广东地区常见经济鲇鱼脑组织构筑的比较研究

应用组织学切片和光镜观察的方法，对南方鲇、革胡子鲇和鲇的脑和延脑上初级味觉中枢组织构筑进行比较研究．结果表明，3种鲇鱼在脑组织构造上具有的共同特点是端脑发达，体积比视顶盖大；小脑特别发达，向前盖住中脑、间脑和部分端脑，向后侧形成耳状叶；间脑有明显的下叶，视交叉紧靠间脑前方，垂体在二下叶之间，远离视神经交叉．而作为鱼类味觉初级中枢的面叶和迷走叶形态结构存在较大差异，显示了作为鱼类味觉初级中枢的延脑，其组织结构的复杂性与摄食行为及其食性之间的关系．     

鲇鱼延脑初级味觉中枢的比较研究

应用组织学切片和光镜观察的方法,对南方鲇、革胡子鲇和鲇的延脑面叶和迷走叶及其相关结构的组织构筑进行比较研究.结果表明3种鲇鱼的面叶、迷走叶形态结构存在较大差异.而且面叶和迷走叶中细胞形态和核团分布差异也较大.而作为鱼类味觉初级中枢的面叶和迷走叶,其组织结构的复杂性可能与食性及其对食物的好恶有关.     

与红外可视膜片钳技术相结合的南方鲇面叶脑片急性分离培养技术

探讨南方鲇初级味觉中枢—面叶脑片的急性分离与不同孵育液中体外培养方法,并建立硬骨鱼类脑片可视膜片钳技术,在脑片局部神经回路水平上深入研究鱼类味觉初级中枢神经元在信息编码中的生理功能,阐述鱼类味觉信号识别的机制。结果表明:①温度25℃、2 h以内、HEPES+Vc+TU+kynurenic acid+低钙脑脊液是最佳体外培养条件。②运用可视法脑片膜片钳实验技术发现南方鲇面叶神经元可分为两种类型。生理条件下,多数细胞处于静息状态,无或少频率适应现象。椭圆形比梨形神经元膜阻抗更高,诱发放电频率却较低。     

南方鲶脑和脑神经的观察

对南方鲶脑的外部形态和内部结构及脑神经特点进行了描述.与一般鲤科鱼类的脑比较其不同点在于:端脑发达,体积比视叶大;小脑特别发达,向前盖住中脑、间脑和部分端脑,后部向两侧扩展成耳状叶;间脑有明显的中间叶、球状核,视交叉紧靠间脑前方,脑下垂体在二下叶之间,远离视神经交叉.并具有特别的副侧线神经、侧线神经侧腹支及电觉初级中枢.靠味觉和嗅觉共同摄取食物.     

南方鲇成鱼垂体的组织学与组织化学

运用组织学、组织化学技术对南方鲇成鱼垂体结构在生殖周期中的变化进行了研究.结果表明:南方鲇垂体为背腹型腺体,由神经垂体和腺垂体组成,神经垂体位于腺垂体中央;腺垂体前外侧部位于腺体前部,由PRL、ACTH细胞和少量GH、GTH细胞组成;中外侧部位于腺体中部及后部腹面区域,由GH、GTH和TSH细胞组成;中间部位于腺体后部背面,包括MSH、GTH细胞和首次在鱼类报道的大型泡状细胞.GTH和ACTH细胞结构在生殖周期中发生明显的变化,与生殖活动密切相关.     

南方鲇上下颌须神经分支的电生理研究

南方鲇头面部的皮肤受外界机械和化学物质刺激时采用电生理技术记录其面神经主要感觉支(上下颌须神经)的诱发放电。结果表明:由须的基部到顶端上下颌须神经对机械刺激的反应频率和幅度逐渐增强;上颌须神经相对下颌须神经有更高的味觉敏感性,其反应的幅度和频率更大,且阈值较低变化率大。两者都有脱敏和适应性现象;上下颌须神经含有3种类型单纤维,这3类单纤维及其联系的味蕾感受器可能构成3种基本的味觉单元。     

南方鲇核基因组遗传结构的RAPD分析

为了解南方鲇核基因组的遗传结构,采用38个随机引物对长江上游及其支流中南方鲇的核基因组DNA进行随机扩增.岷江支流甄溪个体与金沙江个体的遗传距离为0.265,与岷江个体的遗传距离为0.208,明显高于金沙江个体与岷江个体的遗传距离0.095.实验结果显示,长江上游金沙江岷江及其支流甄溪水域中的南方鲇个体间核基因组存在RAPD遗传多样性.     

