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1.
At present, in order to protect the stability of permafrost beneath embankment, the crushed-rock embankment, as a new type of embankment structure, has widely been used in the construction of Qinghai- Tibet Railway. Its crushed-rock layer is almost open in tow bilateral boundaries and closed at top and bottom, and air can flow into/out of the ballast layer and crushed-rock layer. Therefore, the convection and transfer heat patterns are very complicated in the ballast layer and crushed-rock layer of the embankment, which are regarded as porous media. In this paper, based on the wind, temperature and geology conditions of Qinghai- Tibet Plateau, a numerical approach of the unsteady two-dimensional continuity, momentum (non-Darcy flow) and energy equations of heat convection for incompressible fluid in porous media is provide to analyse the velocity and temperature characteristics of the crushed-rock embankment with different embankment heights under open boundary condition for the coming 50 years. The calculated results indicate that, due to the influence of the external wind, the convective heat transfer mainly relies on the forced convection in the open crushed-rock emban kment. Even if the air temperature will be wanned up by 2.6℃ in the coming 50 years, it still has a better cooling effect on the underlying soils and a low temperature frozen-soil core is formed in the permafrost below it if the embankment is constructed in the regions whose present mean annual air temperature is - 4.0℃. Furthermore, the cooling effect of high crushed-rock embankment is better than that of low embankment. This results from the fact that the wider bottom of high emban kment has a more influence dimension on the underlying frozen soil. However, cardinal winds on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau disturb its convection pattern, so that an asymmetric temperature distribution occurs under high embankment and it is possible to induce a transverse uneven deformation of emban kment, but no similar situation occurs under low embankment. This asymmetric temperature field problem should be considered when crushed-rock emban kment is designed and constructed.  相似文献   

2.
Over one half of the permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is "warm" and approximately 40% ice-rich. Under global warming, the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway needs to consider climate changes over the next 50 - 100 years. Recent estimates indicate that the air temperature on the plateau will increase by 2.2- 2.6℃ by 2050. Thus, the key to the success of the railway construction lies in preventing the permafrost underlying roadbeds from thawing. It has been more than 100 years since the first railway was build over permafrost. A frost damage ratio of greater than 30 % has been reported for all the railroads built in permafrost regions. Based upon the experience and lessons leamed from roadway constructions over permafrost, this paper proposes a more proactive design approach for the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. This approach focuses on cooling down the roadbed by lowering the ground temperature and is different from the passive method of preventing permafrost from thawing by simply increasing thermal resistance (e. g., increasing embankment height and using insulating materials). This "roadbed cooling" design approach is especially relevant to "warm" and ice-rich permafrost areas. A number of measures can be taken to cool down the roadbed, including proper selection of roadbed material, and configurations to adjust solar radiation, heat convection, and heat conduction patterus in and/or around the roadbed.  相似文献   

3.
The stability of roadbed in permafrost areas has become a big concern with rapid development and construction of throughways, highways and railways in these areas under the current climate change since it is governed by the thermal condition, or in other words, the heat transfer process in the embankment. We carried out a finite element analysis to analyze the effects of different types of road surface and the effect of breadth of embankment on the embankment heat transfer process. The results indicated that the mean annual heat transfer rate at the bottom of the roadway embankment with asphalt surfaces is 3 times that with sandy gravel surfaces. This means annual heat transfer rate increased by 60% when the breadth of asphalt surface was doubled. The increased heat transfer rate was mainly located at the bottom of the embankment and resulted in the effect of thermal concentration,. leading to degradation of the permafrost by as much as 1.6 times. It was also found that increasing embankment height would not reduce these increases of the heat transfer rate. Therefore both asphalt road surface and increased embankment breadth can lead to an intensified heat transfer rate in roadway embankment, consequently degradating the underlying permafrost and embankment instability.  相似文献   

