不同温度变形量对AISI310S不锈钢组织和性能的影响

借助X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、硬度测试及微拉伸试验等方法,分析了AISI310S奥氏体不锈钢在不同温度大变形后的组织和性能。分析结果表明:在不同温度大变形后,奥氏体不锈钢组织在不同变形量下均未发生应变诱发马氏体相变。在变形量较小的情况下,微观组织以高密度位错和位错缠结为主;随着变形量的增大,微观组织以形变孪晶为主;当变形量增大至90%以后,奥氏体不锈钢晶粒尺寸细化至纳米量级,深冷轧制晶粒细化程度显著高于室温冷轧。深冷轧制态的屈服强度、拉抗强度和硬度也均高于室温冷轧态。随着变形量的增大,延伸率明显下降,拉伸断口形貌均从韧性断裂向准解理断裂转变。     

冷轧AISI 304不锈钢微观组织及力学性能的变化

采用金相显微镜、铁素体测量仪、硬度计及力学分析等手段,研究了AISI 304不锈钢的微观组织和力学性能在冷轧过程中的演变规律.试验结果表明:冷轧变形可使AISI 304不锈钢产生形变诱发马氏体相变,试样中金属晶粒沿着轧制方向被拉扁拉长;在冷轧压下量较小时,仅有少量的奥氏体相转变为马氏体相,并且马氏体组织以板条状出现;冷轧压下量较大时,金属晶粒逐渐被拉长为纤维状;随着冷轧压下量的增大,马氏体体积分数、硬度和抗拉强度均随之增大,但延伸率逐步下降.     

冷加工塑性硬化对304不锈钢力学参数的影响

准确的材料力学参数是结构完整性分析与评价的重要基础,冷加工硬化现象会造成材料力学性能参数的改变,而受冷加工硬化作用力学性能发生变化的局部区域往往是需要进行结构完整性分析的关键部位。为获取不同冷加工硬化量下材料的力学性能,文中采用数值模拟和力学试验相结合的方法,以常用的金属材料304奥氏体不锈钢为研究对象,通过单轴拉伸试验获得了10%,20%,30%,40%等4种不同冷加工条件下的工程应力应变数据;利用线弹塑性硬化模型,结合ABAQUS软件建立了获取冷加工硬化后材料力学性能的数值模拟方法,分析了不同冷加工硬化量下304奥氏体不锈钢力学性能的变化规律。结果表明,线弹塑性硬化模型在一定范围内能够较好地反映304奥氏体不锈钢受冷加工硬化作用后的力学行为,随着冷加工硬化量的不断增大,304奥氏体不锈钢的屈服应力大幅度升高,同时,冷加工硬化对304奥氏体不锈钢折减系数的影响相对较小。提出的方法可以用于重要工程结构中关键部位的结构完整性分析。     

304L钢热变形过程的力学行为及再结晶组织演变的研究

将304L钢在Gleebl-1500热模拟机上进行压缩试验,热变形温度分别为950℃,1000,1 050,1 100,1 150℃;变形速率为0.005,0.05s-1。通过扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察试样微观组织和位错组态。研究表明,304L不锈钢高温应力-应变曲线表现为典型的动态再结晶特征;随着变形温度的升高及应变速率的减小,动态再结晶百分数增大。动态再结晶优先在原始奥氏体晶界上形成。304L不锈钢变形后的位错形态和位错密度与变形温度、应变速率以及应变量有关,是加工硬化和再结晶综合作用的结果。     

304不锈钢拉伸变形过程中的马氏体相变

通过单向拉伸实验,研究了304不锈钢在不同应变量及不同应变速率下的马氏体含量与力学性能之间的关系.结果表明:在室温下,当应变速率为3×10-3s-1时,该材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度分别为220及1 260MPa,延伸率为57%,变形后样品中的马氏体体积分数为55%;当应变速率增加到3×10-1s-1时,虽然该材料的屈服强度增至370MPa,但是抗拉强度下降至1 000MPa,延伸率则下降至42%,变形后样品中的马氏体体积分数下降至21%.上述结果说明,该304不锈钢的塑性变形能力与其中的马氏体体积分数密切相关,应变诱导马氏体相变是该钢种的主要变形机制.     

节镍无磁不锈钢Cr18Ni6Mn3N的组织及性能

研究了节镍无磁不锈钢Cr18Ni6Mn3N的热轧及固溶后的力学性能和耐蚀性能,分析了其固溶和时效析出后的组织演变规律、冷变形过程中形变诱发马氏体相变及其磁性能.结果表明:该不锈钢的固溶组织为单相奥氏体,其力学性能和耐蚀性能均高于SUS304不锈钢;800℃保温4 h后,在晶界析出粒状氮化物,随着保温时间延长,逐渐沿晶界凸起片层状析出物并向晶内生长,保温20 h后,凸出的片层状析出物直径达20μm.冷轧压下率18.3%时尚未发现形变诱发马氏体组织,随着变形量增大,马氏体含量增多,磁导率上升,但与相同条件下的SUS304不锈钢相比,冷轧板固溶后相对磁导率可降至1.002,因此可用于低成本无磁不锈钢领域.     

