自复叠双温冰箱的流程改进和性能分析

针对传统双温冰箱制冷循环存在的不足，提出了自复叠双温冰箱循环，在以前设计流程的基础上研究了4种流程改进方案，并分析了换热器不同布置方式、不同换热效果和分凝分离级数对冰箱性能的影响．模拟计算结果表明：在冷藏室蒸发器前增加逆流换热器只能降低冷藏室蒸发器的温度而不能提高系统性能系数（CCOP）；在冷冻室蒸发器前增加逆流换热器可以提高系统CCOP；在气液分离器前增加逆流换热器可以通过提高气液分离效率来改善系统性能，但CCOP提高不大；采用两级分凝分离方式可以较好地提高气液分离效率，降低压缩机的压力比，提高系统CCOP，也达到了改进系统性能的目的，但流程较复杂．这4种改进流程从不同方面改善了循环工作参数，为改善实际装置的系统性能提供了理论基础．     

基于EBSILON的冷热电三联供系统及能量利用特性

为研究天然气冷热电三联供分布式能源(combined cooling heating and power,CCHP)系统的能量利用特性,以某冷热电三联供能源站作为研究对象,利用EBSILON软件分别建立内燃机组、烟气-热水型溴化锂吸收式冷水机组、换热器组件等模型,分析了烟气-热水型溴化锂吸收式冷水机组在不同烟气与缸套水热源驱动下的制冷系数(coefficient of refrigeration,COP)特性,内燃机组不同负荷率下系统的综合供能特性.研究结果表明,CCHP采用单一热源制冷时,烟气热水型溴化锂吸收式冷水机组以烟气作为驱动热源可获得较高的COP,而以缸套水作为驱动热源时COP较低;在同时具备冷热负荷情况下,高温烟气更适合作为制冷热源,而高温缸套水更适合充当制热热源;采用双热源驱动制冷与单一热源相比,具有更高的综合能源利用效率,在内燃机75％负荷率、WY1工况下,COP与综合能源效率达到最大值1.28与92.0％;而在50％负荷率时采用缸套水作为单一热源驱动制冷机时,COP与综合能源利用效率达到最低值,分别为0.74与76.1％.模型分析得出的CCHP系统综合供能特性,在一定程度上可有效指导冷热电三联供能源站的高效运行.     

太阳能喷射-压缩复迭制冷系统的性能分析

以热力学第一定律和热力学第二定律为基础,建立太阳能喷射-压缩复迭制冷系统的分析和能量分析模型,分析发生温度、中间温度、冷凝温度和蒸发温度等运行参数对系统性能的影响,选取对系统最佳的运行参数.结果表明:发生温度升高,性能系数(COP)小幅度下降,效率先增加后趋于平缓;中间温度升高,COP随之减小,而效率随之增加;冷凝温度上升,导致COP和效率随之降低;蒸发温度上升,导致COP和效率随之增加;当发生温度为85 ℃,中间温度为24 ℃时,系统的性能最优.     

浸泡法制备吸附制冷用复合吸附剂

以分子筛为基材通过浸泡CaCl2和SrCl2溶液的方法制备复合吸附剂.在模拟制冷条件下,对以不同浓度溶液制备的复合吸附剂的吸附、解吸性能进行了测定,并将吸附解吸性能最好的复合吸附剂在自制的模拟制冷装置上进行了制冷实验.结果表明,复合吸附剂具有良好的吸附、解吸性能,最大吸附量达51.6%,解吸率可达69.3%,在模拟制冷装置上系统的制冷系数达0.25,单位吸附剂的制冷功率为0.072 W/g,符合太阳能吸附制冷的要求.     

柴油机纯氧燃烧过程及缸内喷水影响的模拟研究

针对高压共轨柴油机搭建流体动力学仿真模型,研究不同进气氧体积分数对柴油机纯氧燃烧过程的影响,并验证缸内喷水对热效率的优化能力。结果表明,氧含量的提高增加了缸内比热比,使压缩行程缸内压力及温度提高,并促进缸内燃烧反应,进一步提升缸内湍流强度,燃烧相位提前;在5℃A ATDC(上止点后)向缸内喷入160℃的高温高压水,可实现对缸内燃烧过程的控制,并通过吸收燃烧放热、汽化膨胀,推动活塞做功,可提高热效率约3.75%。     