4.
The stability of roadbed in permafrost areas has become a big concern with rapid development and construction of throughways, highways and railways in these areas under the current climate change since it is governed by the thermal condition, or in other words, the heat transfer process in the embankment. We carried out a finite element analysis to analyze the effects of different types of road surface and the effect of breadth of embankment on the embankment heat transfer process. The results indicated that the mean annual heat transfer rate at the bottom of the roadway embankment with asphalt surfaces is 3 times that with sandy gravel surfaces. This means annual heat transfer rate increased by 60% when the breadth of asphalt surface was doubled. The increased heat transfer rate was mainly located at the bottom of the embankment and resulted in the effect of thermal concentration,. leading to degradation of the permafrost by as much as 1.6 times. It was also found that increasing embankment height would not reduce these increases of the heat transfer rate. Therefore both asphalt road surface and increased embankment breadth can lead to an intensified heat transfer rate in roadway embankment, consequently degradating the underlying permafrost and embankment instability.  相似文献   

5.
With water as working medium,a numerical study on liquid convection heat transfer accompanied by cavitating flow in a circular tube was conducted by combining mixture model and Schnerr–Sauer cavitation mode in the commercial code,Ansys Fluent.Cavitation is instigated by setting a restriction orifice in the circular tube.The simulation results show that cavitation occurs around the wall of the restriction orifice and disappears at the downstream regions.The comparison of local heat transfer coefficients under the same mass flow rate indicates that,heat transfer is significantly augmented at the downstream regions of the restriction orifice because of the occurrence of cavitation.The analysis on the characteristics of cavitating and noncavitating flows confirms that the occurrence of cavitation can increase the turbulence intensity under the same mass flow rate,which is the origin for heat transfer to be enhanced.Based on it,the effects of such factors as inlet pressure and ratio of orifice to pipe diameter on cavitation enhanced heat transfer were further investigated for the purpose of application.  相似文献   

6.
The three-dimensional reconstruction of porous media is of great significance to the research of mechanisms of fluid flow. The real three-dimensional structural data of porous media are helpful to describe the irregular topologic structures in porous media. The reconstruction of porous media will be inaccurate while only hard data or no conditional data are available. Reconstructed results can be more accurate, using soft data during reconstruction. Integrating soft data with hard data, a method based on multiple-point geostatistics (MPS) is proposed to reconstruct three-dimensional structures of porous media. The variogram curves and permeability, computed by lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), of the reconstructed images and the target image obtained from real volume data were compared, showing that the structural characteristics of reconstructed porous media using both soft data and hard data as conditional data are most similar to those of real volume data.  相似文献   

7.
The Impact of Climate Warming on Permafrost and Qinghai-Tibet Railway   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Global wanning is an inarguable fact. Permafrost is experiencing a change due to climate warming in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, such as the decreasing of permafrost table, the rising of permafrost temperature, etc. On the basis of analysing the permafrost change under the climate change and engineering action, the thermal regime and spatial distribution of permafrost are predicted for air temperature rising 1℃ and 2.6℃ after 50 years in this paper. The results show that climate change results in the larger change for the thermal regime and spatial distribution of permafrost. Permafrost change will produce the great effect on the Qinghai- Tibet Railway engineering, not only resulting in the decreasing of permafrost table beneath the roadbed, but also resulting in thawing settlement due to the thawing of ground ice near permafrost table. The idea of cooling roadbed and actively protecting permafrost for the Qinghai-Tibet Railway engineering could adjust and control the permafrost thermal state, some better methods are provided to ensure the engineering stability in the areas of warm permafrost and high ice content.  相似文献   

8.
The geometry of a heat generating volume cooled by forced convection is optimized by applying the entransy dissipation extremum principle and constructal theory, while the optimal spacing between the adjacent tubes and the optimal diameter of each tube are obtained based on entransy dissipation rate minimization. The results of this work show that the optimal constructs based on entransy dissipation rate minimization and maximum temperature difference minimization, respectively, are clearly different. For the former, the porosity of the volume of channels allocated to the heat generating volume is 1/2; while for the latter, the larger the porosity is, the better the performance will be. The optimal construct of the former greatly decreases the mean thermal resistance and improves the global heat transfer performance of the system compared with the optimal construct of the latter. This is identical to the essential requirement of the entransy dissipation extremum principle that the required heat transfer temperature difference is minimal with the same heat transfer rate (the given amount of heat generated in the heat generating volume) based on the entransy dissipation extremum principle.  相似文献   

