干气密封气膜流场数值分析

基于计算流体动力学(CFD)中的动压效应基本理论,建立了T型槽干气密封气膜流场控制微分方程,采用CFD软件包Fluent工具对气膜压力场进行求解,得到了计算区域径向压力的分布,由此得出T型槽干气密封能产生较好的流体动压效应的结论,并就部分槽型几何参数对密封性能中的无量纲开启力和气膜刚度的影响进行分析,得到了部分参数的最佳值.     

气体热黏效应对干气密封性能影响的数值分析

基于气体多变过程理论和气体润滑理论,通过对雷诺方程的多变指数进行修正,建立了分析螺旋槽干气密封热黏效应的数学模型.采用有限元法对黏度对于干气密封性能的影响进行数值分析.结果表明：多变指数和黏度越大、压力和温度越高,则干气密封的端面气膜承载能力越强;在高速或中、高压工况下,需考虑气体热黏效应对干气密封性能的影响;当端面平均气膜厚度大于2 μm时,气体热黏效应对干气密封性能参数与气膜厚度关系的影响可以忽略不计.
     

螺旋槽结构参数对机械密封性能的影响分析

本文以螺旋槽端面流体动压机械密封为研究对象,采用CFD模型,对螺旋槽机械密封进行了数值建模和密封性能分析。在不考虑温度变化的情况下,通过改变所给边界条件中的结构参数,对比分析了不同参数对螺旋槽机械密封性能的影响,得到了槽数、螺旋角、槽深、槽坝比和槽区堰区宽度比随开启力、最大总压力及泄漏量的变化规律。     

具有周向贯通槽的螺旋槽干气密封的数值模拟

为研究具有周向贯通槽的螺旋槽干气密封的工作机理,运用Fluent软件对螺旋槽干气密封模型上加开周向贯通槽的端面流场进行了数值模拟分析,同时对比分析了运动参数对单开螺旋槽和加开周向贯通槽两者的影响。结果表明:加开周向贯通槽的螺旋槽干气密封具有更小的泄漏量,较大的开启力,端面压力周向分布均匀,对动、静环端面稳定地非接触运行起到重要的作用,保证了密封工作的稳定性。经数值模拟分析,周向贯通槽槽形几何参数最佳取值范围槽宽为2.0～3.0μm,深度为2.0～4.0μm。     

基于转子-轴承-干气密封系统静环振动分析

以转子-轴承-干气密封系统为研究对象,综合考虑轴承油膜力及外界瞬时激振力对干气密封系统稳定性的影响,建立转子-轴承-干气密封系统轴向振动模型,并利用近似解析法求解微尺度下的非线性雷诺方程,同时耦合振动方程推导得出气膜轴向刚度及轴向阻尼的表达式并编程计算.通过分析不同螺旋槽数响应下时间历程图和相轨图,探寻系统轴向振动特性最优螺旋槽数范围,对比分析干气密封静环-气膜系统和转子-轴承-干气密封系统在实际工况下干气密封槽型参数的稳定范围,为干气密封非线性稳定性研究及设计提供理论指导.     

螺旋槽干气密封运行特性的预测模型及试验研究

针对螺旋槽干气密封在运行中气动特性参数的快速定量预测问题,以实际密封产品为研究对象,通过对典型数值模拟结果实施函数相关性的二次拟合分析,建立了以工况参数(入口压力、转速)和气膜厚度为变量的气动特性参数预测模型.采用预测模型对试验多工况下的特性参数进行了计算,并采用"窄槽理论"实施了相同条件下的理论简化求解,对特性参数的简化理论和预测两种结果与试验测量值进行了对比分析.结果表明:两种方法的计算值与试验结果保持了良好的分布趋势,但预测模型求解值与试验测量值符合更好,计算准确性明显提高,从而验证并确定了预测模型的可靠性.     

