Resolvin E1 and protectin D1 activate inflammation-resolution programmes

Resolution of acute inflammation is an active process essential for appropriate host responses, tissue protection and the return to homeostasis. During resolution, specific omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty-acid-derived mediators are generated within resolving exudates, including resolvin E1 (RvE1) and protectin D1 (PD1). It is thus important to pinpoint specific actions of RvE1 and PD1 in regulating tissue resolution. Here we report that RvE1 and PD1 in nanogram quantities promote phagocyte removal during acute inflammation by regulating leukocyte infiltration, increasing macrophage ingestion of apoptotic polymorphonuclear neutrophils in vivo and in vitro, and enhancing the appearance of phagocytes carrying engulfed zymosan in lymph nodes and spleen. In this tissue terrain, inhibition of either cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenases--pivotal enzymes in the temporal generation of both pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators--caused a 'resolution deficit' that was rescued by RvE1, PD1 or aspirin-triggered lipoxin A4 analogue. Also, new resolution routes were identified that involve phagocytes traversing perinodal adipose tissues and non-apoptotic polymorphonuclear neutrophils carrying engulfed zymosan to lymph nodes. Together, these results identify new active components for postexudate resolution traffic, and demonstrate that RvE1 and PD1 are potent agonists for resolution of inflamed tissues.     

Metabolite-enabled eradication of bacterial persisters by aminoglycosides

Bacterial persistence is a state in which a sub-population of dormant cells, or 'persisters', tolerates antibiotic treatment. Bacterial persisters have been implicated in biofilms and in chronic and recurrent infections. Despite this clinical relevance, there are currently no viable means for eradicating persisters. Here we show that specific metabolic stimuli enable the killing of both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) persisters with aminoglycosides. This potentiation is aminoglycoside-specific, it does not rely on growth resumption and it is effective in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. It proceeds by the generation of a proton-motive force which facilitates aminoglycoside uptake. Our results demonstrate that persisters, although dormant, are primed for metabolite uptake, central metabolism and respiration. We show that aminoglycosides can be used in combination with specific metabolites to treat E. coli and S. aureus biofilms. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this approach can improve the treatment of chronic infections in a mouse urinary tract infection model. This work establishes a strategy for eradicating bacterial persisters that is based on metabolism, and highlights the importance of the metabolic environment to antibiotic treatment.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌的临床感染分布及耐药性分析

目的-探讨医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌的临床感染分布及耐药情况,为临床抗感染治疗合理选择抗生素、减少耐药发生提供依据。方法：收集2010年8月-2011年12月从临床送检标本中分离的大肠埃希菌264株,药敏试验采用K～B纸片扩散法。根据美国临床检验室标准化委员会（CLSI）推荐的纸片扩散法,严格按照其制定的标准进行ESBLs确证实验。采用wHONET5．4软件进行统计学分析。结果：264株大肠埃希菌中检出134株（50．8％）产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,标本分布以痰标本最高（47．76％）,而科室分布以普外科最高（12．61％）。在药敏实验中,产ESBLs菌株对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、阿米卡星、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、呋喃妥因、头孢西丁的耐药性较低（0％。15．5％）：环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、庆大霉素、复方新诺明,阿莫西林／克拉维酸的耐药性较高（41.3％～82．8％）;青霉素类、头孢菌素类及ATM耐药性高（100％）,临床不宜选用。结论：产ESBLs大肠埃希菌存在多重耐药性,临床实验室应加强产ESBLs菌株的监测,根据,临床药敏结果合理选用抗生素。     

关于P_(2r,2s-1)的k-优美标号

对于简单图G=,如果存在一个映射f:V(G)→{0,1,2,…,|E|+k-1}满足:1)对任意的u,v∈V,若u≠v,则f(u)≠f(v);2)max{f(u)|u∈V}=|E|+k-1;3)对任意的e1,e2∈E,若e1≠e2,则g(e1)≠g(e2),且{g(e1)|e∈E}={k,k+1,…,|E|+k-1},g(e2)=|f(u)-f(v)|,e=uv,则称G是k-优美图,f称为G的k-优美标号.作者研究了一类图的k-优美标号.     