9.
In order to further analyze and optimize convective heat transfer process further, the concepts of heat flux weighted average heat temperature and heat flux weighted average heat temperature difference in multi-dimensional heat transfer system were introduced in this paper. The ratio of temperature differ- ence to heat flux is defined as the generalized thermal resistance of convective heat transfer processes, and then the minimum thermal resistance theory for convective heat transfer optimization was devel- oped. By analyzing the relationship between generalized thermal resistance and entansy dissipation in convective heat transfer processes, it can be concluded that the minimum thermal resistance theory equals the entransy dissipation extremum theory. Finally, a two-dimensional convective heat transfer process with constant wall temperature is taken as an example to illustrate the applicability of generalized thermal resistance to convective heat transfer process analysis and optimization.  相似文献   

10.
The riprap air-cooled roadbed and common roadbed experimental project were designed and carried on in Qingshuihe test filed, an area of warm permafrost category with the fine frozen soil along Qinghai-Tibet Railway, to decide the temperature field of the roadbed after railway construction. Based on ground temperature variation of natural hole, left and fight shoulder' s hole, the maximum thawing depth, and the deformation in these two kinds of roadbed were analysed comparatively. It showed that the riprap air-cooled roadbed had better effect of lowering ground temperature, lifting the maximum frozen-thawing depth obviously and decreasing deformation than that of the common roadbed. Therefore, the riprap air-cooled roadbed was a positive frozen soil protection measure for it effectively decreased ground temperature and protected permafrost.  相似文献   

11.
以青藏铁路五道梁片石路基为研究实例,分析了片石层的工作原理,并与一般路基不同位置处的地温进行了比较,认为片石路基有利于保护冻土地温.在考虑空气对流作用的前提下,对五道梁片石路基进行了地温预测,结果表明,在预测前30年还能有效地保护冻土,而50年后其人为上限出现下凹形态.  相似文献   

12.
Recent researches indicate that the global climate really shows a warming trend[1―5]. The Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts a 1.4℃―5.8℃ rise in the global surface temperature between 1990 and 2100 using the climate change forecast model[5]. During the same times, the climate in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau will also bring about relevant changes. Recent predictions show that the air temperature of the Qinghai- Tibet Plateau will be a rise of 2.2℃―2.6℃ by 2050. Th…  相似文献   

13.
冻土作为四相土体,其物理性质较为复杂,而且对于温度具有很高的敏感性,周期性的温度变化会使冻土路基发生冻胀融沉等病害。因此,在冻土地区修建铁路、公路一直是世界性的难题。在青藏铁路工程中,为了防止多年冻土的融化,维持多年冻土的稳定,热棒路基被广泛采用。众所周知,热棒只能在寒季工作,而暖季不工作。基于热棒的工作原理,再结合半导体制冷的原理,在暖季对热棒的冷凝段加入人工制冷装置,使其温度低于蒸发段的温度,从而驱使热棒工作,达到降低地温的目的。在风火山进行的试验表明,半导体新型热棒能够明显降低活动层的温度,有望在今后冻土区的铁路、公路工程建设中发挥良好的效果。  相似文献   

14.
青藏铁路路基的热稳定性受到气温升高的影响.站场路堤比普通路堤宽度大,受气温升高影响更大.以清水河站场试验点为工程背景,对站场和普通路基3个冻融周期的现场测试温度进行分析比较.参照前人对气温预测计算公式,作为青藏铁路站场路基进行热分析的边界条件,运用数值计算方法近似求解计算站场路基20 a后的热状况,同时与普通宽度的路基作比较.结果表明,站场路堤的多年冻土的人为上限比普通路堤高,最大融深比普通路堤大,说明路基的宽度是加速冻土破坏的一个重要影响因素.  相似文献   

