分子轨道理论与多原子分子的几何构型

本文从群论的观点出发，以原子轨道线性组合成分子轨道为基础，重点讨论了分子轨道理论与多原子分子几何构型的关系。     

F和Cl原子与甲烷反应机理的理论研究

作者用量子化学从头计算UMP2（full)方法，在6－31G^*水平上研究F和Cl原子与甲烷分子之间的反应机理，优化了反应物、产物、中间体和过渡态的几何构型，在Gaussian-3(G3)和G3MP2水平计算了它们的能量，研究结果表明：F原子在与甲烷分子反应过程中有氢键生成，键能为：3.71kJ/mol，而Cl原子甲烷分子在反应过程中则无此现象。同时作者还对F和Cl原子与甲烷分子在之间反应动力学速率常数进行了计算，作者的理论计算结果显示F原子和甲烷分子之间反应活性比Cl原子与甲烷分子之间反应活性强。F原子易与甲烷分子生成含有氢键的化合物，且很快分解生成化学性质非常稳定的HF，能同F＋O3反应竞争。     

应用ABEEM／MM模型研究甘氨酸与水的氢键作用

应用原子-键电负性均衡方法中的浮动电荷分子力场（ABEEM／MM）,我们构建了1个新的甘氨酸（Glycine）-水势能函数,并将其应用到甘氨酸与水组成的二聚体的研究中．首先研究了甘氨酸单体的几何构型,构型结果与可获得的实验数据显示了很好的一致性;根据对甘氨酸中氮原子和氧原子的孤对电子电荷分布的ABEEM／MM方法分析,可以解释水与作用点形成氢键的强弱;进而研究了甘氨酸与1个水作用的结合能,ABEEM／MM模型与从头计算方法得到的结果显示了很好的一致性．表明我们势能函数的合理性以及参数的正确性．     

Li2O基态分子的结构与势能函数

使用二次组态相互作用方法，以AUG-cc-pVTZ为基组优化出 Li2O分子的稳定构型，其电子状态为X1∑.Li2O是近似直线形分子（∠LiOLi=179.92°），属于Cs构型.其离解能De=10.238?eV，谐振频率：v1=151.53 cm-1、v2=810.73 cm-1、v3=1065.55 cm-1.根据原子分子反应静力学原理得到Li2O分子可能的电子状态和离解极限.在此基础上，运用多体展式理论方法推导出了Li2O基态分子的解析势能函数，正确地反映了其平衡构型特征.     

晶体价键理论和电子密度理论的沟通

通过原子的作用体积（原子密堆积半径和Ｗｉｎｇｎｅｒ－Ｓｅｉｔｚ半径的差别），借助于固体与分子经验电子理论的价键电子数据和ＴＦＤＣ模型的电子密度数据，沟通了晶体的价键理论和电子密度理论。     

F,Cl原子与臭氧和甲烷反应机理和反应动力学的理论研究

用量子化学从关计算UMP2（full)方法研究F和Cl原子与甲烷分子和臭氧之间的反应机理，优化了反应物、产物、中间体和过渡态的几何构型，在Gaussian-3(G3)和G3MP2水平计算了它们的能量，研究结果表明：F原子与Cl原子一样与臭氧之间有很强的反应活性，而F原子与甲烷分子反应过程中有氢键生成，键能为3.71KJ/MOL，F原子与甲烷分子之间反应活性比与臭氧分子之间反应活性强。F原子易与甲烷分子生成含有氢键的化合物，且很快分解生成化学性质非常稳定的HF，能同F O3反应竞争，而CL原子甲烷分子反应过程中则无氢键生成现象，且在CL原子与臭氧和甲烷之间竞争反应时，CL原子与臭氧之间反应优先，同时我们还对F和CL原子与甲烷分子臭氧之间反应动力学速率常数进行了计算，我们的理论计算结果能合理地解释大气中CL原子是损耗臭氧的主要化学物质，而活性更强的F原子为什么对臭氧损耗较小的原因。     

一种预测轨道杂化类型的简便方法

根据用杂化轨道理论和价层电子对互斥理论预测和判断共价多原子分子或离子（不包括配合物）空间构型的原理，导出了一种用价层电子对数直接预测中心原子轨道轨化类型的简便方法。     

团簇Co3FeP异构化反应的热力学与动力学研究

为了寻找团簇Co₃FeP的稳定性、结构和内部作用力等规律，利用密度泛函理论，在B3LYP/Lanl2dz的量化水平下对团簇Co₃FeP进行理论计算，得到5种优化构型，并从化学反应热力学与动力学的角度对其异构化反应中的反应物、过渡态和生成物进行了讨论分析。结果表明，所有构型均为C1对称且构型的空间结构对其熵值有影响；构型的稳定性主要由金属原子与非金属原子所决定，并且在常温常压下构型1^（3）、2^（3）和3^（3）可以稳定存在，是大部分异构化反应的最终产物。因此，在实际材料的开发中，不仅需要注意金属原子与非金属原子之间的作用力以确保构型的稳定性，还应首先考虑对稳定构型1^（3）、2^（3）和3^（3）进行相关研究。     

