFOIL与MATLAB程序下的失速修正模型相结合用来计算翼型优化前后的气动特性;通过CST(class/shape function transformation)翼型建模法构建控制翼型曲线的翼型数学模型,选取翼型的控制参数为设计变量,翼型最大相对厚度以及最大相对厚度所处位置为约束条件,以翼型的最大升阻比为目标函数,建立翼型智能优化算法,并完成了对NACA0018翼型的优化设计.结果表明:优化后翼型的气动性能得到提高;最大升力系数提高了2％,升阻比的峰值提高了5.22％,最大切向力系数提高了6.77％.可见优化后翼型的失速性能得到了有效改善.     

Tests and Numerical Simulation of Aerodynamic Characteristics of Airfoils for General Aviation Applications

This paper was to validate the effects of airfoil thickness ratio on the characteristics of a family of airfoils. Research was carried out in different ways. First, tests were conducted in the wind tunnel. And numerical simulation was performed on the basis of tests. Results from calculation were consistent with tests, indicating that numerical method could help evaluate characteristics of airfoils. Then the results were confirmed by compared with empirical data. The study also showed that the determining factor of lift is not only the thickness ratio, but the angle of attack, the relative camber and the camber line. The thickness ratio appears to have little effect on lift coefficient at zero angle of attack, since the angle of zero lift is largely determined by the airfoil camber. According to the research, numerical simulation can be used to determine the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils in different environment such as in the dusty or humid air.     

Parametric geometry representations for wind turbine blade shapes

Based on the Joukowsky transformation and Theodorsen method,a novel parametric function (shape function) for wind turbine airfoils has been developed.The airfoil design space and shape control equations also have been studied.Results of the analysis of a typical wind turbine airfoil are shown to illustrate the evaluation process and to demonstrate the rate of convergence of the geometric characteristics.The coordinates and aerodynamic performance of approximate airfoils is rapidly close to the baseline airfoil corresponding to increasing orders of polynomial.Comparison of the RFOIL prediction and experimental results for the baseline airfoil generally show good agreement.A universal method for three-dimensional blade integration-“ Shape function/Distribution function” is presented.By changing the parameters of shape function and distribution functions,a three dimensional blade can be designed and then transformed into the physical space in which the actual geometry is defined.Application of this method to a wind turbine blade is presented and the differences of power performance between the represented blade and original one are less than 0.5％.This method is particularly simple and convenient for bodies of streamline forms.     

前缘附近微小板对S809翼型气动性能的影响

翼型在较大攻角下会发生失速,产生流动分离,这将直接影响翼型气动性能。对此,采取在雷诺数Re=1×106的条件下,在S809翼型前缘点附近不同位置处设置微小板,改变微小板的板长、振动振幅和频率,探究其对S809翼型气动性能的影响。结果表明：静止时,微小板的板长尺寸对控制效果影响显著,当位置和尺寸选取最优时,S809翼型在22°攻角下升阻比提升2倍左右;对抑制流动分离效果不佳的尺寸较小的静止板施加以合适振幅和频率的振动后,可以有效地抑制翼型的流动分离,得到增加升力、减小阻力的效果。     

翼型摆角对气动性能的影响分析

基于NREL S809翼型,研究尾翼摆角对于翼型气动性能的影响.通过对比升阻力系数的模拟值与实验值,排除了网格质量对翼型气动性能的影响,验证了利用S-A(Spalart-Allmaras)湍流模型对风力机翼型进行计算的有效性,确定了合理的模拟方案,分析了翼型的气动性能.在此基础上,将S809翼型进行了尾缘变形,生成S809上摆-5°、下摆5°、10°及15°这4种变形翼型.再利用CFD(computational fluid dynamics)软件对它们进行数值计算,分析了各个翼型升阻力系数及流场特性.研究表明,随着尾缘下摆角度的增加,变形翼型上下表面压差逐渐增大,下摆翼型在升阻力特性方面有较大改善.但随着翼型下摆角度的增大,翼型产生分离涡的攻角却随之减小,更易失速.而上摆翼型升阻力特性及失速特性均不如原始翼型.