CO2环境介质下16Mn钢的高温高压腐蚀性能

利用高温高压釜,通过失重法、SEM、XRD以及电子探针微观结构分析等方法,对16Mn钢在3种不同高温条件下以及1 MPa分压的饱和CO2环境介质中的腐蚀性能进行研究.结果表明,在60、90、120℃下,16Mn钢发生严重的CO2腐蚀,表现出高的腐蚀速率,且伴有不同程度的点蚀、条状腐蚀特征.随着温度的升高,腐蚀速率呈下降再上升的趋势,90℃时最小,各温度下表面都生成了Fe3C为主的腐蚀产物膜。研究发现,Cl-为点蚀的"激发剂",并且在点蚀坑内富集,导致局部Cl-浓度差不同,形成电偶腐蚀,促进点蚀发生;腐蚀过程显示CO2腐蚀的局部腐蚀特征是各种因素相互作用的结果.     

管线钢在含硫化氢及高压二氧化碳饱和的NACE溶液中的腐蚀行为

利用高压釜研究了X60和X70钢在饱和H2S及CO2分压为2MPa的NACE溶液中高温高压腐蚀环境下的腐蚀行为．研究结果表明：1)在所研究的温度范围内,两种钢均表现出较高的腐蚀速率,且伴有不同程度的点蚀或蚀坑群,其中CO2引发点蚀,H2S会加速阴极和阳极的反应速率,造成严重点蚀．2)随着温度的升高,武钢X60的腐蚀速率呈上升→下降→上升的趋势,宝钢X70的腐蚀速率呈下降→上升→下降的趋势．3)两种钢的表面腐蚀产物膜结构主要为铁的硫化物．4)Cl^-为点蚀的“激发剂”,并且在点蚀坑内富集,导致局部Cl^-浓度差不同,形成电偶腐蚀,促进点蚀发生．     

SRB对AZ91镁合金在含氯离子溶液中腐蚀的影响

通过引入硫酸盐还原菌(SRB) 来改善AZ91镁合金在含氯离子溶液中的腐蚀情况.发现:镁合金在无菌和含菌介质中的腐蚀均为点蚀;当Cl-含量低于1.5 g/L时,含菌和无菌试样表面仅出现微小的点蚀坑,两种试样的腐蚀速度相差不大,说明在低Cl-含量的溶液中,SRB对镁合金腐蚀的影响作用不大;当Cl-含量高于1.5 g/L时,两种试样表面的点蚀坑扩展,腐蚀速度随着Cl-浓度的增加而增大,且含菌试样的腐蚀速度要明显低于无菌试样,腐蚀电流密度和腐蚀电位随着Cl-浓度的增加而分别增大和降低,说明在高Cl-含量的溶液中,SRB生物膜的存在显著地降低了镁合金对Cl-的腐蚀敏感性.     

X70钢在高温高压二氧化碳酸性溶液中的腐蚀行为

利用高温高压釜,通过失重法、SEM、XRD以及电子探针微观结构分析等方法,研究X70钢在3种不同高温条件下及2 MPa分压的饱和CO2环境介质中的腐蚀行为.结果表明,在所研究的温度范围内,X70钢在CO2环境介质中表现出高的腐蚀速率;随着温度的升高,腐蚀速率呈上升再下降的趋势,120℃时为最大值;表面腐蚀产物膜的主要成分为Fe3C和FeCO3;CO2腐蚀的作用形成了钢表面点蚀、条状腐蚀特征,EPMA分析显示碳元素也呈条状分布;试样中沿轧制方向的两相对平行侧面的点蚀特征明显,而垂直于轧制方向的两相对平行侧面点蚀极少;CO2腐蚀是各种因素相互作用的结果.     

SO_4~(2-)对X100管线钢在盐渍性溶液中点蚀行为的影响

通过电化学测试技术研究X100管线钢在不同质量分数SO_4~(2-)的盐渍性土壤模拟溶液中的点蚀行为,并利用扫描振动电极技术(SVET)分析其腐蚀机制,建立腐蚀模型。结果表明:试样在不同质量分数SO_4~(2-)的土壤模拟溶液中均表现为典型的活性溶解;随着SO_4~(2-)质量分数增加,极化电阻显著增加,自腐蚀电流密度降低,说明X100管线钢发生点蚀的倾向性减小,SO_4~(2-)在库尔勒土壤中属于抑制性腐蚀阴离子。其腐蚀机制主要是SO_4~(2-)与Cl-通过竞相吸附作用优先吸附在蚀坑表面,抑制Cl-对X100管线钢的腐蚀,同时生成的Fe S腐蚀产物膜覆盖在腐蚀孔表面,降低了腐蚀速率。     

X65钢在CO2/H2S介质中的高温高压腐蚀行为

利用高温高压釜,通过失重法、SEM、XRD以及电子探针进行微观结构分析,对90、120、150℃时X65钢在模拟油气田CO2/H2S环境中的腐蚀行为进行研究.结果表明:在实验条件下,X65钢发生严重的CO2/H2S腐蚀.随着温度的升高,腐蚀速率呈上升再下降的趋势(120℃时为最大值).表面都生成了FeCO3为主的腐蚀产物膜;CO2/H2S腐蚀的协同作用形成了钢表面独特的点蚀和台地腐蚀特征.CO2/H2S腐蚀是各种因素相互作用的结果.     