MgH2基态分子结构与势能函数

用从头算CCSD（T）方法和aug-cc-pVTZ基函数对MgH2分子的结构进行优化，得到其平衡几何构型和谐振频率．根据原子分子反应静力学原理得到可能的电子状态和基态分子的离解极限．并用多体展式理论导出MgH2基态分子的解析势能函数．     

Si（001）-2×1重构表面吸附锂原子的第一性原理研究

采用六层硅原子超原胞模型,基于第一性原理的密度泛函理论（DFT）用广义梯度近似（GGA）和有效核势数值基函数组,模拟了锂原子在S i（001）-2×1重构表面上的吸附.模拟中采用三种不同的初始构型,优化计算结果都显示在吸附锂原子后,S i（001）-2×1重构表面的二聚物基本消失,锂原子在新表面的四个硅原子形成的空位上方时体系能量最低.同时还分析了二聚物中两个硅原子的＂亲电子＂性以及费米面附近态密度的变化.     

采用密度泛函理论系统表征苷氨酸构象体的研究

采用密度泛函理论,B3LYP/6-311 G**模型化学,计算绘制苷氨酸分子内三个键转动产生的三个自由度的势能面,用于准确和系统表征苷氨酸所有的构象异构体.从势能面上,取得了总共14个苷氨酸构象异构体,其中包括取得一个新的苷氨酸构象异构体.研究所有的苷氨酸构象异构体之间相互转换,并且探讨了苷氨酸构象异构体的对称性问题.     

Inhibitory neurones of a motor pattern generator in Xenopus revealed by antibodies to glycine

Glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are inhibitory transmitters of major importance. Whereas neurones using GABA as the transmitter can be visualized by immunocytochemical methods for glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) or GABA, no comparable techniques have been available for the selective visualization of glycinergic neurones. We have now produced polyclonal antibodies which specifically recognize glycine in glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue. We used these antibodies to investigate the distribution of glycine in the simple central nervous system (CNS) of the Xenopus embryo, which contains an anatomically and physiologically defined class of reciprocal inhibitory interneurones, the commissural interneurones. These interneurones have an important role in the generation of the swimming motor pattern and are thought to be glycinergic. The glycine antibodies specifically stain these interneurones, revealing their distribution and number in the embryo CNS. This is the first demonstration of the selective localization of glycine-like immunoreactivity in a putative glycinergic class of neurone that has been characterized physiologically, pharmacologically and anatomically.     

Regulation of NMDA receptor desensitization in mouse hippocampal neurons by glycine

Responses to the excitatory amino acid N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) are markedly potentiated by nanomolar concentrations of glycine. This is due to the action of glycine at a novel strychnine-resistant binding site with an anatomical distribution identical to that for NMDA receptors, suggesting that the NMDA receptor channel complex contains at least two classes of amino-acid recognition site. Antagonists at the glycine-binding site associated with NMDA receptors act as potent non-competitive antagonists, but do not alter the mean open time or conductance, as estimated by fluctuation analysis. The mechanisms by which glycine acts on NMDA receptors are unknown, but single-channel recording experiments show an increase in opening frequency with no change in mean open time or conductance, suggesting that glycine could regulate transitions to states that are intermediate between binding of NMDA receptor agonists and ion-channel gating. It has been suggested that glycine acts as a co-agonist at the NMDA receptor, and that responses to NMDA cannot be obtained in the complete absence of glycine, but in these experiments the response to NMDA was measured at equilibrium, and it is unlikely that sufficient temporal resolution was achieved to detect rapid alterations in receptor gating. Using a fast perfusion system we find that glycine regulates desensitization at NMDA receptors; this has a major effect on the response to NMDA measured at equilibrium, as would occur with slower applications of agonist. Reduction of NMDA receptor desensitization by glycine provides an example of a novel mechanism for regulation of ion-channel activity.     

Modulation of glycine receptor chloride channels by cAMP-dependent protein kinase in spinal trigeminal neurons

Glycine is an important inhibitory transmitter in the brainstem and spinal cord. In the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn) and in the spinal dorsal horn (the relaying centres for processing pain and sensory information), glycine inhibits the glutamate-evoked depolarization and depresses firing of neurons. The binding of glycine to its receptor produces a large increase in Cl- conductance, which causes membrane hyperpolarization. The selectivity and gating properties of glycine receptor channels have been well characterized; the glycine receptor molecules have also been purified. The amino-acid sequence, deduced from complementary DNA clones encoding one of the peptides (the 48K subunit), shows significant homology with gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits, suggesting that glycine receptors may belong to a superfamily of chemically gated channel proteins. However, very little is known about the modulation of glycine receptor channels. We have investigated the regulation of strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor channels by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in neurons isolated from spinal trigeminal nucleus of rat and report here that the protein kinase A dramatically increased the glycine-induced Cl- currents by increasing the probability of the channel openings. GS protein, which is sensitive to cholera toxin, was involved in the modulation.     