太阳能光伏直流冰箱系统的试验研究

针对太阳能冰箱尚难达到实用化的问题,对24V太阳能光伏直流冰箱系统的性能进行了实验研究与分析．该系统采用直流压缩机．以太阳能作为唯一动力源,并配备蓄电池,利用USB数据采集装置采集了直流冰箱系统在运行过程中系统各部件的电压、电流以及冰箱内部温度等数据信息．在空载运行及蓄冷负载状态下对系统的性能指标进行测试．实验结果表明：该直流冰箱系统能够正常运行,空载稳态运行时冰箱运转率约为48．8％,平均耗功约为28．8W．加入0．5kg纯水作为蓄冷负载之后,冰箱的稳态运转率约为40．1％,有效地提高了冰箱的性能．     

Modeling and numerical simulation of a novel solar-powered absorption air conditioning system driven by a bubble pump with energy storage

This paper presents a novel solar-powered absorption air conditioning system driven by a bubble pump with energy storage. It solves the problem of unreliable solar energy supply by storing the working fluids and hence, functions 24 h per day. First, the working principles are described and the dynamic models for the primary energy storage components are developed. Then, the system is evaluated based on a numerical simulation. Based on the meteorological data of a typical day in a subtropical area, with the area of a solar collector being set at 19.15 m², whilst the initial charging mass, mass fraction and temperature of the solution are respectively set at 379.5 kg, 54.16% and 34.5 ℃, it is found that the respective coefficients of performance (COP) of the air conditioning system and the en-tire system (including the solar panel) are 0.7771 and 0.4372. In particular, the energy storage density of the system is 206.69 MJ/m³ which is much greater than those of chilled water or hot water storage systems under comparable conditions. This makes the new system much more compact and efficient. Finally, an automatic control strategy is given to achieve the highest COP when solar energy fluctuates.     

太原地区太阳能耦合空气源热泵一体化热水系统性能分析

为解决太阳能热水系统占地大、供热水稳定性差、空气源热泵冬季易结霜、能效比较低的问题,提出太阳能/空气能蒸发集热器并构建其热泵热水系统.建立该系统的TRNSYS模型,分别研究太原地区的夏季和冬季工况的系统制热性能参数变化情况.研究结果表明:在夏季高温太阳辐射照度大典型工况下,该系统平均制热性能系数(COP)值为6.026,较空气源热泵热水系统提高44.16%;在冬季低温高湿易结霜典型工况下,该系统平均COP值为3.25,较空气源热泵热水系统提高6.56%.     

Transportation of low-grade thermal energy over long distance by ammonia-water absorption

This paper presents the importance and the cycle choice for long-distance transportation of low-grade thermal energy, and the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic feasibility of single-effect ammonia-water absorption system for heat or cold transportation over long distance are also involved. A model of a long-distance thermal energy transportation system is built and analyzed, which shows satisfactory and attractive results. When a steam heat source at 120℃ is available, the user site can get hot water output at about 55℃ with the thermal COP of about 0.6 and the electric COP of about 100 in winter, and cold water output at about 10℃ with the thermal COP of about 0.5 and the electric COP of 50 in summer. A small-size prototype is built to verify the performance analysis. Basically the experimental data show good accordance with the analysis results. The ammonia-water absorption system is a potential pro-spective solution for the heat or cold transportation over long distance.     

Heat driven refrigeration cycle at low temperatures

Absorption refrigeration cycle can be driven by low-grade thermal energy, such as solar energy, geothermal energy and waste heat. It is beneficial to save energy and protect environment. However, the applications of traditional absorption refrigeration cycle are greatly restricted because they cannot achieve low refrigeration temperature. A new absorption refrigeration cycle is investigated in this paper, which is driven by low-grade energy and can get deep low refrigeration temperature. The mixture refrigerant R23 R134a and an absorbent DMF are used as its working fluid. The theoretical results indicate that the new cyde can achieve -62℃ refrigeration temperature when the generation temperature is only 160℃. This refrigeration temperature is much lower than that obtained by traditional absorption refrigeration cycle. Refrigeration temperature of -47.3℃ has been successfully achieved by experiment for this new cycle at the generation temperature of 157~C, which is the lowest temperature obtained by absorption refrigeration system reported in the literature up to now. The theoretical and experimental results prove that new cycle can achieve rather low refrigeration temperature.     