Pseudomonas biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance are linked to phenotypic variation

Colonization of the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients by the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the principal cause of mortality in CF populations. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections generally persist despite the use of long-term antibiotic therapy. This has been explained by postulating that P. aeruginosa forms an antibiotic-resistant biofilm consisting of bacterial communities embedded in an exopolysaccharide matrix. Alternatively, it has been proposed that resistant P. aeruginosa variants may be selected in the CF respiratory tract by antimicrobial therapy itself. Here we report that both explanations are correct, and are interrelated. We found that antibiotic-resistant phenotypic variants of P. aeruginosa with enhanced ability to form biofilms arise at high frequency both in vitro and in the lungs of CF patients. We also identified a regulatory protein (PvrR) that controls the conversion between antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-susceptible forms. Compounds that affect PvrR function could have an important role in the treatment of CF infections.     

直径为4的奇优美树

对于简单图G=, 如果存在一个映射f: V→{0,1,2,...,2E|-1}满足:对任意的u,v∈V,若u≠v,则f(u)≠f(v);max{f(v)|v∈V}=2|E|-1;对任意的e1,e2∈E,若e1≠e2,则g(e1)≠g(e2),此处g(e)=|f(u)-f(v)|,e=uv;{g(e)|e∈E}={1,3,5, ...,2|E|-1},则称G为奇优美图,f 称为G的奇优美标号.提出一个猜想:每棵树都是奇优美的,文章证明了直径为4的树都是奇优美的.     

伞状树的奇强协调性

设G=V,E是一个简单图,若存在一个映射f:V(G)→{0,1,2,…,2|E|-1}满足(1)对任意的u,v∈V,若u≠v,则f(u)≠f(v);(2)对任意的e1,e2∈E,若e1≠e2则g(e1)≠g(e2),此处g(e)=f(u)+f(v),e=uv,且{g(e)|e∈E}={1,3,5,…,2|E|-1},则称G是奇强协调图,f为G的奇强协调标号,讨论了一类树的奇强协调性.     

Non-canonical inflammasome activation targets caspase-11

Caspase-1 activation by inflammasome scaffolds comprised of intracellular nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) and the adaptor ASC is believed to be essential for production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 during the innate immune response. Here we show, with C57BL/6 Casp11 gene-targeted mice, that caspase-11 (also known as caspase-4) is critical for caspase-1 activation and IL-1β production in macrophages infected with Escherichia coli, Citrobacter rodentium or Vibrio cholerae. Strain 129 mice, like Casp11(-/-) mice, exhibited defects in IL-1β production and harboured a mutation in the Casp11 locus that attenuated caspase-11 expression. This finding is important because published targeting of the Casp1 gene was done using strain 129 embryonic stem cells. Casp1 and Casp11 are too close in the genome to be segregated by recombination; consequently, the published Casp1(-/-) mice lack both caspase-11 and caspase-1. Interestingly, Casp11(-/-) macrophages secreted IL-1β normally in response to ATP and monosodium urate, indicating that caspase-11 is engaged by a non-canonical inflammasome. Casp1(-/-)Casp11(129mt/129mt) macrophages expressing caspase-11 from a C57BL/6 bacterial artificial chromosome transgene failed to secrete IL-1β regardless of stimulus, confirming an essential role for caspase-1 in IL-1β production. Caspase-11 rather than caspase-1, however, was required for non-canonical inflammasome-triggered macrophage cell death, indicating that caspase-11 orchestrates both caspase-1-dependent and -independent outputs. Caspase-1 activation by non-canonical stimuli required NLRP3 and ASC, but caspase-11 processing and cell death did not, implying that there is a distinct activator of caspase-11. Lastly, loss of caspase-11 rather than caspase-1 protected mice from a lethal dose of lipopolysaccharide. These data highlight a unique pro-inflammatory role for caspase-11 in the innate immune response to clinically significant bacterial infections.     

关于m-增生算子的扰动方程可解性的几个问题

设Z为-Banach空间,T、C为两个定义、取值均在Z内的算子,本文讨论算子方程 Tx+Cx=f (E) 解的存在性,其中f∈Z所运用的主要方法一是在具有紧予解(T+αI)~(-1)的假定下,运用度理论解(E)的等价方程。其中I为恒等变换,α为一正常数,二是考察逼近问题解的存在性, 本文的结果改进和推广了Kartsatos[4,5]中的某些结果     

