远红外亮类星体的研究进展

远红外亮类星体是极亮红外星系中具有I型活动星系核光谱特征的天体,光学光谱研究表明它们在光学波段的辐射主要由中心活动星系核主导,其中心超大质量黑洞的质量为107~108M☉,且有超爱丁顿吸积率.与光学选类星体相比,远红外亮类星体在远红外波段存在明显的辐射超出,这可能是由其核区周围~1 kpc尺度内的星暴活动(恒星形成率约为几百M☉yr-1)加热尘埃造成.对分子气体进行观测发现远红外亮类星体的宿主星系中存在约109~1010M☉的分子气体,这些分子气体可以为黑洞和核球的增长提供"原料".几乎所有远红外亮类星体都处于富气星系并合的晚期,是极亮红外星系向光学选类星体演化的过渡天体.     

高红移星系的结构与形态研究

本文主要介绍近年来利用哈勃空间望远镜第三代宽场相机的近红外成像对高红移星系结构形态的研究.对红移1-3区间内宁静星系的研究发现其结构较近邻等质量宁静星系更致密,且有很显著的随红移演化趋势.最近的观测证据建议高红移致密宁静星系可能遵循从内而外的演化图像,干子并合可能在其演化过程中扮演了很重要的角色.在红移z1,正常恒星形成星系的结构演化符合等级成团模型的预言.高红移星暴星系,包括极亮红外星系、尘埃遮蔽星系和亚毫米星系等,多数显示了并合的形态特征,表明主并合可能是触发高红移星暴星系中剧烈星爆活动的主要机制.对高红移活动星系核宿主星系结构形态的研究显示了不同的结果:中低光度X射线选活动星系核宿主星系与比较样本中的正常星系相比并不具有显著更高的并合比例;而高光度类星体宿主星系却具有很高的并合比例.该结果表明主并合可能只在高光度活动星系核的核活动触发过程中扮演主要角色.诸多观测事实表明星暴星系、致密恒星形成星系、类星体和致密宁静星系可能处于同一演化序列之上,是高红移大质量星系演化过程中的不同阶段.     

活动星系核中黑洞质量与宇宙学红移的研究

收集了209个活动星系核（46个平谱射电类星体,78个BLLac天体,85个射电星系）样本,估算出爱丁顿吸积率,讨论了黑洞质量、热光度、红移量和爱丁顿吸积率之间的关系,得出了以下结论：（1）活动星系核的一个演化序列为：平谱射电类星体（FsRQ）——BL Lac天体——射电星系（RG）的演化;（2）三类星体的中心黑洞质量、红移量和热光度有较大差异：皆为FSRQ〉BLLac〉RG;（3）吸积率与热光度之间的相关性很强,吸积率的变化将导致热光度的变化。     

类星体的特征及其红移

介绍了类星体的发现及主要特征；讨论了类星体的红移，并对类星体无定论的性质以及它与活动星系核的关系作了探讨．     

活动星系核

正从1940年代开始,天文学家发现某些星系的核区具有完全不同于星系其他区域的光谱,呈现出非恒星特性。这表明核区辐射不再是由恒星产能主导,从此拉开活动星系核(以下简称AGN)研究的序幕。1963年发现的以大红移和高辐射光度为特征的类星体将AGN研究推到天文和物理学的前沿,直到今日AGN又与星系形成和演化、大质量双黑洞低频引力波辐射探测密切结合在一     

活动星系核的演化与吸积率

红移,中心黑洞质量和吸积率是类星体演化的重要参数,通过三种方法计算了405个类星体和Seyfert星系样本的中心黑洞质量,并分析了中心黑洞质量和吸积率的分布,进而验证了：1.类星体-Seyfert星系的演化序列;2.平谱射电类星体（FSRQ）-BL Lac天体-射电星系（RG）的演化序列。     

原初典型星系的形成、演化及大尺度天体层次结构和演化的基本规律

本文应用相对论性牛顿万有引力定律和非黎曼几何的传统力学分析方法,对当代天体物理中大尺度天体一系列根本性问题,作了较系统全面的探索研究：（1）导出了原初典型星系的起源、形成和生死循环演化的基本规律．揭示了类星体、活动星系核现象和类星体反常红移未解之迷．证明了星系核中均都存在一超级不稳定黑洞．（2）导出了大尺度层次天体的基本特征和层次攀升演化的一系列基本规律．并对此系列唯象规律,作了相对论力学分析的理论证明．导出了星系分布中存在的”星系长城”、“星系空洞”和”星系分布红移周期性”等可观测天文现象．由此证明了总星系中质元星系非均匀和各向异性的分布规律．（3）导出了由排斥起主导作用形成的第二类引力黑洞：双饱和稳定临界黑洞（总星系M’S4）．揭示了星系红移和类星体特大红移之迷．（4）证明了相对论性牛顿万有引力是一种力程λG=R＇54的远程饱和有程力．（5）定量导出了总星系中潜藏的“场暗质星”和发不出光的“非场暗质量”,证明了“场暗质量”高度均匀和各向同性的分布规律．（6）导出了宇宙的“双饱和稳定临界黑洞理想气体分子结构模型”,导出了质量无限,尺度无边、没有中心、没有始终、永恒运动的无限宇宙．     

