稀土在硬质合金球形粉末烧结体表面的富集现象

采用合金粉末烧结体表面观察法研究了稀土在WC-Co硬质合金中的作用机理.合金中的稀土分别以混合稀土(以La和Ce为主体成分)- Co预合金粉形式和La(NO3)3的丙酮溶液形式在湿磨时直接加入.用扫描电镜和能谱仪对平均粒径小于200 μm的2种球形稀土硬质合金粉末烧结体表面进行了观察与分析.研究结果表明:当以混合稀土-Co预合金粉形式加入稀土时,在烧结过程中,合金中的稀土La和Ce在合金粉末烧结体表面产生明显的富集,并与主要来自于烧结炉内气氛中的杂质元素形成了含La,Ce,S,Ca,W,C和O的复杂化合物;当以La(NO3)3形式加入稀土时,在合金粉末烧结体表面不存在La的富集或聚集.稀土的添加形式同时也影响合金粉末烧结体表面硬质相WC与粘结相的比例,当以混合稀土-Co预合金粉末形式加入稀土时,合金粉末烧结体表面粘结相含量较少.因此,稀土的添加形式影响其在硬质合金中的作用机理,当以混合稀土-Co预合金粉形式加入稀土时,合金中的稀土不但具有较强的富集杂质元素的作用,而且还可以阻止合金粉末烧结体表面富粘结相结构的形成.     

纯氧气氛下硬质合金及其原料的热稳定性

采用差热分析法研究了纯氧气氛下WC粉、Co粉、RE-Co预合金粉、WC-8Co硬质合金的热稳定性以及稀土对硬质合金热稳定性的影响.研究结果表明:费氏粒度分别为0.51μm和0.93μm的WC粉和Co粉分别在392℃和282℃就开始明显氧化,由于湿磨过程的活化作用与破碎作用,硬质合金混合料的热稳定性进一步降低,因此,在制备硬质合金混合料特别是超细硬质合金混合料的过程中对湿磨介质、混合料干燥方式与干燥温度等应进行严格选择与控制;在湿磨过程中,稀土以RE-Co预合金粉形式加入制备成含稀土的硬质合金,在混合料制备过程中RE-Co预合金粉不会发生明显氧化,其热稳定性与硬质合金基本原料WC粉和Co粉的热稳定性相当;稀土的添加量对WC-Co硬质合金的热稳定性影响不大,在合金中加入稀土不能使合金的明显氧化起始温度得到显著提高;在约700℃,WC-8Co硬质合金发生明显氧化,因此,WC-8Co硬质合金的实际使用温度应低于700℃.     

稀土对Sn-0.7Cu-0.075Al无铅焊料组织和可焊性的影响

针对Sn-Al体系不易混熔的难点,通过粉末压片与真空电弧熔炼相结合的方法,成功制备了添加稀土的Sn-Cu-Al无铅焊料,并研究了添加微量单一稀土Ce、La和混合稀土RE对其显微组织和可焊性(熔化特性、润湿性)的影响。实验结果表明,不同稀土的添加均能使Sn-0.7Cu-0.075Al合金的组织均匀细化,单一稀土Ce、La的添加对基体合金的细化效果优于混合稀土RE的。单一稀土Ce、La的添加使基体合金的熔点从229.82℃分别降低到227.06℃和227.38℃,而混合稀土RE的添加对基体合金熔点影响不大,不同微量稀土的添加均略微降低了基体合金的熔程。不同微量稀土的添加均改善了基体合金的润湿性能。其中,单一稀土Ce的改善作用最明显,使基体合金铺展率从68.61%提升至73.88%,润湿角从34.6°下降到26.6°。     

Ce对铝青铜合金粉体材料涂层微观组织结构的影响

利用等离子喷焊技术,将自主研究开发的多元铜合金粉体(含Ce和不含Ce)涂覆在45等对熔覆层表面微观组织观察,采用X射线衍射、表面EDS、EPMA等分析手段,研究Ce在多元铝青铜粉末熔覆层中的分布及其对微观组织结构的影响.结果表明:稀土Ce在多元铝青铜合金粉体材料涂层中以化合物的形式存在,主要富集在晶界,少量分布在晶粒内...     

原位水热合成La_(1-x)Ce_xCoO_3/SBA-15钙钛矿型催化剂和CO催化氧化反应性能的研究

采用原位水热合成法合成了La1-x Ce x CoO3/SBA-15(x=0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2,0.25,摩尔分数,下同)催化剂,并采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、N2物理吸附-脱附表征仪(BET)和程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等表征手段对催化剂的结构进行了研究.结果表明:Ce掺杂对催化剂的结构和CO催化氧化性能有较大的影响.在Ce掺杂部分取代La之后,催化剂形成了La1-x Ce x CoO3钙钛矿相,CeO2和Co3O4物相;当Ce的掺杂量为x=0.2时,催化剂的CO催化氧化活性最高.     

