根据惰性气体含量计算深层地下水的形成温度

惰性气体在地下水中的溶解量主要取决于水温和气体分压.而且溶解度在常见的水温范围内是水温的单调函数.因此,当深层地下水系统处于封闭状态,系统中不存在蜕变成因的惰性气体源时,可将溶解的惰性气体作为指示地下水形成温度的天然示踪剂.     

惰性气体含量对深层地下水形成温度的踪意义分析

惰性气体在地下水中的溶解量主要取决于水温和气体分压,而且溶解度在常见的水温范围内是水温的单调函数,因此,当深层地下水系统处于封闭状态,系统中不存在蜕变成因或变质成因的惰性气体源时,可将溶解的惰性气体作为批示地下水形成温度的天然示踪剂。     

加酶洗衣粉为什么要用温水溶解

平时,妈妈用洗衣粉洗衣服时,总会 先用水将洗衣粉溶解,然后再把衣服浸泡 进去。不过,我发现妈妈在溶解加酶洗衣 粉时,总是很注意水温,她说水温过高,加 酶洗衣粉就会失效了,这是为什么呢?     

车用发动机台架宽水温控制冷却系统

研制冷却系统,以进行发动机低水温台架试验.以水箱恒温水对汽油机稳定工况大循环冷却系统进行实验,得出冷却水温不变的结论.据此叙述系统主要研制技术和水温控制原理.系统采用旁通阀手动排泄适宜的进箱前冷却水量,用浮球阀自动向箱内补充等排泄量的冷水,使箱内水温稳定,并进行试验与性能分析.结果表明:汽油机在转速4000 r.min-1时各水温控制精度≤0.3℃,满足试验要求.此冷却系统运行可靠,实现在30～97℃之间任一冷却水温控制及节能减排.     

高温氩气的辐射

高温下的气体要进行各种各样的物理和物理-化学过程,光辐射就是其中之一。高温氩气的辐射属于惰性气体辐射,意义重大、对单原子惰性气体,由于它的声速小,比热比大,在激波管中易获得高温,使其受到激发。过去,F.H.Mies,H.E.Petschek等人,曾对惰性气体的辐射给予报道,但他们二区或五区的温度均在万K以上。惰性气体在万K以下的辐射是否与万K以上的相同呢?     

成品油轮惰气发生器(IGG)系统原理及管理建议

惰性气体发生器(IGG)在成品油轮上主要是向货舱提供一定压力和含氧量的惰性气体,置换出可燃性气体以及在舱内安全作业时提供新鲜空气。本文基于某轮惰气发生器(IGG)系统—挪威Air Products AS,阐述系统的组成、工作原理以及主要部件的作用。同时根据笔者的工作经验,介绍了此系统的典型故障处理以及常规维护保养。     

低磁场下激光泵浦超极化惰性气体研究

为了获得高极化度的惰性气体,采用激光泵浦的方法可以使没有放射性的惰性气体同位素(如129Xe、3He)的自旋极化度得到极大增强.圆柱形的玻璃泵浦室内充满天然氙气、氮气、铷蒸气和氦气的混合气体,压力维持在1 MPa左右.泵浦室放置在30Gs的均匀磁场内,并被加热到318～352K.中心波长为794.7 nm的圆偏振激光均匀照射泵浦室对碱金属及惰性气体进行泵浦极化.其获得的非平衡极化度远远高于在相同磁场里玻尔兹曼平衡值.增强的核自旋极化度,可以使惰性气体同位素核磁共振的灵敏度提高104～105倍.     

扫描探针电子能谱仪的数据获取系统的研制

报道了我们自行搭建的扫描探针电子能谱仪的数据获取系统的物理实现.该系统包括二维位置灵敏电信号的编码、读出以及后续的在线数据采集和离线数据处理.对惰性气体Ar的初步测量充分验证了该系统的可靠性与稳定性.     

