贵州东南部汞矿区土壤-农作物重金属污染及生物转移特征

通过对汞矿区土壤及农作物(大豆、甘薯和芝麻)Hg、As、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb等6种重金属的测定,分析了农作物和土壤的重金属污染状况及生物转移特征。利用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数共同评价土壤和农作物重金属污染状况,结果显示:该汞矿区土壤是以汞为主要污染物,As和Cd为次要污染物的重金属污染区;矿区土壤内梅罗综合污染指指数达36.211,表明该矿区土壤重金属污染达重度污染水平。农作食用部分单因子指数分析显示农作物的Hg的污染最为严重,综合污染指数在大豆豆荚、甘薯块根、甘薯叶和芝麻籽粒的综合污染指数分别为:48.433、10.086、79.435和123.200,显示了农作物食用部分重金属污染均已达重度污染水平。利用生物富集系数和生物转移系数评价农作对重金属的转移。大豆各器官对Hg、As、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb均没有表现出富集性,其生物转移系数也均小于1,相较其他两种农作物而言,在汞矿污染区,种植大豆在能减少重金属污染的风险。     

神府矿区煤矸石周边土壤重金属污染评价

为研究矿区煤矸石堆放对生态环境产生的影响,选取神府矿区煤矸石周边土壤为研究对象,探讨矿区煤矸石释放的重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni、As、Cu对周边土壤污染危害状况.并用潜在生态风险指数法评价研究矿区土壤重金属污染风险等级.结果表明:神府矿区煤矸石周边土壤内重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量均严重超过中国土壤元素背景值,其中各矿区煤矸石周边的重金属Pb、Cd的单项潜在生态风险等级均达到2级,属于中等污染;神府矿区周边土壤重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数为193.83,污染等级为3级风险,属显著污染.此外,煤矸石周边土壤淋溶实验显示重金属Pb、Zn在土壤中的溶出率高达50%多,表明重金属Pb、Zn在土壤中易发生转移.     

广西荔浦锰矿区优势植物重金属累积特征

对复垦20余年的荔浦锰矿区进行野外调查、采样并对样品进行了室内分析．该矿区共有高等植物22科36种．矿区土壤和13种优势植物内重金属质量分数分析表明,土壤可能已受Mn污染,局部区域受到Cd污染,但Cu,Pb量较低．矿区植物的Cu,Pb量正常,但部分植物的Cd,Mn量超出正常范围．板栗、商陆对Cd和Mn的生物累积系数和生物转移系数均大于1,表现出很强的富集能力,适用于锰矿区废弃地的生态恢复．但作为此矿区主要经济作物的板栗,其果实重金属的质量分数超过中国食品卫生标准,不宜食用．     

典型工业退役场地土壤重金属污染及风险评价

采用单因子指数法、富集系数、浸出毒性试验、Hankanson潜在生态危害指数法及健康风险评价法,对重庆城区内某企业退役场地车间表层土及下层土、居民区表层土及厂区附近土壤的重金属污染现状及其风险进行了评价.结果表明,研究区域内Hg,As,Zn和Pb的富集系数部分大于1,表现出一定程度的富集.单因子污染指数表明,土壤重金属含量均未超出A,B级标准限值;另外,除居民区重金属潜在生态危害程度属中度外,其余地区属于轻度生态危害,以Hg的潜在生态危害最突出,其次是Cd,这主要与Hg和Cd的毒性系数较高有关.人体对几种重金属吸收量的排序大小依次为Zn,Pb,Cu,Ni,Cr,As,Hg≈Cd.同时,儿童和成人对几种重金属的3种摄入方式大小依次为:直接摄入量,经皮肤吸收摄入量和呼吸摄入量.从致癌风险角度看,几种重金属致癌风险系数都在10-6~10-4基准范围内.     

矿区土壤重金属污染安全风险计量与可视化表达

 多年高强度的金属矿产开采使得矿区土壤重金属富集。本文精确构建矿区三维地表模型,合理布置367个采样点;调查分析矿区土壤中重金属Cd、As、Cu、Zn 和Pb 的生态安全风险。结果表明：土壤中重金属平均含量顺序为：Zn>Pb>Cu>As>Cd,重金属含量实际值远超背景值,且变异系数差异较大,Cd、As、Cu、Zn 和Pb 在土壤中含量的对数值成正态分布;污染指数均为重度污染,污染指数大小顺序为：Cd>Pb>Zn>As>Cu;土壤中重金属的潜在生态风险指数RI达787.29,潜在危害程度很大;Cu、Zn、Pb 总非致癌风险HQ小于1,但Cd、As 仍存在很高健康风险,且As 为主要风险源。本文实现了重金属污染风险状况在三维模型上的可视化表达,为矿区的安全生产管理提供直观的决策依据。     