SPS预烧结制备超细晶梯度硬质合金

首先采用SPS预烧结和真空预烧结制备超细晶硬质合金,再经过梯度烧结使超细晶硬质合金表面形成梯度层,研究了不同预烧结方式对合金组织的影响,分析了预烧结后合金微观组织对超细晶硬质合金的梯度形成及晶粒生长的影响.结果表明,预烧结后合金的微观组织对梯度烧结后的梯度形成和晶粒生长有较大影响,经过SPS预烧结后的硬质合金进行梯度烧结后,可以获得梯度层厚度为 53μm,平均WC晶粒尺寸为0.3μm的超细晶梯度硬质合金.     

Al2O3对Ce0.8La0.2O1.9电解质材料性能的影响

制备添加Al2O3的(1-y)Ce0.8La0.2O1.9+yAl2O3(y=0、0.005、0.01、0.02、0.03、0.05、0.07、0.1)电解质材料. 考察Al2O3的添加对La3+单掺杂CeO2电解质材料烧结性能、热膨胀、离子电导率和抗弯强度的影响. 结果表明:Al2O3能促进Ce0.8La0.2O1.9的烧结;当Al2O3的摩尔分数大于0.02时,出现了第二相LaAlO3;Al2O3的添加能提高Ce0.8La0.2O1.9的离子电导率,当Al2O3的摩尔分数为0.005时,试样的离子电导率达到最大值;Al2O3的添加能有效提高Ce0.8La0.2O1.9的抗弯强度,抗弯强度随着Al2O3添加量的增加而增大;所有试样的热膨胀系数为(12.28～12.55)×10-6K-1.     

B位掺杂对固体氧化物燃料电池连接材料La0．85Sr0．15CrO3性能的影响

研究La0.85Sr0.15CrO3 B位(Cr位)掺杂不同的金属离子(Ni、Cu、Co、Ti、Ni Co) 的烧结性能、热膨胀和电子电导率.实验发现:离子掺杂可以降低La0.85Sr0.15CrO3的烧结温度;掺杂Ni对提高系统烧结性能最有效,La0.85Sr0.15Cr0.95Ni0.05O3的相对密度可达到94%;掺杂Co或者Cu能提高La0.85Sr0.15CrO3的热膨胀系数,而Ni和Ti 掺杂则有相反作用.所有试样在300 ～ 1 000 ℃具有线性热膨胀性,La0.85Sr0.15Cr0.95Ni0.02Co0.02O3在1 000 ℃空气气氛中的热膨胀系数为10.6×10-6/℃,和摩尔分数为8%的Y2O3稳定的ZrO2 (8YSZ) 电解质的热膨胀系数相匹配.与B位一元掺杂的La0.85Sr0.15CrO3试样相比,La0.85Sr0.15Cr0.95Ni0.02Co0.02O3 在675 ～ 850 ℃温度范围内显示出更高的电子电导率.     

固体电解质BaCe_(1-x)RE_xO_(3-δ)的电导率及燃料电池性能

利用溶胶 -凝胶法合成了 Ba Ce1 - x REx O3-δ( RE:稀土 )系列固体电解质 ,结果证明纯 Ba Ce O3 导电性较差 ,RE3+ 的引入 ,取代了晶格中的 Ce4+ ,增加了氧空位 ,大大提高了体系的导电性。文章还研究了掺杂的 Ba Ce O3体系的导电机理 ,讨论了不同稀土离子掺杂对电导率的影响 ,以 Ba Ce1 - x REx O3-δ为固体电解质组装了 H2 /O2 燃料电池 ,电池的开路电压接近 1V,短路电流密度超过 10 0 m A/cm2 ,以 Ba Ce0 .8Gd0 .2 O2 .9为 SOFC电解质 ,80 0℃时最大输出功率密度达 30 m W/cm2 。     

添加LaB_6对超细晶WC-Ni_3Al合金的组织与力学性能影响

通过球磨与低压烧结方法,制备超细晶WC-Ni3Al硬质合金。采用X线衍射、扫描电镜及力学性能测试方法,研究La B6掺杂对超细晶WC-Ni3Al合金的组织与力学性影响。研究结果表明:添加适量La B6可以提高烧结体的致密度和断裂韧性,减少WC颗粒的反常长大,抑制基体合金中的脱碳相Ni3W9C4的生成,但当加入过量的La B6后合金中出现另一种脱碳相Ni2W4C。在1 500℃烧结后,添加质量分数为0.096 7%La B6到WC-Ni3Al硬质合金中,合金的断裂韧性从13.1 MPa·m1/2提高到15.6 MPa·m1/2,而抗压缩强度达到3 500 MPa。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the