剑尾鱼肾脏的超微结构?观察

应用光镜和透射电镜对剑尾鱼肾脏的组织学和超微结构进行了观察。结果表明:与其它硬骨鱼类相似,剑尾鱼中肾由肾小体和肾小管组成,肾小体分布较分散;肾小管分为颈段、近曲小管、远曲小管和集合管。肾脏中散布大量淋巴样组织,电镜水平上可以区分淋巴细胞、单核细胞和黑色素巨噬细胞等类型。本文还讨论了肾脏作为鱼类体内一个具有多种生理功能复合器官的结构特点。     

长吻鮠肾和膀胱的组织结构

长吻鮠的肾脏由肾小体、肾小管、集合管及拟淋巴组织等构成．肾小体在肾前段最多(2．2个／mm^2)，中段次之(约1．7个／mm^2)，后段最少(约1个／mm^2)；拟淋巴组织在肾的中后段逐渐增多；肾小球直径较小，在60～78μm之间；膀胱体积远比一般真骨鱼类大，移行上皮中有大型分泌细胞，最大径达100μm．纵肌和环肌同等发达，厚280～700μm。     

西藏墨头鱼泌尿系统结构

采用常规组织学方法对西藏墨头鱼的泌尿系统进行了研究.结果表明:西藏墨头鱼的泌尿系统包括中肾、输尿管和膀胱.中肾由肾单位、集合管以及拟淋巴组织组成.其中肾单位的肾小体直径为(70.2±7.8)μm,随机分布于肾组织中.肾小管分为第一近端小管、第二近端小管和远端小管.拟淋巴组织中黑色素巨噬细胞较少,无甲状腺滤泡分布.输尿管位于肾腹面两侧,粘膜上皮为单层柱状上皮,未见粘膜下层,肌层由环肌和纵肌组成.膀胱为输尿管膀胱,膀胱粘膜上皮中有分泌细胞分布.结果也显示,西藏墨头鱼肾脏的组织结构与低海拔地区生活的淡水鱼类相比并无特殊之处.通过对几种淡水鱼相关数据的对比,提出了淡水鱼肾小体的大小与其体型大小存在一定关系的观点,即体型越大,肾小体平均直径越小.     

中华鳖组织学研究IV．泌尿系统

取中华鳖肾、输尿管和膀胱（在充盈和空虚两种状态下）组织数块，ＢＯｕｉｎ＇ｓ液固定，石蜡包埋，ＨＥ染色。膀胱和输尿管的部分组织块经１０％福尔马林固定，Ｖｅｒｈｏｅｆｆ弹性纤维染色和伊红复染。观察结果表明，中华生鳖肾脏中的肾小体数量少且体积小，近段肾小管长而远段肾小管短。这些结构特点对爬行动物中华鳖适应陆地生活和减少水分的丧失是十分有利的。     

短体副鳅泌尿系统的组织学研究

采用常规组织学方法对短体副鳅泌尿系统进行了研究,结果表明:短体副鳅泌尿系统由中肾、输尿管、膀胱构成,未观察到头肾.中肾包括肾小体、肾小管和填充于其间的拟淋巴组织,无皮质和髓质之分.肾小管由第一近端小管、第二近端小管和远端小管组成,无颈段.输尿管前后段组织结构有明显差异.膀胱为不发达的输尿管膀胱.斯坦尼斯小体多枚.     

中华鳖组织学研究：Ⅳ.泌尿系统

取中华鳖肾、输尿管和膀胱组织数块，Ｂｏｕｉｎ＇ｓ液固定，石蜡包理，ＨＥ染色。膀胱和输尿管的部分组织块烃１０％福尔马林固定，Ｖｅｒｈｏｅｆｆ弹性纤维染色和伊红复染。观察结果表明，中华鳖肾脏中的肾小体数量少且体积小，近段肾小管长而远段肾小管短。这些结构特点对爬行动物中华鳖适应陆地生活和减少水粉的丧失是十分有利的。     

棕色田鼠肾脏的显微结构

应用解剖学和组织学方法观测棕色田鼠 (Microtusmandarinus)肾脏的形态和结构 ,探讨其构造与排泄之间的关系 .实验结果显示 ,皮质与髓质的厚度比为1.5 7∶1;皮质迷路内近曲小管与远曲小管的数量比为 1.86∶1;皮质中肾小体的分布密度浅表大于近髓 ;髓放线和髓质中细段分布较少 .上述结构特征表明 ,棕色田鼠肾的重吸收能力较弱 ,这与其生活环境和食性相适应 .     