基于半解析法的极端工况干气密封动态特性研究与参数设计

采用Miller与Green提出的半解析方法,对极端工况下螺旋槽干气密封的动态特性进行了研究。首先运用有限元方法数值求解可压缩气体Reynolds方程,通过计算气膜对膜厚阶跃变化的响应,建立了干气密封中气膜的动刚度模型。在频域内将该模型应用于密封环的动力学分析,通过数学变换得到密封环在时域内的运动,从而建立了干气密封动态响应的解析式分析方法。利用该方法分析了干气密封对轴向、角向位移扰动的响应,并研究了密封端面几何参数对动态特性的影响规律。通过参数设计,可以得出端面参数的合理取值范围,从而改善密封动态性能。     

改良T型槽干气密封多参数CFD数值分析

借助高性能工作站计算机,在改良槽型确定的基础上,对T型槽干气密封多参数进行系统性仿真分析,类比分析100余组实验结果。在相关参数固定情况下,得出各个参数对密封开启力及泄漏量的影响规律;然后,采用相对变化率累加计量方式得出几何参数、操作参数对密封性能的影响权重及其与密封性能参数的相互关系;最后,通过将仿真结果导入Matlab中,得到密封间隙内流场三维动压和静压。研究结果表明:所得到的密封间隙内流场三维动压和静压实现了密封压力分布直观三维显示,动、静压力对外压和转速的良好响应揭示了干气密封对高压高速工况具有良好的适应性。     

螺旋槽干气密封润滑气膜阻尼系数的计算及分析

螺旋槽干气密封操作的稳定性和可靠性与其槽型参数息息相关,为优化槽型参数建立气膜轴向和角向阻尼系数的计算模型,利用Maple程序求解阻尼系数的近似表达武,通过动态稳定性分析,获得不同介质压力和转速下的槽型参数.分析结果表明:随着介质压力和转速的增大,气膜阻尼系数增大,得到稳定性最佳的螺旋角数值,且与实验数据基本一致,说明...     

基于流线的拟合曲线槽干气密封流场的数值模拟及分析

推导两光滑平板间干气密封微尺度流动场的非线性雷诺方程,应用PH线性化方法、迭代法对非线性雷诺方程近似求解,得到气膜压力的近似解析式,利用极坐标下的流线方程,通过Maple程序求解压力方程和流线方程得到符合条件的拟合曲线.建立拟合曲线槽干气密封的三维立体模型,运用Fluent软件对拟合曲线槽干气密封在气膜厚度为3～5μm时3种工况下的压力和泄漏量进行数值模拟和分析,并与螺旋槽进行比较.研究结果表明:在低压低速下,拟合曲线槽和螺旋槽的动压效果都不明显,且泄漏量相差不大;在中压中速下,气膜厚度δ=3μm、δ=4μm时拟合曲线槽的动压效果比螺旋槽好,但两种槽的泄漏量相差不大;在高压高速下,气膜厚度δ=3μm时拟合曲线槽的动压效果比螺旋槽好,并且泄漏量比螺旋槽小.     

Influence of hot-rolling on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a near β-type Ti-5.2Mo-4.8Al-2.5Zr-1.7Cr alloy

In this work, the 90° clock rolling and the uni-directionally rolling processes at high temperature were carried out on the near β-type Ti-5.2Mo-4.8Al-2.5Zr-1.7Cr titanium alloy cutting from an ingot, respectively. The corresponding microstructures were quantitatively characterized, and its effect on the dynamic mechanical properties and fracture mechanism were emphatically investigated. It was found that after 90° clock rolling, the microstructure composed of equiaxed primary α phase(α_p) with an average size of about 2 ?μm and the β transformed regions containing the acicular secondary α phase(α_s) with an average thickness of about 50 ?nm and the separated β phase was obtained. However, in the uni-directionally rolled titanium alloy, no acicular α_s was observed, and the corresponding microstructure consisted elongated lamellar α phase (average thickness: about 1.3 ?μm), few equiaxed α phase (average grain size: about 300 ?nm) and the inlaid β phase. The microstructural difference of the hot-rolled titanium alloys was closely related to the deformation process. Moreover, a great number of α_p and α_s in the 90° clock rolled titanium alloy effectively enhanced the strength, and the dynamic compressive strength reached to 1730 ?MPa. Furthermore, equiaxed α_p was conducive to the homogeneous deformation, which counteracted the localized deformation caused by acicular α_s to a certain extent and made the 90° clock rolled titanium alloy exhibit an acceptable critical fracture strain of about 10.5%. Moreover, the fracture microstructures showed that the main failure mode of the 90° clock rolled and the uni-directionally rolled titanium alloy were ductile fracture and brittle fracture, respectively.     