302HQA钢冷变形过程组织演化分析

通过室温压缩实验,研究了奥氏体不锈钢302HQA的冷变形行为.组织分析和X射线衍射分析表明,冷变形过程产生了形变马氏体.进一步磁性检测表明:随着变形量的增加,形变马氏体的量也增加;在小变形条件下,变形速率对形变马氏体的生成量影响较小;当变形量增加到50%时,随着变形速率的增加,由于变形热效应的影响,形变马氏体含量反而有所下降.     

Fe-20Mn-2.6Al-2.6Si钢拉伸变形机理研究

采用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜研究了Fe-20Mn-2.6Al-2.6Si TRIP/TWIP钢在不同变形量下的微观组织变化.结果表明:在应变初期,主要是形成层错和位错;随应变的增大,γ奥氏体相逐渐减少,ε马氏体相和α马氏体相增多;在断裂阶段,主要组成相为α马氏体,即Fe-20Mn-2.6Al-2.6Si钢在拉伸变形过程中主要发生γ→ε→α或γ→α相变诱导塑性变形.金相组织表明:该钢变形量达到6.5%时,开始出现许多平直的条纹(通常称为形变孪晶);但高分辨透射电镜研究表明:不同程度变形后的微观组织都难以观察到形变孪晶,而那些金相组织和低倍透射电镜照片上的平直条纹往往是ε马氏体相,这进一步证实该钢的变形机制主要是TRIP效应.     

塑性变形对TiNbTaZr合金微观结构的影响

用透射电子显微镜对不同轧制变形量的TiNbTaZr合金进行观察分析,结果表明:该合金轧制前为单相β相,轧制后出现应力诱发马氏体α"相,变形主要以位错-滑移为主,有少量马氏体α"相形成,马氏体α"相为正交晶系,单胞参数a=0.3152 nm,b=0.4854 nm,c=0.4642 nm;β相与马氏体α"相的位向关系为(011)β//(010)α″,(011)β//(002)α″,(100)β//(100)α″,[100]β//[100]α″。硬度检测表明:TiNbTaZr合金的硬度值随变形量的增大而增加,变形过程中形成的高密度位错是硬度值增大的主要原因。     

冷加工对316L不锈钢裂尖力学特性的影响

采用弹塑性有限元软件的子模型技术,研究了核电压力容器高温水环境中冷加工程度对316L不锈钢应力腐蚀裂纹尖端应力应变状态和断裂参量的影响,并结合316L不锈钢在不同冷加工程度下屈服强度、杨氏模量、硬化指数和偏移系数的变化规律,对比冷加工程度对微观裂纹尖端应力腐蚀开裂速率的影响,发现冷加工程度不同,材料的力学参数不同,进而影响应力腐蚀裂纹尖端Mises应力、等效塑性应变、拉伸应力、拉伸应变的分布状态和裂尖J积分变化规律。结果表明:不同冷加工程度引起316L不锈钢材料力学性能的变化会改变应力腐蚀裂纹裂尖应力应变状态和断裂参量的分布规律,当应力强度因子一定时,随着冷加工程度的增大,应力腐蚀裂尖Mises应力增大,而裂尖的等效塑性应变减小,同时应力腐蚀裂尖的拉伸应力随着冷加工程度的增大而增大,而拉伸应变随着冷加工程度的增大而减小,裂尖J积分随着冷加工程度的增大而增大,冷加工程度的增加在一定范围内加剧了高温高压水环境中316L不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂速率。     

Martensite transformation induced by deformation and its phase electrochemical behavior for stainless steels AISI 304 and 316L

The martensite transformation induced by tensile elongation and its effect on the behavior of phase electrochemistry of AISI 304 and 316L in 3.5% NaCl solution were studied. The results show that the content of ((-martensite in stainless steel 304 increases with the true strain. As ((-martensite content increased, free corrosion potential and pitting potential of stainless steel 304 in 3.5% NaCl solution appeared the change trend of a minimum. It was also found that pitting nucleated preferentially at the phase interfaces between martensite and austenite. There existed apparent difference between electrochemical properties of austenite and of martensite for stainless steel 304 and 316L in 3.5% NaCl solution.     