豹猫肾脏的组织结构观察及AQP-1、bFGF和BMP-7在肾脏中的表达

利用切片法观察豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis)肾脏的组织结构,应用免疫组织化学法检测水通道蛋白-1(AQP-1)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(b FGF)和骨形态发生蛋白-7(BMP-7)在肾脏中的表达。结果显示:豹猫和大多数哺乳类肾脏的组织结构一样呈长而扁的菜豆形,表面有致密的结缔组织构成的被膜,肾实质可分为皮质和髓质,髓质和皮质之比为1.6∶1。肾实质由肾小体、肾小管和集合管构成。肾小体可分为出血管极和尿极,血管球由毛细血管缠绕形成,外包有肾小囊。近曲小管长且管腔不规则,刷状缘明显。远曲小管和集合管管腔较大,腔面无刷状缘,细胞界限较清楚。肾小管和集合管上皮细胞都呈AQP1和b FGF免疫反应阳性,肾小管、集合管上皮细胞和肾小球上皮细胞都呈BMP-7免疫反应阳性。结果表明:AQP-1、b FGF和BMP-7在调节肾脏水平衡、维持肾功能及保护肾脏方面可能具有重要作用。     

高山兀鹫的肾脏组织学研究

应用大体解剖技术、H.E和PAS染色法,对高山兀鹫的肾脏进行了组织学观察.结果显示:高山兀鹫肾脏被膜无脂肪囊,只有纤维膜.肾小叶皮质与髓质分界不明显,肾小体体积小,数量多,以小叶内中央静脉为圆心,环绕在其四周.肾小球毛细血管分支少,结构简单.肾小体与小叶间静脉之间分布有近曲小管,肾小体与小叶内中央静脉之间分布有远曲小管,肾小叶四周有小叶周集合管.肾小叶髓质有大量集合管和少量髓袢.肾小球血管极有肾小球旁复合体.     

水转运的激素调节

通过蟾蜍膀胱模拟哺乳动物肾单位的远曲小管,揭示激素对水转运的影响。     

膳食5'-核苷酸对大鼠酒精性肾损伤保护作用的研究

 为研究膳食5'-核苷酸对大鼠酒精性肾损伤的保护作用,选取35只SPF级雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分成5组：普通对照组、酒精组、葡萄糖等热量组、酒精+0.04%核苷酸干预组、酒精+0.16%核苷酸干预组。连续灌胃8周后,测定体重、肾体比、血肌酐（SCr）、尿肌酐（UCr）、血尿素氮（BUN）及24 h尿蛋白等相关指标;计算内生肌酐清除率（Ccr）;检测血清炎症因子细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）、单核细胞趋化因子-1（MCP-1）水平;HE染色观察肾脏组织病理学改变;免疫组化法观察肾脏足细胞标志蛋白PCX-1、肾间质转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）和纤连蛋白（FN）的表达。结果表明：膳食5'-核苷酸能够降低酒精引起的大鼠24 h尿蛋白、血肌酐升高并提高内生肌酐清除率（P<0.05）,0.16%核苷酸干预组还能显著降低酒精引起的大鼠血尿素氮升高（P<0.05）;减轻酒精导致的肾脏组织结构病理改变及血清炎症因子ICAM-1、MCP-1水平的升高（P<0.05）;同时减轻甚至逆转酒精导致的肾脏PCX-1、TGF-β和FN表达的改变。由此可知,膳食5'-核苷酸可以通过减轻血液炎症反应,调节肾脏蛋白质分子的表达,对酒精造成的大鼠肾损伤产生一定的保护作用。     

皱纹盘鲍循环系统和排泄系统的组织学研究

对皱纹盘鲍的循环系统和排泄系统进行了组织学研究，并对二者组织学上的关系进行了探讨．结果表明：鲍循环系统由心脏、血管和许多血窦组成．属于开管式循环．血液由血浆和3种不同形态的血淋巴细胞构成．鲍的排泄系统主要由左右2个肾脏组成．肾脏呈囊状．由肾脏壁和肾实质构成．而肾脏壁由围心腔壁延伸而成．与围心腔壁具有几乎相同的结构．肾小管是肾实质的主耍功能结构，由一层腺上皮细胞构成．肾小管之间充满血窦．循环系统与排泄系统组织结构上的紧密联系有利于代谢产物的排泄．     

中国水蛇Enhydris Chinensis(Gray)生殖周期肾性节形态结构和组织化学的研究

雄性中国水蛇的肾性节是由单层柱状上皮组成,充满分泌颗粒。它的出现相应于睾丸性激素的次高峰期和高峰期。它的组织化学反应是:糖原的PAS反应呈强阳性,并含有酸性粘多糖、脂类、磷脂、胆固醇、碱性磷酸酶等,而酸性磷酸酶和葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶则呈阴性反应。酸性磷酸酶与过去所报导的陆生及沼泽地区的蛇类的含量不同或相反。     

长鳍吻鮈消化系统组织学初步研究

长鳍吻鮈消化道由口咽腔、食道、肠和肛门几部分组成,食道粗短,肠较长,在活体内呈"N"形盘旋状;消化腺分为肝脏和胰腺,肝脏暗褐色,分被、腹两叶,胰为弥漫型,分布于口咽、食道肠壁和肝脏内,肉眼不可分辨;食道上皮为复层上皮,而肠上皮为单层柱状上皮,少量杯状细胞分布于食道、肠前段、肠中段上皮细胞之间,肠后段杯状细胞丰富;消化道肌肉层分2层,内层为环肌,外层为纵肌。肌肉层从肠前段到肠后段逐渐加厚;肝小叶不明显,肝细胞呈卵圆形或多角形。     