α-(2,5-二甲基-3,4-二乙酰基吡咯基)萘的合成和晶体结构

 在酸性介质中,3,4-二乙酰基-2,5-己二酮与萘胺作用,合成得到了α-(2,5-二甲基-3,4-二乙酰基吡咯基)萘,用IR,1H-NMR,MS,HRMS对其进行了表征,并用X射线衍射测定了α-(2,5-二甲基-3,4-二乙酰基吡咯基)萘的晶体结构.该晶体属三斜晶系,P1空间群,晶体学数据为:a是0.8045(1)nm,b是1.0018(1)nm,c是2.0757(2)nm,α是80.09(1)°,β是82.66(1)°,γ是83.81(1)°,V是1.6281(3)nm³,Z是4,M_r是305.36,D_c是1.246×10³kg/m³,μ(M_oK_α)是0.080mm^-1,F(000)是648,在I>2σ(I)的独立可观测衍射点为3669个,最终偏差因子R是0.0406,W_R是0.0962.     

Synthesis of glass ceramics from kaolin and dolomite mixture

Cordierite-and anorthite-based binary glass ceramics of the CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ (CMAS) system were synthesized by mixing local and abundant raw minerals (kaolin and doloma by mass ratio of 82/18). A kinetics study reveals that the activation energy of crystallization (Ea) calculated by the methods of Kissinger and Marotta are 438 kJ·mol-1 and 459 kJ·mol-1, respectively. The Avrami parameter (n) is estimated to be approximately equal to 1, corresponding to the surface crystallization mechanism. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the anorthite and cordierite crystals are precipitated from the parent glass as major phases. Anorthite crystals first form at 850℃, whereas the μ-cordierite phase appears after heat treatment at 950℃. Thereafter, the cordierite allotropically transforms to α-cordierite at 1000℃. Complete densification is achieved at 950℃; however, the density slightly decreases at higher temperatures, reaching a stable value of 2.63 kg·m-3 between 1000℃ and 1100℃. The highest Vickers hardness of 6 GPa is also obtained at 950℃. However, a substantial decrease in hardness is recorded at 1000℃; at higher sintering temperatures, it slightly increases with increasing temperature as the α-cordierite crystallizes.     

Mineralogical alteration of thermally treated siderite in air: Mössbauer spectroscopy results

Mineralogical alternation of thermally treated siderite in air atmosphere has been systematically analyzed by Mössbauer effects. It was preliminarily estimated from the area of subspectra that 4%, 39% and 62% of magnetite were formed at 410 °C, 490 °C and 510 °C respectively. After being incrementally heated at 530 °C the spectra consist of two sextets of Fe₃O₄. Sextet of γ-Fe₂O₃ with hyperfine field of 50T was observed at 550 °C. Spectra at 580 °C consisted of two sextets with hyperfine fields caused by γ-Fe₂O₃ and α-Fe₂O₃. Fe₃O₄ disappeared and the amount of γ-Fe₂O₃ decreased, while the quantity of α-Fe₂O₃ increased to 34% and 77% at 640 °C and 690 °C, respectively. During the early stage of decomposition and oxidation, FeO was probably produced but quickly oxidized to magnetite and unidentified in our experiment. These results, in good agreement with the X-ray diffraction analyses and microscopic observation, provide an interpretation to anomalous magnetic property changes of siderite-bearing rock samples.     

Improvement of oxidation resistance of Nb–Ti–Si based alloys with additions of Al,Cr and B at different temperatures

The effects of Cr, Al and B addition on the microstructure and high-temperature oxidation behaviors (at 1200, 1250 and 1300 ?°C) of Nb–Ti–Si based alloys were investigated. The results showed that the addition of Cr stabilized α-Nb₅Si₃, while Al promoted the formation of β-Nb₅Si₃ and adding B promoted the formation of γ-Nb₅Si₃. Among the three elements, Al and Cr were beneficial to oxidation resistance at 1200 ?°C, and B was favorable to the oxidation resistance at 1300 ?°C. At 1250 ?°C, Al and B had the same effects on the improvement of oxidation resistance. The ratio of these alloying elements might play an important role in enhancing oxidation resistance. The oxidation resistance of the three kinds of silicides was compared, and the sequence was: γ-Nb₅Si₃> β-Nb₅Si₃> α-Nb₅Si₃. To predict the effects of the investigated alloying elements on the oxidation resistance of Nb–Ti–Si based alloys in a wider range of concentration, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was established, showing excellent accuracy and generalization ability. With the instructions of the ANN model, the oxidation resistance can be optimized with less additions of alloying elements.     