Preparation of high-performance ultrafine-grained AISI 304L stainless steel under high temperature and pressure

Bulk ultra-fine grained (UFG) AISI 304L stainless steel with excellent mechanical properties was prepared by a high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) method using nanocrystalline AISI 304L stainless steel powders obtained from ball milling. Samples were sintered in high-pressure conditions using the highest martensite content of AISI 304L stainless steel powders milled for 25 h. Analyses of phase composition and grain size were accomplished by X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement. By comparing the reverse martensite transformation under vacuum and HTHP treat, we consider that pressure can effectively promote the change in the process of transformation. Compared with the solid-solution-treated 304L, the hardness and yield strength of the samples sintered under HTHP are considerably higher. This method of preparation of UFG bulk stainless steel may be widely popularised and used to obtain UFG metallic materials with good comprehensive performance.     

Damage mechanism at different transpassive potentials of solution-annealed316 and 3161 stainless steels

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),anodic polarization and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to investigate the damage mechanism in the transpassive potential region of AISI 316 and AISI 316 L solution-annealed stainless steels(SS)with different degrees of sensitization.Depending on the DC potential applied during EIS tests,the AC responses in the transpassive region included three different regions:the first one associated with anodic dissolution of the passive layer,the second one contributed to the dissolution at the area near grain boundaries,and the last one attributed to pitting corrosion.In addition,the fitting results to experimental data showed that as the DC bias during the EIS test increases the charge transfer resistance(R_(ct)) decreases.Moreover,the R_(ct) values decreased as the sensitization temperature increases but the AISI 316 L SS samples exhibited a higher resistance to intergranular corrosion than 316 SS samples.     

Damage mechanism at different transpassive potentials of solution-annealed 316 and 316l stainless steels

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), anodic polarization and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to investigate the damage mechanism in the transpassive potential region of AISI 316 and AISI 316L solution-annealed stainless steels (SS) with different degrees of sensitization. Depending on the DC potential applied during EIS tests, the AC responses in the transpassive region included three different regions:the first one associated with anodic dissolution of the passive layer, the second one contributed to the disso-lution at the area near grain boundaries, and the last one attributed to pitting corrosion. In addition, the fitting results to experimental data showed that as the DC bias during the EIS test increases the charge transfer resistance (Rct) decreases. Moreover, the Rct values decreased as the sensitization temperature increases but the AISI 316L SS samples exhibited a higher resistance to intergranular corrosion than 316 SS samples.     

钡处理钢的微观组织和机械性能

在实验室和现场试验条件下分别采用Si-Ca和Si-Ca-Ba合金处理304 L不锈钢和70钢,在金相和扫描电镜观察与钢材机械性能测定后发现,钡在钢液中是一种强的表面活性元素,可以改变晶粒表面能,使不锈钢铸态组织明显细化,70钢中珠光体片层厚度减小,珠光体形貌呈团簇状趋势分布.残存在钢中的钡含量很小,含钡析出相多处于晶界和相界位置,提高了晶格错配程度,在热处理和变形过程中,阻碍晶界和位错的运动,可以起到强化晶界和钉扎位错的效果,从而提高钢材的机械性能.     

高强度马氏体钢显微组织对腐蚀行为影响的研究进展

The high strength martensite steels are widely used in aerospace, ocean engineering, etc., due to their high strength, good ductility and acceptable corrosion resistance. This paper provides a review for the influence of microstructure on corrosion behavior of high strength martensite steels. Pitting is the most common corrosion type of high strength stainless steels, which always occurs at weak area of passive film such as inclusions, carbide/intermetallic interfaces. Meanwhile, the chromium carbide precipitations in the martensitic lath/prior austenite boundaries always result in intergranular corrosion. The precipitation, dislocation and grain/lath boundary are also used as crack nucleation and hydrogen traps, leading to hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking for high strength martensite steels. Yet, the retained/reversed austenite has beneficial effects on the corrosion resistance and could reduce the sensitivity of stress corrosion cracking for high strength martensite steels. Finally, the corrosion mechanisms of additive manufacturing high strength steels and the ideas for designing new high strength martensite steel are explored.     

Effect of microstructure on corrosion behavior of high strength martensite steel——A literature review

The high strength martensite steels are widely used in aerospace, ocean engineering, etc., due to their high strength, good ductility and acceptable corrosion resistance. This paper provides a review for the influence of microstructure on corrosion behavior of high strength martensite steels. Pitting is the most common corrosion type of high strength stainless steels, which always occurs at weak area of passive film such as inclusions, carbide/intermetallic interfaces. Meanwhile, the chromium carbide precipitations in the martensitic lath/prior austenite boundaries always result in intergranular corrosion. The precipitation, dislocation and grain/lath boundary are also used as crack nucleation and hydrogen traps, leading to hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking for high strength martensite steels. Yet, the retained/reversed austenite has beneficial effects on the corrosion resistance and could reduce the sensitivity of stress corrosion cracking for high strength martensite steels. Finally, the corrosion mechanisms of additive manufacturing high strength steels and the ideas for designing new high strength martensite steel are explored.