尿路感染病原菌及耐药性分析

目的：探讨尿路感染的病原菌构成及耐药性,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法：收集我院2006年1月至2007年12月尿路感染患者清洁中段尿培养阳性588株细菌进行鉴定,并用K—B纸片法作药敏分析。结果：尿路感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主（63．8％）,前4位分别是大肠埃希菌（45．7％）、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（11.6％）、假丝酵母菌（11．1％）、肠球菌（7．8％）。大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺胺酶（ESBLS）检出率分别为29％和32.1％,甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）检出率为41．2％。结论：革兰阴性杆菌是尿路感染的主要病原菌,对常规抗菌药物的耐药性呈上升趋势,细菌分离培养鉴定及药敏试验对指导临床合理使用抗菌药物具有重要意义。     

图K_(2n)\E(F_5)(n≥13)的点可区别边染色

对简单图G(V,E),设f是从E(G)到{1,2,…,k}的映射,k为自然数,如果f满足:1)对任意的uv,uw∈E(G),v≠w,有f(uv)≠f(uw);2)对任意的u,v∈V(G),u≠v,有C(u)≠C(v).则称f为图G的k-点可区别边染色法,而最小的k被称为点可区别边色数(其中C(u)={f(uv)|uv∈E(G)}).研究了图K2n\E(F5)(n≥13)的点可区别边色数.     

NLRP6 negatively regulates innate immunity and host defence against bacterial pathogens

Members of the intracellular nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family contribute to immune responses through activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), type I interferon and inflammasome signalling. Mice lacking the NLR family member NLRP6 were recently shown to be susceptible to colitis and colorectal tumorigenesis, but the role of NLRP6 in microbial infections and the nature of the inflammatory signalling pathways regulated by NLRP6 remain unclear. Here we show that Nlrp6-deficient mice are highly resistant to infection with the bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Infected Nlrp6-deficient mice had increased numbers of monocytes and neutrophils in circulation, and NLRP6 signalling in both haematopoietic and radioresistant cells contributed to increased susceptibility. Nlrp6 deficiency enhanced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the canonical NF-κB pathway after Toll-like receptor ligation, but not cytosolic NOD1/2 ligation, in vitro. Consequently, infected Nlrp6-deficient cells produced increased levels of NF-κB- and MAPK-dependent cytokines and chemokines. Thus, our results reveal NLRP6 as a negative regulator of inflammatory signalling, and demonstrate a role for this NLR in impeding clearance of both Gram-positive and -negative bacterial pathogens.     

TREM-1 amplifies inflammation and is a crucial mediator of septic shock

Host innate responses to bacterial infections are primarily mediated by neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. These cells express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that bind conserved molecular structures shared by groups of microorganisms. Stimulation of PRR signalling pathways initiates secretion of proinflammatory mediators, which promote the elimination of infectious agents and the induction of tissue repair. Excessive inflammation owing to bacterial infections can lead to tissue damage and septic shock. Here we show that inflammatory responses to microbial products are amplified by a pathway mediated by triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1. TREM-1 is an activating receptor expressed at high levels on neutrophils and monocytes that infiltrate human tissues infected with bacteria. Furthermore, it is upregulated on peritoneal neutrophils of patients with microbial sepsis and mice with experimental lipopolysaccaride (LPS)-induced shock. Notably, blockade of TREM-1 protects mice against LPS-induced shock, as well as microbial sepsis caused by live Escherichia coli or caecal ligation and puncture. These results demonstrate a critical function of TREM-1 in acute inflammatory responses to bacteria and implicate TREM-1 as a potential therapeutic target for septic shock.     

肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7感染小鼠动物模型的初步建立

目的　建立肠出血性大肠杆菌O15 7:H7感染小鼠动物模型。方法　选用离乳小鼠随机分组 ,先以丝裂霉素和萘啶酮酸处理 ,提高小鼠对肠出血性大肠杆菌O15 7的敏感性 ,再分别以不同剂量口服接种肠出血性大肠杆菌O15 7:H7EDL933W ,进行临床和病理学检查。结果　利用对O15 7不易感的小鼠 ,复制出人类感染O15 7所出现的主要病理变化和部分临床症状 ,初步建立了动物模型。讨论　该动物模型对探索肠出血性大肠杆菌O15 7:H7的感染机制、毒力因子的作用有重要意义 ,并为O15 7:H7的疫苗侯选株安全性的评价打下初步基础。     

图的点可区别无圈边色数的一个上界(英文)

图G的一个正常边染色f,若满足:1)G中无2-色圈;2)对于V(G)中的任意两点u和v,有C(u)≠C(v),这里C(u)={f(uw)|uw∈E(G)},则f叫做图G的一个点可区别无圈边染色.图G的点可区别无圈边色数,记为χ′_(vda)(G),是图G的一个点可区别无圈边染色所用色的最小数目.证明了若图G是一个最小度不小于5,且顶点数不超过30Δ~4的图时,χ′_(vda)(G)≤10Δ~2,其中Δ是图G的最大度.     