Sintering mechanism of Cu-9Al alloy prepared from elemental powders

The sintering behavior of Cu-9Al alloys prepared from die pressing of elemental powders was investigated. The experimental results and kinetic analysis showed the formation of three consecutive layers of Al₂Cu, Al₄Cu₉, and AlCu phases, with Al₂Cu appearing first in the initial solid phase sintering stage. A liquid phase formed in the intermediate stage, resulting from the eutectic reaction between Al and Al₂Cu phases at 500 °C, which is 47 °C lower than the equilibrium reaction temperature. Swelling occurred when the liquid phase infiltrated the gaps between the copper particles, leaving pores at the original sites of Al particles and Al₂Cu. In the final stage of sintering, the Al-rich phases (Al₂Cu and AlCu) transformed to Al-poor phases (Al₄Cu₉ and α-Cu) in the temperature range of 500–565 °C. Al₄Cu₉ and α-Cu then transformed to AlCu₃ (β) above the eutectoid reaction temperature (565 °C), whereas AlCu₃ transformed to α-Cu and eutectoid phases (α-Cu + Al₄Cu₉) during cooling. The pure copper transformed to AlCu₃, and the pore volume decreased at 1000 °C. The microstructure study helps manipulate precisely the sintering process of Cu-Al alloys and optimize the microstructure with a high dimensional accuracy.     

活性炭自环已烷中吸附芳香化合物的热力学研究

测定了25℃和40℃时活性自环已烷中吸附苯甲酸、水杨酸、苯酚、萘和α—萘酚的吸附等温线,用Lagmuir吸附参数计算了吸附过程的标准热力学函数△G°、△H°和△S°。结果表明,苯酚、萘和α—萘酚的△G°相近,苯甲酸的△G°比水相酸的大。苯甲酸的△S°为大的正值,水杨酸的△S°为不大的正值,苯酚的△S°近于零;而萘和α—萘酚△S°为大的负值。认为,在溶液吸附中有的体系熵效应则可能是吸附过程的主要推动力。     

Recovery of valuable metals from waste diamond cutters through ammonia-ammonium sulfate leaching

Copper and zinc were recovered from waste diamond cutters through leaching with an ammonia-ammonium sulfate system and air as an oxidant. The effects of experimental parameters on the leaching process were investigated, and the potential-pH (E-pH) diagrams of Cu-NH₃-SO₄2--H₂O and Zn-NH₃-SO₄2--H₂O at 25℃ were drawn. Results showed that the optimal parameters for the leaching reaction are as follows:reaction temperature, 45℃; leaching duration, 3 h; liquid-to-solid ratio, 50:1 (mL/g); stirring speed, 200 r/min; ammonia concentration, 4.0 mol/L; ammonium sulfate concentration, 1.0 mol/L; and air flow rate, 0.2 L/min. The results of the kinetics study indicated that the leaching is controlled by the surface chemical reaction at temperatures below 35℃, and the leaching is controlled by diffusion through the product layer at temperatures above 35℃.     

Improved strength and ductility of high alloy containing Al-12Zn-3Mg-2.5Cu alloy by combining non-isothermal step rolling and cold rolling

Al-12Zn-3Mg-2.5Cu alloy was prepared using a liquid metallurgy route under the optimized conditions. A sample cut from the ingot was rolled non-isothermally from 400℃ to 100℃ in 100℃ steps, with 15% reduction in thickness; it was then cold rolled isothermally at room temperature for 85% reduction. The cold-rolled alloys were characterized by electron microscopy, hardness test, and tensile test to elucidate their structural evolution and evaluate their mechanical behavior. In the results, the cast alloy consists of α-aluminum and various intermetallic compounds. These compounds are segregated along the grain boundaries, which makes the alloy difficult to roll at room temperature. The combined effect of non-isothermal step rolling and cold rolling results in the nano/microsized compounds distributed uniformly in the matrix. The hardness is substantially increased after rolling. This increase in hardness is attributed to the ultra-fine grain size, fine-scale intermetallic compounds, and structural defects (e.g., dislocations, stacking faults, and sub-grains). The ultimate tensile strength of the rolled alloy is approximately 628 MPa with 7% ductility.     

[Ag(C_5H_6N_2)_2]·(C_7H_5O_2Cl)·2H_2O的合成和结构

合成出标题配合[Ag(C5H6N2)]·(C7H5O2Cl)·2H2O．配合物经X射线单晶结构分析结果表明,属三斜晶系, 空间群为P-1,a=0．736 8(4),b=0．955 3(6),c=1．5 56 6(9)nm,α=73．301(10),β=76．591(11),γ=75．961(10), V=1．024(10)nm3,Z=2,最终偏差因子R[I>2(I)]a,R1=0．076 6,wR2=0．145 4．