VV星表中赛弗特星系的双色图及模型暗示

双色图是一种研究恒星和活动星系核演化的有效工具。文章比较了四种赛弗特星系子类(1型赛弗特星系,1.5型赛弗特星系,2型赛弗特星系和3型赛弗特星系或低电离核星系)大双色图中的分布情况。结果发现四种赛弗特星系子类在双色图中具有显著不同的分布,特别地1型赛弗特星系比2型赛弗特星系要蓝。最后提出了赛弗特星系可能的一种演化序列:从1型赛弗特星系演化到2型赛弗特星系,最后演化为3型赛弗特星系或低电离核星系。     

活动星系核能谱演化的研究

活动星系核的高能辐射占了它们总辐射的相当大的比例。搜集了活动星系核的样本98个,通过分析谱指数、红移、流量密度来探讨活动星系核能谱演化。     

云南师范大学“天体物理”学科简介

主要研究方向 应用引力理论、广义相对论、流体力学、吸积喷流理论研究致密天体和活动星系核的物理特征，探索星系的形成和演化。     

A close nuclear black-hole pair in the spiral galaxy NGC 3393

The current picture of galaxy evolution advocates co-evolution of galaxies and their nuclear massive black holes, through accretion and galactic merging. Pairs of quasars, each with a massive black hole at the centre of its galaxy, have separations of 6,000 to 300,000 light years (refs 2 and 3; 1 parsec = 3.26 light years) and exemplify the first stages of this gravitational interaction. The final stages of the black-hole merging process, through binary black holes and final collapse into a single black hole with gravitational wave emission, are consistent with the sub-light-year separation inferred from the optical spectra and light-variability of two such quasars. The double active nuclei of a few nearby galaxies with disrupted morphology and intense star formation (such as NGC 6240 with a separation of about 2,600 light years and Mrk 463 with a separation of about 13,000 light years between the nuclei) demonstrate the importance of major mergers of equal-mass spiral galaxies in this evolution; such mergers lead to an elliptical galaxy, as in the case of the double-radio-nucleus elliptical galaxy 0402+379 (with a separation of about 24 light years between the nuclei). Minor mergers of a spiral galaxy with a smaller companion should be a more common occurrence, evolving into spiral galaxies with active massive black-hole pairs, but have hitherto not been seen. Here we report the presence of two active massive black holes, separated by about 490 light years, in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 3393 (50 Mpc, about 160 million light years). The regular spiral morphology and predominantly old circum-nuclear stellar population of this galaxy, and the closeness of the black holes embedded in the bulge, provide a hitherto missing observational point to the study of galaxy/black hole evolution. Comparison of our observations with current theoretical models of mergers suggests that they are the result of minor merger evolution.     

20个旋涡星系的测量

应用新的方法重新计算了PGC00281等20个非侧向漩涡星系的等值厚度,禁区半径,切向角,倾角等物理参数.这些参数是在对图像进行了对数螺旋拟合的基础上计算获得的.并与传统的方法做了比较,分析了测量结果.本文应用Peng提出的厚度公式计算得出了星系盘的等值厚度.希望这些物理参数对以后的星系研究有一定的帮助.     

An almost head-on collision as the origin of two off-centre rings in the Andromeda galaxy

The unusual morphology of the Andromeda galaxy (Messier 31, the closest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way) has long been an enigma. Although regarded for decades as showing little evidence of a violent history, M31 has a well-known outer ring of star formation at a radius of ten kiloparsecs whose centre is offset from the galaxy nucleus. In addition, the outer galaxy disk is warped, as seen at both optical and radio wavelengths. The halo contains numerous loops and ripples. Here we report the presence of a second, inner dust ring with projected dimensions of 1.5 x 1 kiloparsecs and offset by about half a kiloparsec from the centre of the galaxy (based upon an analysis of previously-obtained data). The two rings appear to be density waves propagating in the disk. Numerical simulations indicate that both rings result from a companion galaxy plunging through the centre of the disk of M31. The most likely interloper is M32. Head-on collisions between galaxies are rare, but it appears nonetheless that one took place 210 million years ago in our Local Group of galaxies.     