太阳能固体吸附式制冰系统长期性能研究——甲醇热分解实验研究

本文对太阳能制冷系统在商业化过程中出现的长期性能下降问题进行了实验研究与理论分析．对甲醇在活性炭微孔表面的热分解进行了理论及试验研究,得出了甲醇热分解可能的分解机理,采用分析化学中常用的质谱、色谱技术测定了甲醇的热分解产物及热分解速率,优选出了一种最适合于吸附器结构材料的金属．     

吸附式制冷循环热力学及性能

从纯热力学角度对基本两床连续循环、绝热回质循环、等温回质循环这3种吸附式制冷循环的热力学过程进行分析,并采用C 语言进行编程模拟计算,探讨蒸发温度、冷凝温度及热源温度对解吸温度、吸附温度、循环吸附率、性能系数、周期制冷量等的影响。研究结果表明:随着蒸发温度及冷凝温度的提高,回质循环(包括绝热回质和等温回质)与基本两床连续循环之间的性能差距逐渐减小,随着热源温度的升高,回质过程对提高系统性能系数的作用削弱;综合3种循环方式的计算结果,等温回质循环方式能够更好地符合燃料电池汽车余热驱动的吸附式制冷系统。     

Effect of heat treatment on microstructures and properties of a novel Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy for oil drilling

In view of the special requirements for strength, heat resistance and corrosion resistance of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy for oil drilling, the Al-6.2 Zn-2.5 Mg-1.6 Cu alloy was prepared by increasing Cu content on basis of Russian Series 1953 alloy. The effect of heat treatment on the microstructures and properties of the alloy was characterized by optical microscope(OM), scanning electron microscope(SEM) and transmission electron microscope(TEM), and investigated by tensile test at room temperature, thermal exposure test and corrosion test. The results show that the strength after T6 aging treatment exhibit a decrease trend as an increase of the solution temperature from465 °C to 480 °C. After the solution treated by the rate of 470 °C/1 h, second phases dissolve into the matrix very well and the strength property reaches optimum. The alloy has better comprehensive properties treated by a solution treatment of 470 °C/1 h and then followed by an aging treatment of 120 °C/24 h + 170 °C/1 h + 120 °C/24 h. Under the aging state, the precipitated phases inside the grains are suitable in size, while on the grain boundary distribute discontinuously and the precipitate-free zone is obvious. Besides, the alloy still maintain high tensile properties. The yield strength, tensile strength and elongation are 650 MPa, 686 MPa,12.0%, respectively. The yield strength retention after heat exposure is 92%. The alloy has good corrosion resistance and the exfoliation corrosion degree. The average corrosion rate in the H_2S and CO_2 environment is 0.0024 mm/a, which is far less than the required 0.12 mm/a. It is insensitive to H_2S and CO_2 environments.     

车用柴油机变工况下双有机朗肯循环系统的性能分析

为充分利用柴油机的余热能量,针对一台车用六缸柴油机,设计了一套双有机朗肯循环系统,用来回收柴油机的排气能量和冷却系统具有的能量.该双有机朗肯循环系统包括高温循环和低温循环,均采用R245fa作为工质,高温循环用于回收柴油机排气能量,低温循环用于回收柴油机冷却系统能量和高温循环冷凝过程中工质所释放的能量.通过台架试验,在研究柴油机变工况下余热能分布特性的基础上,对双有机朗肯循环系统的余热能回收潜力进行了分析. 分析结果表明:在柴油机整个工况范围内,双有机朗肯循环系统的净输出功率最高可达26.58 kW,系统热效率最高可达14.62%;柴油机-双有机朗肯循环联合系统在燃油经济性和动力性方面具有明显的优势.      

一种新型户式太阳能空调系统

提出了一种新型户式太阳能空调系统,该系统采用双筒式单效溴化锂吸收式制冷机作为制冷设备,使用真空管热管太阳能集热器集热驱动.在这个空调系统中,集热器的热管直接加热发生器中的溴化锂溶液,发生-冷凝器采用新型内外式结构.通过这些措施,实际提高系统的换热效率,减少热损失,降低成本.通过热力计算得到,122 m2左右的集热面积即可提供240 m2复式住宅24 h空调冷量并可提供生活用热水.图5,表1,参8.     