20CrMnTi齿轮钢的点蚀敏感性及裂纹萌生风险

利用弱腐蚀倾向的溶液环境,控制20CrMnTi钢产生有限的亚稳态蚀点分布.运用电化学噪声法,研究了20CrMnTi钢亚稳态蚀点的萌生规律,结合ANSYS有限元计算,导入真实腐蚀形貌,对比研究了不同腐蚀条件下蚀孔周边的应力分布与裂纹萌生风险.结果表明,20CrMnTi具有较高的点蚀敏感性,其亚稳态蚀点集中在杂质相边缘优先形核,随Cl-浓度的升高,点蚀孕育期明显缩短,点蚀敏感性增大.不同Cl-浓度下引起的形核速率上升会缩短蚀点间距,表面微裂纹易连接蚀点而发生扩展,增大裂纹萌生风险.     

马惠线储罐沉积水中常用管线钢的腐蚀性对比

【目的】通过腐蚀评价进行合理选材,预防新建长输原油管道内腐蚀。【方法】通过腐蚀失重实验,研究X42、X52、X60、X65和X70共5种常用管线钢在马惠线储罐沉积水中的腐蚀行为,并结合SEM和XPS表面分析技术分析其腐蚀产物特性。【结果】随着温度的升高,5种管线钢腐蚀速率先升高后降低,在48℃时腐蚀速率最高。随着流速的增加,腐蚀速率先升高后降低,在流速为0.18m/s时腐蚀速率最大。在静态下,不同钢级管线钢腐蚀速率差别不大,钢级较高的管材点蚀倾向性较高;而在流动的腐蚀环境中,钢级较高的管材耐蚀性相对较高。【结论】综合考虑管线钢的耐腐蚀、耐冲蚀和耐点蚀性能,在马惠线内腐蚀环境中建议选用X60和X65钢。     

温度对X70管线钢在含氧溶液中应力腐蚀的影响

通过扫描电镜观察X70管线钢表面铁素体微观形貌,采用能谱仪分析其化学元素质量分数。在常温及60℃时,采用慢应变速率法(SSRT),分别在空气和氧质量分数为1.0×10-4的NACE(Na C1与CH3COOH质量分数分别为5%和0.5%)溶液中进行X70管线钢应力腐蚀试验,对试样断口形貌进行分析,并研究温度对X70管线钢在氧质量分数为1.0×10-4溶液中应力腐蚀开裂(SSCC)敏感性的影响。研究结果表明:常温下X70管线钢应力腐蚀敏感性不明显,当温度升至60℃时应力腐蚀敏感性增加,有应力腐蚀倾向;氧元素对试样应力腐蚀性能有一定的促进作用,60℃时NACE溶液中Cl-与O2运动加剧,是应力腐蚀敏感性增强的重要因素。     

SO42-对X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位极化和交流阻抗技术研究在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中SO42-质量分数对X80管线钢腐蚀行为的影响,并利用金相显微镜观察不同SO42-质量分数下的腐蚀形貌.结果表明:X80管线钢在SO42-不同质量分数的库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中,其极化曲线呈现典型的活化溶解特征;随着SO42-质量分数的增加,X80钢的腐蚀速率呈现先增大、后减小的趋势;当SO42-质量分数为5％时,极化电阻Rp出现临界值,此时X80管线钢的腐蚀最严重;当SO42-质量分数为10％时,金属腐蚀反应严重受阻,其表面腐蚀现象不明显,只有几个小的腐蚀坑存在;溶液中的Cl-吸附在X80钢表面会导致金属发生腐蚀自催化过程;而SO42-优先于Cl-吸附在金属表面上,能够抑制Cl-对X80管线钢的腐蚀行为.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.     

Tracking data management using topology of moving object database system for moving object constrained trajectory in LBS application

Advances in wireless technologies and positioning technologies and spread of wireless devices, an interest in LBS (Location Based Service) is arising. To provide location based service, tracking data should have been stored in moving object database management system (called MODBMS) with proper policies and managed efficiently. So the methods which acquire the location information at regular time intervals then, store and manage have been studied. In this paper, we suggest tracking data management techniques using topology that is corresponding to the moving path of moving object. In our techniques, we update the MODBMS when moving object arrived at a street intersection or a curved road which is represented as the node in topology and predict the location at past and future with attribute of topology and linear function. In this technique, location data that are corresponding to the node in topology are stored, thus reduce the number of update and amount of data. Also in case predicting the location,because topology are used as well as existing location information, accuracy for prediction is increased than applying linear function or spline function.