SOS response promotes horizontal dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes

Mobile genetic elements have a crucial role in spreading antibiotic resistance genes among bacterial populations. Environmental and genetic factors that regulate conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in bacterial populations are largely unknown. Integrating conjugative elements (ICEs) are a diverse group of mobile elements that are transferred by means of cell-cell contact and integrate into the chromosome of the new host. SXT is a approximately 100-kilobase ICE derived from Vibrio cholerae that encodes genes that confer resistance to chloramphenicol, sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim and streptomycin. SXT-related elements were not detected in V. cholerae before 1993 but are now present in almost all clinical V. cholerae isolates from Asia. ICEs related to SXT are also present in several other bacterial species and encode a variety of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes. Here we show that SetR, an SXT encoded repressor, represses the expression of activators of SXT transfer. The 'SOS response' to DNA damage alleviates this repression, increasing the expression of genes necessary for SXT transfer and hence the frequency of transfer. SOS is induced by a variety of environmental factors and antibiotics, for example ciprofloxacin, and we show that ciprofloxacin induces SXT transfer as well. Thus, we present a mechanism by which therapeutic agents can promote the spread of antibiotic resistance genes.     

Enhanced bacterial clearance and sepsis resistance in caspase-12-deficient mice

Caspases function in both apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine processing and thereby have a role in resistance to sepsis. Here we describe a novel role for a caspase in dampening responses to bacterial infection. We show that in mice, gene-targeted deletion of caspase-12 renders animals resistant to peritonitis and septic shock. The resulting survival advantage was conferred by the ability of the caspase-12-deficient mice to clear bacterial infection more efficiently than wild-type littermates. Caspase-12 dampened the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-18 (interferon (IFN)-gamma inducing factor) and IFN-gamma, but not tumour-necrosis factor-alpha and IL-6, in response to various bacterial components that stimulate Toll-like receptor and NOD pathways. The IFN-gamma pathway was crucial in mediating survival of septic caspase-12-deficient mice, because administration of neutralizing antibodies to IFN-gamma receptors ablated the survival advantage that otherwise occurred in these animals. Mechanistically, caspase-12 associated with caspase-1 and inhibited its activity. Notably, the protease function of caspase-12 was not necessary for this effect, as the catalytically inactive caspase-12 mutant Cys299Ala also inhibited caspase-1 and IL-1beta production to the same extent as wild-type caspase-12. In this regard, caspase-12 seems to be the cFLIP counterpart for regulating the inflammatory branch of the caspase cascade. In mice, caspase-12 deficiency confers resistance to sepsis and its presence exerts a dominant-negative suppressive effect on caspase-1, resulting in enhanced vulnerability to bacterial infection and septic mortality.     

奇圈、偶圈与轮的多重联图的邻点可区别E-全染色(英文)

G(V,E)是一个简单图,k是一个正整数,f是一个V(G)∪E(G)到{1,2,…,k}的映射,如果uv∈E(G),则f(u)≠f(v),f(u)≠f(uv),f(v)≠f(uv),C(u)≠C(v),其中,C(u)={f(u)}∪{f(uv)|uv∈E(G)},称f是图G的邻点可区别E-全染色,称最小的数k为图G的邻点可区别E-全色数,给出了奇圈、偶圈与轮的多重联图的邻点可区别E-全色数.     

三种新的穿梭质粒pCC10、pCCT7和pST16的构建和性质研究

利用大肠杆菌质粒pUC18、pTG206和金黄色葡萄球菌质粒pC194在体外构建3个嵌合质粒pCC10、pCCT7和pST16.3个新质粒均是大肠杆菌和枯草杆菌的穿梭质粒。它们在大肠杆菌中呈Ap~rCm~r型,在枯草杆菌中则为Cm~rAp~5型。其中pCCT7和pST16含有xylE基因,可作为启动子探测质粒。所有的新质粒都具有来自pUC18的多酶克隆位点,适合于在大肠杆菌和枯草杆菌中重组外源DNA以及比较它们的表达情况。