15.
运营期青藏铁路冻土区路基工程最值得关注的变化是不同部位裂缝的发生和发展以及对线路安全运行的影响.通过对不同时期青藏铁路多年冻土区路基工程裂缝发生发展影响因素的分析,认为冻土区路基工程基底地温场的不对称以及基底土体冻融过程不同步是路基工程变形裂缝发生的主要原因,路基坡脚和周围冻土水热环境变化是裂缝发展的拉动力,路基填料性质也是不容忽略的因素;根据运营期间冻土路基热状态和工程状态分析,对运营期青藏铁路冻土路基工程状态进行了初步评价,并提出了减少或消除地温场的不对称及保护路基坡脚冻土环境,从而抑制冻土路基裂缝的工程对策.  相似文献   

16.
1Preface TheStatekeyproject Ge’ermu LhasaSection ofQinghai TibetRailwayhasadistanceof550km runningoncontinuouspermafrostregions.Within thispart,permafrosthasthemostsignificant impactonthestabilityoftheroadbed.Thedouble effectsofglobalwarmingandtheconstructionof therailwaywillmakethepermafrostdegrade,causingthedesigningandconstructionofthe roadbedextremelydifficult[1].Thenaturalthermal regimesofpermafrostandgroundiceareimportant factorsthatwillaffectthestabilityofroadbed.Theselectionofroad…  相似文献   

17.
 基于过渡段相变三维传热分析模型,对未来30 年路桥过渡段温度场进行分析与预测,研究了过渡段阴阳坡时空效应对路桥过渡段长期热稳定性的影响。计算结果表明:随着路桥过渡段运营时间的增长,各纵断面最大融化深度部位逐渐由过渡段转移到台背后路基,各横断面最大融深及最大融化速率位置均由阳坡坡脚转移到路基中心与阳坡路肩之间,相同运营时间,沿台背方向阴坡坡脚冻土上限变化并不明显;随着运营时间的增长,各横断面阳坡坡脚融化速率均大于天然冻土地基融化速率;各横断面除阳坡坡脚的其余部位在运营25 年以前,人为上限退化率基本小于天然冻土上限,运营25 年后,人为上限退化率逐渐大于天然冻土上限。  相似文献   

18.
IntroductionFluid flow and convection heat transfer in porousmedia have received much attention for the pastfive decades due to many important applicationssuch as geothermal energy extraction,catalytic andchemical particle beds,petroleum processing,transp…  相似文献   

19.
基于大变形融化固结理论建立了多路基结构相互作用融化沉降数值模拟平台,并研究了公路和铁路路基不同相邻间距条件下的融化沉降规律.通过分析计算结果表明,过近的路基相邻间距会加速下覆冻土层的融化.随着相邻间距的增加,两种路基间热学场的影响将逐渐减弱.对于相邻间距较近的情况,路基变形场相对于路基中心的不对称性随时间持续增大.随着路基相邻间距的增大,变形场的不对称性发展逐渐减弱.根据本文的计算算例,当两种路基间距大于20m时,不同路基间的热学和力学场之间将不会产生显著的相互叠加影响.因此,建议在多年冻土区构筑物密集修建地区,构筑物间的安全修筑距离应大于20m.  相似文献   

20.
非饱和含湿多孔介质传热传质的渗流模型研究   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
综述了非饱和含湿多孔介质传热传质模型研究的发展。从多相渗流和扩散迁移机制出发建立以温度、压力和饱和度为基本变量的实用化三参数模型。该模型由一组描述水-汽质量守恒、空气质量守恒和能量守恒的非线性偏微分方程组成。利用该模型对埋管的热过程、砂土物性测量、毛细滞后现象、回湿过程、突发高温作用下多孔介质内部的传热传质过程和冻融过程进行了研究。为了模型的进一步应用,仍需对束缚水饱和度以下毛细压力与饱和度的关系、导热系数的影响因素及其获取方法、非饱和多孔介质传热传质的边界效应和滞后效应的物理机理等方面深入研究。非饱和多孔介质中溶质的运移更是一个饶有意义的研究课题。  相似文献   

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