革胡子鲇触须和口腔粘膜的味觉器官

应用组织学切片和电镜扫描的方法，对革胡子鲇上颌须和口腔味蕾的组织形态特征进行了比较研究．发现分属于两个亚感觉通路（迷走叶和面叶味觉系统）的两类味蕾，其感受器细胞组成和形态结构没有明显的不同，主要区别为味蕾是否通过味孔与外界接触，以及在上皮中的分布状况．革胡子鲇口腔内也有少量面神经叶支配的味蕾位于口腔横瓣上．由迷走神经叶支配的味蕾成簇集中腭部．感觉细胞的微绒毛突出于顶端，有味刺激物能直接到达味感觉细胞膜上．其形态结构表明，鱼类味觉是接触性或近距离化学感受器．     

南方鲇消化道组织形态学的研究

应用组织学技术，对鲇形目南方鲇的消化道组织结构进行了系统的研究。结果表明，食道、胃和肠壁内突形成明显的粘膜皱褶。食道壁肌肉层极厚，并为横纹肌；胃、肠壁的肌肉层为平滑肌，胃盲囊部、幽门部的肌肉层明显比贲门部厚，肠前段的环肌层较中段厚，后段的环肌层最厚。胃腺发达，贲门部的胃腺较厚，从盲囊部下段至幽门部，胃腺逐渐减少至消失。食道近胃贲门处，贲门部和胃幽门部的粘膜下层有丰富的致密结缔组织，且有众多分支伸入肌肉层，逐渐分支变细直达肌肉细胞之间，彼此联结成网状，该结构在鱼类消化道中尚未见报道。     

南方鲇GK基因片段的克隆及序列分析

为从南方鲇(Silurus meridionalis)中扩增葡萄糖激酶(GK)基因,根据已报道的GK基因结构中的氨基酸保守区域,设计简并引物;从南方鲇肝胰脏中迅速抽提RNA,将扩增出的产物克隆到pMD18-T载体上并导入到大肠杆菌DH5α中;阳性克隆鉴定后测序.将测序得到的南方鲇GK基因与已知的GK基因进行核苷酸序列比...     

Thermal stimulation of taste

The first electrophysiological recordings from animal and human taste nerves gave clear evidence of thermal sensitivity, and studies have shown that as many as half of the neurons in mammalian taste pathways respond to temperature. Because temperature has never been shown to induce sensations of taste, it has been assumed that thermal stimulation in the gustatory system is somehow nulled. Here we show that heating or cooling small areas of the tongue can in fact cause sensations of taste: warming the anterior edge of the tongue (chorda tympani nerve) from a cold temperature can evoke sweetness, whereas cooling can evoke sourness and/or saltiness. Thermal taste also occurs on the rear of the tongue (glossopharyngeal nerve), but the relationship between temperature and taste is different there than on the front of the tongue. These observations indicate the human gustatory system contains several different types of thermally sensitive neurons that normally contribute to the sensory code for taste.     

The development of taste transduction and taste chip technology

Taste is one of important sensations. The primary taste sensations commonly are categorized as sweet, acid, bitter, salty and umami, of which various tastes are composed. The sensation of taste is initiated by the interaction of tas- tants with receptors and ion channels in the apical micro- villi of taste receptor cells (TRCs) when some sapid molecules (tastants) dissolve in saliva. Subsequently, through a cellular signaling pathway (TRC depolarization and Ca2+ release) gustatory signals a…     

Receptors and transduction in taste

Taste is the sensory system devoted primarily to a quality check of food to be ingested. Although aided by smell and visual inspection, the final recognition and selection relies on chemoreceptive events in the mouth. Emotional states of acute pleasure or displeasure guide the selection and contribute much to our quality of life. Membrane proteins that serve as receptors for the transduction of taste have for a long time remained elusive. But screening the mass of genome sequence data that have recently become available has provided a new means to identify key receptors for bitter and sweet taste. Molecular biology has also identified receptors for salty, sour and umami taste.     

The cells and logic for mammalian sour taste detection

Mammals taste many compounds yet use a sensory palette consisting of only five basic taste modalities: sweet, bitter, sour, salty and umami (the taste of monosodium glutamate). Although this repertoire may seem modest, it provides animals with critical information about the nature and quality of food. Sour taste detection functions as an important sensory input to warn against the ingestion of acidic (for example, spoiled or unripe) food sources. We have used a combination of bioinformatics, genetic and functional studies to identify PKD2L1, a polycystic-kidney-disease-like ion channel, as a candidate mammalian sour taste sensor. In the tongue, PKD2L1 is expressed in a subset of taste receptor cells distinct from those responsible for sweet, bitter and umami taste. To examine the role of PKD2L1-expressing taste cells in vivo, we engineered mice with targeted genetic ablations of selected populations of taste receptor cells. Animals lacking PKD2L1-expressing cells are completely devoid of taste responses to sour stimuli. Notably, responses to all other tastants remained unaffected, proving that the segregation of taste qualities even extends to ionic stimuli. Our results now establish independent cellular substrates for four of the five basic taste modalities, and support a comprehensive labelled-line mode of taste coding at the periphery. Notably, PKD2L1 is also expressed in specific neurons surrounding the central canal of the spinal cord. Here we demonstrate that these PKD2L1-expressing neurons send projections to the central canal, and selectively trigger action potentials in response to decreases in extracellular pH. We propose that these cells correspond to the long-sought components of the cerebrospinal fluid chemosensory system. Taken together, our results suggest a common basis for acid sensing in disparate physiological settings.     