不可逆热机的热机效率与循环方向的关系

根据热力学第二定律的克劳修斯说法和熵判据论证不可逆热机的η=- W/ Q1 与循环方向有关 .不可逆热机作正向循环时 ,可用热机效率来描述其功热转换关系 ,结论是η正向 ,可逆 >η正向 ,不可逆 .这表明 :在正向循环中 ,可逆循环热机的热转换为功的比率大于不可逆循环热机 .不可逆热机作逆向循环时 ,应当采用制冷系数来描述其功热转换关系 ,所得结论是β可逆 >β不可逆 .这表明 :可逆循环制冷机单位功提取的热大于不可逆循环制冷机 ;如果仍然采用热机效率来描述其功热转换关系 ,则所得的结论应当是η逆向 ,可逆 <η逆向 ,不可逆 .这表明 :在逆向循环中向高温热源输送相同的热 Q1 的前提下 ,可逆热机消耗的功 W可逆 少于不可逆热机消耗的功 W不可逆 .在证明卡诺定理时 ,不可逆热机只能作正向循环 ,不能令其作逆向循环 .     

内蒙古西部超低能耗草原民居多能互补供暖系统集成配制

内蒙古西部草原民居冬季取暖以传统火炕和土暖气为主,由于供暖效果较差,无法满足居民热舒适需求。为改善供暖效果,充分利用太阳能、风能等可再生能源,通过实地调研,统计得出内蒙古西部典型草原民居最冷月室内外温度,利用数值模拟方法建立太阳能、风能等多能互补的内蒙古西部草原民居供热模型,并进行模拟验证。结果表明:多能互补供暖方式下客厅和主次卧的最冷月日平均温度均值分别提高7. 0℃、6. 2℃和7. 5℃,室内温度和热稳定性显著提高,热舒适性较好。研究结果为草原民居设计建造中充分利用太阳能、风能资源,构建多能互补供暖方式,提高室内温度和热舒适性提供了理论依据。     

氨-活性炭吸附式制冷在船舶中的应用

为在船舶中应用余热吸附式的研究成果,选择“SITC TAISHAN”号散货船,通过船舶主机在额定工况下的能量衡算,应用当前氨-活性炭吸附式制冷系统COP的经验值,分析了该轮中央空调系统和伙食冷库采用废气锅炉蒸汽驱动的氨-活性炭吸附式制冷系统的可行性.并且,根据氨在SAC-02活性炭上的吸附平衡数据和活性炭吸附床的循环吸附特性,结合“SITC TAISHAN”轮空调机间的结构特点,规划了由废气锅炉蒸汽驱动的9床循环氨-活性炭吸附制冷系统方案,并对系统的关键部件及运行控制方案设计提出了相应措施.该研究将有助于推进船舶余热吸附式制冷技术的应用     

Preparation of composite adsorbent with high performance of heat and mass transfer

To develop a new composite adsorbent with high performance,fir sawdust and CaCl2are selected as raw materials.The mass transfer is enhanced by carbonizing and activating the sawdust and heat transfer is enhanced by adding expanded graphite into the adsorbent.The effect of the preparation temperature and the expanded graphite content on the adsorption performance is investigated.The results show that the new adsorbent exhibits a high adsorption performance due to its high porosity,uniform distribution and high content of CaCl2and high thermal conductivity.Also,the experimental results indicate that the rate of ammonia adsorption on the adsorbent depends on the expanded graphite content and the carbonization and activation temperature.The adsorbent prepared at 500°C and with the expanded graphite content of 30%has the best performance in terms of the adsorption refrigeration,which adsorbs ammonia as high as 0.37 g g 1at 10 min.     

典型气象日蓄热型太阳能喷射制冷系统性能分析

以太原地区的气象参数为背景,利用TRNSYS仿真软件,模拟计算以R141b为制冷剂的蓄热型太阳能喷射制冷系统在夏季典型日的性能,分析系统的喷射系数、制冷量、能效比(COP)随着太阳辐射照度的逐时变化,以及蒸发温度、冷凝温度、喷射器喉部面积比(r)对系统性能系数的影响.结果表明:系统的性能随太阳辐射照度增强而提高;蓄热装置的使用拓宽了系统高效运行的时间,更加有效地利用了太阳能;在系统运行时段,各性能系数逐时变化趋势一致,且随着蒸发温度的升高而增大,随着冷凝温度的升高而减小;同一工况下,r值越大喷射系数越大,