泰和鸡肾脏的组织学和组织化学研究

本文采用H·E染色,PAS反应,PAS-AB反应及半薄切片甲苯胺蓝染色等方法,对泰和鸡肾脏进行了组织学和组织化学研究。结果表明:泰和鸡肾脏由数个肾小叶构成,每个肾小叶分为皮质和髓质2部分。肾单位包括肾小球、近曲小管、髓袢、远曲小臂和连接小管5部分。集合小管分为小叶周集合小管和髓质集合管2种,还观察到了球旁细胞和致密斑。对中性粘液物质和酸性粘液物质在肾脏内的分布作了初步描述。     

ClC-5 Cl- -channel disruption impairs endocytosis in a mouse model for Dent's disease

Dent's disease is an X-linked disorder associated with the urinary loss of low-molecular-weight proteins, phosphate and calcium, which often leads to kidney stones. It is caused by mutations in ClC-5, a renal chloride channel that is expressed in endosomes of the proximal tubule. Here we show that disruption of the mouse clcn5 gene causes proteinuria by strongly reducing apical proximal tubular endocytosis. Both receptor-mediated and fluid-phase endocytosis are affected, and the internalization of the apical transporters NaPi-2 and NHE3 is slowed. At steady state, however, both proteins are redistributed from the plasma membrane to intracellular vesicles. This may be caused by an increased stimulation of luminal parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptors owing to the observed decreased tubular endocytosis of PTH. The rise in luminal PTH concentration should also stimulate the hydroxylation of 25(OH) vitamin D3 to the active hormone. However, this is counteracted by a urinary loss of the precursor 25(OH) vitamin D3. The balance between these opposing effects, both of which are secondary to the defect in proximal tubular endocytosis, probably determines whether there will be hypercalciuria and kidney stones.     

Recombination between an expressed immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene and a germline variable gene segment in a Ly 1+ B-cell lymphoma

The early stages of murine B-cell differentiation are characterized by a series of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements which are required for the assembly of heavy(H) and light(L)-chain variable regions from germline gene segments. Rearrangement at the heavy-chain locus is initiated first and consists of the joining of a diversity (DH) gene segment to a joining (JH) gene segment. This forms a DJH intermediate to which a variable (VH) gene segment is subsequently added. Light-chain gene rearrangement follows and consists of the joining of a VL gene segment to a JL gene segment: once a productive light-chain gene has been formed the cell initiates synthesis of surface immunoglobulin M (sIgM) receptors (reviewed in ref. 1). These receptors are clonally distributed and may undergo further diversification either by somatic mutation or possibly by continued recombinational events. Such recombinational events have been detected in the Ly 1+ B-cell lymphoma NFS-5, which has been shown to rearrange both lambda and H-chain genes subsequent to the formation of sIgM (mu kappa) molecules. Here we have analysed a rearrangement of the productive allele of NFS-5 and found that it is due to a novel recombination event between VH genes which results in the replacement of most or all of the coding sequence of the initial VHQ52 rearrangement by a germline VH7183 gene. Embedded in the VH coding sequence close to the site of the cross-over is the sequence 5' TACTGTG 3', which is identical to the signal heptamer found 5' of many DH gene segments. This embedded heptamer is conserved in over 70% of known VH genes. We suggest that this heptamer mediates VH gene replacement and may play an important part in the development of the antibody repertoire.     

Role of VEGF in the growth and metastasis of a murine bladder carcinoma

Bladder transitional cell carcinoma is the most common form of carcinoma in the urinary system. Although overexpression of VEGF has been identified in tissue, serum,and urine of patients with bladder cancer, the role of VEGF in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder has not been clearly elucidated. Here, we dissected the effect of VEGF during bladder tumor growth and progression by modifying a BBN (N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine) induced mouse bladder transitional cell carcinoma cell line BTT-T739 by stable transfection of antisense VEGF121 cDNA. The transfection resulted in-more than 80% reduction in VEGF production. The growth of the transduced tumor cells in vitro was not affected, however, these cells formed small or no tumors in vivo. Even in the tumors formed, there were minimal vascularization, extensive necrosis and longer latency compared to those formed by parental cells. The permeability of tumor vasrulatuce and metastatic tumor growth were also significantly suppressed in antisense VEGF cDNA transfected cells. In addition, the transfer of anti-angiogenic gene in a rumbination of sFlk-I and ExTek with electroporation can suppress the tumor growth efficiently. Taken together,these results demonstrated that VEGF plays an important role in bladder tumor angiogenesis and angiogenesis plays an important role in bladder tumor growth and metastasis.