A family of candidate taste receptors in human and mouse

The gustatory system of mammals can sense four basic taste qualities, bitter, sweet, salty and sour, as well as umami, the taste of glutamate. Previous studies suggested that the detection of bitter and sweet tastants by taste receptor cells in the mouth is likely to involve G-protein-coupled receptors. Although two putative G-protein-coupled bitter/sweet taste receptors have been identified, the chemical diversity of bitter and sweet compounds leads one to expect that there is a larger number of different receptors. Here we report the identification of a family of candidate taste receptors (the TRBs) that are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily and that are specifically expressed by taste receptor cells. A cluster of genes encoding human TRBs is located adjacent to a Prp gene locus, which in mouse is tightly linked to the SOA genetic locus that is involved in detecting the bitter compound sucrose octaacetate. Another TRB gene is found on a human contig assigned to chromosome 5p15, the location of a genetic locus (PROP) that controls the detection of the bitter compound 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil in humans.     

An amino-acid taste receptor

The sense of taste provides animals with valuable information about the nature and quality of food. Mammals can recognize and respond to a diverse repertoire of chemical entities, including sugars, salts, acids and a wide range of toxic substances. Several amino acids taste sweet or delicious (umami) to humans, and are attractive to rodents and other animals. This is noteworthy because L-amino acids function as the building blocks of proteins, as biosynthetic precursors of many biologically relevant small molecules, and as metabolic fuel. Thus, having a taste pathway dedicated to their detection probably had significant evolutionary implications. Here we identify and characterize a mammalian amino-acid taste receptor. This receptor, T1R1+3, is a heteromer of the taste-specific T1R1 and T1R3 G-protein-coupled receptors. We demonstrate that T1R1 and T1R3 combine to function as a broadly tuned L-amino-acid sensor responding to most of the 20 standard amino acids, but not to their D-enantiomers or other compounds. We also show that sequence differences in T1R receptors within and between species (human and mouse) can significantly influence the selectivity and specificity of taste responses.     

Cyclic nucleotides may mediate taste transduction

Taste stimulus adsorption is believed to occur at the taste cell microvillous membrane. But due to technical difficulties of inserting glass electrodes into the mammalian taste cell, little is known about the mechanisms of taste transduction. Reliable intracellular recordings are necessary to determine the characteristics of taste cells. This has been accomplished previously in the mouse and is reported here. Recent experiments indicated that cyclic nucleotides can act on the inner surface of the membranes of a variety of cells to alter their ion-channel activity, and these substances might act as intracellular transmitters in taste cells. But tight junctions found at the apical membrane of mammalian taste cells do not allow stimuli to enter the taste bud, making it difficult to alter the environment of the taste cell by perfusing with chemical solutions. Here we report that cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, EGTA or tetraethyl-ammonium electrophoretically injected into the mouse taste cell induce membrane depolarization and increased membrane resistance. These results suggest that a cyclic nucleotide enzymatic cascade, modulated by calcium ions, may mediate the potassium permeability that controls taste, in a way analogous to visual and olfactory transduction.     

The receptors and coding logic for bitter taste

The sense of taste provides animals with valuable information about the nature and quality of food. Bitter taste detection functions as an important sensory input to warn against the ingestion of toxic and noxious substances. T2Rs are a family of approximately 30 highly divergent G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are selectively expressed in the tongue and palate epithelium and are implicated in bitter taste sensing. Here we demonstrate, using a combination of genetic, behavioural and physiological studies, that T2R receptors are necessary and sufficient for the detection and perception of bitter compounds, and show that differences in T2Rs between species (human and mouse) can determine the selectivity of bitter taste responses. In addition, we show that mice engineered to express a bitter taste receptor in 'sweet cells' become strongly attracted to its cognate bitter tastants, whereas expression of the same receptor (or even a novel GPCR) in T2R-expressing cells resulted in mice that are averse to the respective compounds. Together these results illustrate the fundamental principle of bitter taste coding at the periphery: dedicated cells act as broadly tuned bitter sensors that are wired to mediate behavioural aversion.     

五峰夏秋茶主要呈味成分分析研究

为了研究五峰春茶、夏茶和秋茶的主要呈味成分和品质的差异, 以五峰春茶、夏茶和秋茶为样品,利用重量法对五峰春茶、夏茶和秋茶的水分、水浸出物进行测定和比较;利用紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱法(High Performance Liquid Chromatography, HPLC)测定样品的主要呈味成分,包括茶多酚、儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(Epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG)、咖啡因和氨基酸含量.研究结果表明,五峰春茶、夏茶和秋茶的主要呈味成分存在差异.茶多酚、儿茶素、EGCG含量：春茶 < 夏茶 < 秋茶;咖啡因、茶氨酸、总氨基酸含量：春茶 > 夏茶 > 秋茶.不同季节的茶叶呈味成分成分之间存在较大差异,可能是导致五峰夏秋茶苦涩味偏重的主要原因.