何家小岭尾矿库周边土壤重金属污染状况分析及潜在风险评价

对合肥市庐江矿区何家小岭尾矿库周边土壤中重金属的总量和形态分布进行分析,通过内梅罗指数法和风险评价编码法(RAC)对其污染状况进行评价。结果表明,除Ni外,其他重金属元素均高于庐江县土壤背景值,其中Cu、Cd两种元素超过风险筛选值(GB15618-2018)。土壤中金属元素(除Cd以外)主要以残渣态为主,Cd元素的弱酸提取态占相当大的比例(11.25%～52.18%),金属元素弱酸提取态顺序由大到小依次为Cd、Zn、Ni、Cu、Pb、As、Cr。基于单因子和内梅罗污染的结果表明,Cu、Cd、As属于轻微污染,土壤重金属总体水平属于轻度污染,基于形态的RAC表明该地区Cd为高风险,Zn为中风险,其他元素无风险或具有较低的风险水平。     

宿州市煤矿区农田土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价

为揭示矿区周边土壤中重金属元素的污染特征,采用金属污染指数法(MPI)、污染负荷指数法(PLI)和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,对宿州市4矿区周边农田土壤中Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Cu、As和Hg等7种重金属元素进行测试分析,研究了宿州市矿区周边土壤重金属污染程度及潜在的生态危害性.结果表明:1)7种重金属元素平均含量均高于非矿区土壤环境背景值,尤其Cr含量达到非矿区土壤背景值的2-4.17倍,Cd含量达到非矿区土壤背景值的1-3.05倍;矿区重金属综合污染程度范围为8.682-19.108,在100 m距离处属于强污染,其他距离处均属于中等污染.2)矿区土壤重金属污染指数变化范围在9.811-18.768之间,各样品的重金属污染指数均高于非矿区土壤环境背景值的污染指数,土壤重金属具有一定的富集效应;土壤综合污染负荷指数为1.699,为中等污染.3)除Cd和Hg外,重金属潜在生态风险系数均属于轻度风险危害,Cd和Hg在宿州市矿区农田土壤生态污染中的贡献率较高.矿区农田土壤潜在生态风险指数RI范围在125.51-365.49,4个矿区平均值均属于中等污染水平,其中桃园矿污染最为严重.     

吴忠市表层土壤重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

为查明吴忠市土壤重金属的污染现状及来源,测定了区内100个表层土壤样品中8种重金属Cu、Pb、Ni、Cr、Cd、Zn、As、Hg的含量。对比背景值可知,除Ni外其它重金属均有不同程度的富集,其中Cd富集最严重;采用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险评价法对土壤重金属进行污染程度及风险评价。结果表明吴忠市土壤重金属的环境总体处于无污染,总体生态危害程度处于中等,Cd和Hg是构成生态危害的主要风险因子,吴忠市土壤重金属的潜在生态危害主要是受到城区的生活、生产活动和部分农业用地区域的农耕活动影响。运用多元统计分析对吴忠市土壤重金属来源进行研究,结果表明Cu、Pb、Zn主要来源于交通运输产生的污染;Ni主要受成土母质、地形、气候等自然因素控制,Cr、As为成土母质和农业污染混合来源,Cd主要来源于农业活动造成的污染。     

鄱阳湖流域农田重金属污染的生态风险评估

选择乐安河-鄱阳湖段典型重金属污染区作为研究区,采用不同方法对各样点土壤及其蔬菜农产品的重金属污染及其危害进行评价.结果表明:各样点土壤中重金属含量最高的元素为Cu,最高值达423.124 mg·kg^-1; 不同评价方法得出乐安河上游至中游区域土壤中重金属Cu呈极度污染状态,存在严重的生态风险隐患; 各样点蔬菜重金属Cd含量均超过《无公害蔬菜安全要求》中规定的标准值(0.050 mg·kg^-1); 农产品样品对Cd的富集系数都超过0.100,最高值达3.254; 内梅罗综合污染指数法的评价得到78.57%的农产品重金属Cd为重度污染; 健康风险指数评价进一步表明各样点大部分农产品中的Cd超出安全基准值1.0,且样品中Cd的目标致癌风险T_R(0.003 2～0.013 2)均超过了美国环保署推荐的可接受风险值(10^-6～10^-4)和国际辐射防护委员会推荐的最大可接受风险值(5.0×10^-5).     

锑矿区土壤和蔬菜重金属污染及健康风险评价

为探究矿业开采对土壤-作物系统产生的影响,以湖南锑矿区为例,通过野外调查采集土壤、蔬菜和植物样品共233件,分析了矿区土壤和蔬菜中Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Sb、Hg的含量分布,并采用目标危险系数法评价了矿区居民通过食用蔬菜摄入重金属的健康风险。结果表明：表层土壤中Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Sb、Hg平均含量均超过湖南省背景值,Cd和As的平均浓度均超过我国农田土壤风险筛选值。蔬菜中重金属Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg五种元素的超标率分别为100%、91.26%、83.50%、80.58%、81.55%,叶菜类对9种重金属的富集能力基本强于其他类蔬菜。矿区成人长期食用白菜会对健康造成影响,且成人摄食蔬菜的重金属健康风险高于儿童。醉蝶花对重金属As和Sb有较强的吸收能力,可作为锑矿区生态恢复中的优势物种。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.