High velocity dispersion in a rare grand-design spiral galaxy at redshift z = 2.18

Although grand-design spiral galaxies are relatively common in the local Universe, only one has been spectroscopically confirmed to lie at redshift z?>?2 (HDFX 28; z = 2.011); and it may prove to be a major merger that simply resembles a spiral in projection. The rarity of spirals has been explained as a result of disks being dynamically 'hot' at z?>?2 (refs 2-5), which may instead favour the formation of commonly observed clumpy structures. Alternatively, current instrumentation may simply not be sensitive enough to detect spiral structures comparable to those in the modern Universe. At z?相似文献   

Formation of molecular gas in the tidal debris of violent galaxy-galaxy interactions

In many gravitational interactions between galaxies, gas and stars that have been torn from the precursor galaxies can collect in tidal 'tails'. Star formation begins anew in some of these regions, producing tidal dwarf galaxies. Observations of these new galaxies provides insight into processes relevant to galaxy formation more generally, because the timescale of the interaction is well defined. But tracking the star formation process has hitherto been difficult because the tidal dwarf galaxies with young stars showed no evidence of the molecular gas out of which those young stars formed. Here we report the discovery of molecular hydrogen (traced by carbon monoxide emission) in two tidal dwarf galaxies. In both cases, the concentration of molecular gas peaks at the same location as the maximum in atomic-hydrogen density, unlike the situation in most gas-rich galaxies. We infer from this that the molecular gas formed from the atomic hydrogen, rather than being torn in molecular form from the interacting galaxies. Star formation in the tidal dwarf galaxies therefore appears to mimic the process in normal spiral galaxies like our own.     

The formation and assembly of a typical star-forming galaxy at redshift z approximately 3

Recent studies of galaxies approximately 2-3 Gyr after the Big Bang have revealed large, rotating disks, similar to those of galaxies today. The existence of well-ordered rotation in galaxies during this peak epoch of cosmic star formation indicates that gas accretion is likely to be the dominant mode by which galaxies grow, because major mergers of galaxies would completely disrupt the observed velocity fields. But poor spatial resolution and sensitivity have hampered this interpretation; such studies have been limited to the largest and most luminous galaxies, which may have fundamentally different modes of assembly from those of more typical galaxies (which are thought to grow into the spheroidal components at the centres of galaxies similar to the Milky Way). Here we report observations of a typical star-forming galaxy at z = 3.07, with a linear resolution of approximately 100 parsecs. We find a well-ordered compact source in which molecular gas is being converted efficiently into stars, likely to be assembling a spheroidal bulge similar to those seen in spiral galaxies at the present day. The presence of undisrupted rotation may indicate that galaxies such as the Milky Way gain much of their mass by accretion rather than major mergers.     

A class of compact dwarf galaxies from disruptive processes in galaxy clusters

Dwarf galaxies have attracted increased attention in recent years, because of their susceptibility to galaxy transformation processes within rich galaxy clusters. Direct evidence for these processes, however, has been difficult to obtain, with a small number of diffuse light trails and intra-cluster stars being the only signs of galaxy disruption. Furthermore, our current knowledge of dwarf galaxy populations may be very incomplete, because traditional galaxy surveys are insensitive to extremely diffuse or compact galaxies. Aware of these concerns, we recently undertook an all-object survey of the Fornax galaxy cluster. This revealed a new population of compact members, overlooked in previous conventional surveys. Here we demonstrate that these 'ultra-compact' dwarf galaxies are structurally and dynamically distinct from both globular star clusters and known types of dwarf galaxy, and thus represent a new class of dwarf galaxy. Our data are consistent with the interpretation that these are the remnant nuclei of disrupted dwarf galaxies, making them an easily observed tracer of galaxy disruption.     

Molecular hydrogen beyond the optical edge of an isolated spiral galaxy

Knowledge about the outermost portions of galaxies is limited owing to the small amount of light coming from them. It is known that in many cases atomic hydrogen (H I) extends well beyond the optical radius. In the centres of galaxies, however, molecular hydrogen (H2) usually dominates by a large factor, raising the question of whether H2 is also abundant in the outer regions. Here we report the detection of emission from carbon monoxide (CO), the most abundant tracer of H2, beyond the optical radius of the nearby galaxy NGC 4414. The host molecular clouds probably formed in the regions of relatively high H i column density and in the absence of spiral density waves. The relative strength of the lines from the two lowest rotational levels indicates that both the temperature and density of the H2 are quite low compared to conditions closer to the centre. The inferred surface density of the molecular material continues the monotonic decrease from the inner regions. We conclude that although molecular clouds can form in the outer region of this galaxy, there is little mass associated with them.     

A2142星系团子结构中的星系演化

系统整理了星系团A2142的光谱和测光数据．利用花树算法得到的子结构,将星系团视场中的星系分为非子结构、子结构和外围星系3类．通过研究它们的分布、产星活动、D_n4000等物理信息,发现了A2142星系团中的星系存在明显的径向演化趋势．星系从星系团外围落入团中心的过程中,其演化不仅受到星系团内介质的影响,还受到子结构自身的调制．