Crystal structure of an ACh-binding protein reveals the ligand-binding domain of nicotinic receptors

Pentameric ligand gated ion-channels, or Cys-loop receptors, mediate rapid chemical transmission of signals. This superfamily of allosteric transmembrane proteins includes the nicotinic acetylcholine (nAChR), serotonin 5-HT3, gamma-aminobutyric-acid (GABAA and GABAC) and glycine receptors. Biochemical and electrophysiological information on the prototypic nAChRs is abundant but structural data at atomic resolution have been missing. Here we present the crystal structure of molluscan acetylcholine-binding protein (AChBP), a structural and functional homologue of the amino-terminal ligand-binding domain of an nAChR alpha-subunit. In the AChBP homopentamer, the protomers have an immunoglobulin-like topology. Ligand-binding sites are located at each of five subunit interfaces and contain residues contributed by biochemically determined 'loops' A to F. The subunit interfaces are highly variable within the ion-channel family, whereas the conserved residues stabilize the protomer fold. This AChBP structure is relevant for the development of drugs against, for example, Alzheimer's disease and nicotine addiction.     

Glycine potentiates the NMDA response in cultured mouse brain neurons

Transmitters mediating 'fast' synaptic processes in the vertebrate central nervous system are commonly placed in two separate categories that are believed to exhibit no interaction at the receptor level. The 'inhibitory transmitters' (such as glycine and GABA) are considered to act only on receptors mediating a chloride conductance increase, whereas 'excitatory transmitters' (such as L-glutamate) are considered to activate receptors mediating a cationic conductance increase. The best known excitatory receptor is that specifically activated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) which has recently been characterized at the single channel level. The response activated by NMDA agonists is unique in that it exhibits a voltage-dependent Mg block. We report here that this response exhibits another remarkable property: it is dramatically potentiated by glycine. This potentiation is not mediated by the inhibitory strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor, and is detected at a glycine concentration as low as 10 nM. The potentiation can be observed in outside-out patches as an increase in the frequency of opening of the channels activated by NMDA agonists. Thus, in addition to its role as an inhibitory transmitter, glycine may facilitate excitatory transmission in the brain through an allosteric activation of the NMDA receptor.     

扫描隧道显微镜诱导吸附有甘氨酸的Cu(111)表面铜台阶的产生和运动

氨基酸是蛋白质的构成单元,它在金属表面的吸附为研究蛋白质同金属相互作用奠定了基础。吸附了氨基酸的金属表面会发生诸如重构改变或小面化等形貌的变化,但这些变化在吸附了氨基酸的全部金属表面都能够发生。在较大负偏压(|V_b|＞2.5V)的条件下使用扫描隧道显微镜(STM)扫描吸附有甘氨酸的Cu(111)表面,在扫描区域内原有铜台阶的形状发生了变化并产生了新的铜台阶。本文对甘氨酸在铜表面形貌变化中所起的作用进行了讨论。     

N-月桂酰基甘氨酸钠的制备与性能表征

通过月桂酰氯和甘氨酸合成了N-月桂酰基甘氨酸钠,用元素分析、红外光谱、核磁共振进行了结构表征.结果表明合成产物为目标化合物.并对其表面化学性能和应用性能进行了测试:N-月桂酰基甘氨酸钠溶液在0.50mol·L-1 NaCl浓度下,其临界胶束浓度(Ccmc)为1.118mol·L-1,临界胶束浓度下的表面张力(γcmc)为31.1mN·m-1,具有较高的表面活性.应用性能亦较佳.     

2-氨基乙醇振动频率及碱度的理论研究

运用B3LYP方法在6-311＋G（d,p）水平上对气相、水及四氯化碳溶液中2-氨基乙醇的构型稳定性、分子内氢键强度、振动频率及气相碱度进行了研究。计算结果表明,在气相中g′Gg′构型因具有分子内氢键而成为最稳定的构型。水溶液中2-氨基乙醇构型的稳定性决定于分子内氢键和羟基基团分子间溶剂化的综合作用。通过对振动模式的分析,表明随着构型能量的增加,各构型中C-O-H键弯曲和C-O键振动频率均蓝移,而O-H键振动频率红移;四氯化碳溶液中的振动频率和实验结果一致,计算结果表明G型2-氨基乙醇的气相碱度比T型的大。     

重组人胰岛素的体外复性纯化

对大肠杆菌表达的重组人胰岛素原包涵体蛋白的变性复性条件进行了优化。考察了变性液中DTT的浓度,复性液的pH值,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)与氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)的物质的量比,甘氨酸(Gly)浓度对复性的影响。结果表明,在变性液中加入60mmol/L DTT,复性液pH9.5,GSH与GSSG物质的量比为5∶1,Gly浓度为50mmol/L条件下复性率最高。复性后的重组人胰岛素原过DEAE-Sepharose FF柱,经过TPCK-胰蛋白酶和羧肽酶B酶切后,再过Sephadex G-25柱,得到纯度较高的重组人胰岛素。目的蛋白收率为96mg/g干菌体。