惰性气体对甲烷爆炸极限的影响

利用公式△U=-0.1196n/λ计算20℃、0.1MPa、惰性气体处于临界浓度时甲烷爆炸反应形成的温度T2,进而计算了爆炸形成的压力p2.若惰性气体为CO2,则T2=1380K,p2=0.47MPa;若惰性气体为CCl4,则T2=1372K,p2=0.47MPa;若惰性气体为N2,则为T2=1361K,p2=0.46MPa;若惰性气体为Ar,则T2=1354K,p2=0.46MPa;若无惰性气体,甲烷的浓度为爆炸下限,则T2=1341K,p2=0.46MPa.     

巯基乙醇还原法提取羊毛角蛋白

研究用巯基乙醇还原法提取羊毛角蛋白问题,探讨了巯基乙醇的浓度对羊毛溶解率的影响规律.用质谱仪测定溶解后的角蛋白的分子量.结果显示,当巯基乙醇在溶解系统中的浓度超出一定值时不会引起进一步的溶解,反应温度是影响羊毛溶解的重要因素,随着反应温度的升高,羊毛溶解率增加,但角蛋白的大分子链会过分降解.因此,在巯基乙醇还原法中,只要采用合适的反应温度,不仅能够溶解羊毛,而且角蛋白大分子链也不会过分降解.     

Noble gas isotopic compositions of deep carbonate rocks from the Tarim Basin

Abundances and isotopic compositions of noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr) with various existence states in carbonate rocks from the Tacan1 Well have been investigated by means of the stepwise heating technique. The elemental abundance patterns of noble gases in the samples show the enrichment of heavy noble gases and depletion of ²⁰Ne relative to the atmosphere, which are designated as type-Ⅰand are similar to that observed in water, natural gases and sedimentary rocks. The ³He/⁴He ratios of deep carbonate samples at lower and medium temperature (300—700℃) and a majority of samples at higher temperature (1100—1500℃) steps are very similar to those of natural gases in the same strata in this area, this feature of radiogenic crustal helium shows that the Tazhong Uplift is relatively stable. However, significant helium and argon isotopic anomalies are found at the 1100℃ step in the Middle-Upper Ordovician carbonate rock, suggesting the incorporation of mantle-derived volatiles, this may be due to minor igneous minerals contained in sedimentary carbonate rocks. The ⁴⁰Ar/ ³⁶Ar ratios in the Cambrian carbonate rock are slightly higher than those in Ordovician carbonate rocks, which may reflect the influence of the chronologic accumulation effect of crust radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar. Argon isotopes of various existence states in source rocks are much more different, both ³⁸Ar/ ³⁶Ar and ⁴⁰Ar/ ³⁶Ar ratios at the higher temperature steps are higher than those at the lower temperature steps.     

Early differentiation and volatile accretion recorded in deep-mantle neon and xenon

The isotopes (129)Xe, produced from the radioactive decay of extinct (129)I, and (136)Xe, produced from extinct (244)Pu and extant (238)U, have provided important constraints on early mantle outgassing and volatile loss from Earth. The low ratios of radiogenic to non-radiogenic xenon ((129)Xe/(130)Xe) in ocean island basalts (OIBs) compared with mid-ocean-ridge basalts (MORBs) have been used as evidence for the existence of a relatively undegassed primitive deep-mantle reservoir. However, the low (129)Xe/(130)Xe ratios in OIBs have also been attributed to mixing between subducted atmospheric Xe and MORB Xe, which obviates the need for a less degassed deep-mantle reservoir. Here I present new noble gas (He, Ne, Ar, Xe) measurements from an Icelandic OIB that reveal differences in elemental abundances and (20)Ne/(22)Ne ratios between the Iceland mantle plume and the MORB source. These observations show that the lower (129)Xe/(130)Xe ratios in OIBs are due to a lower I/Xe ratio in the OIB mantle source and cannot be explained solely by mixing atmospheric Xe with MORB-type Xe. Because (129)I became extinct about 100 million years after the formation of the Solar System, OIB and MORB mantle sources must have differentiated by 4.45 billion years ago and subsequent mixing must have been limited. The Iceland plume source also has a higher proportion of Pu- to U-derived fission Xe, requiring the plume source to be less degassed than MORBs, a conclusion that is independent of noble gas concentrations and the partitioning behaviour of the noble gases with respect to their radiogenic parents. Overall, these results show that Earth's mantle accreted volatiles from at least two separate sources and that neither the Moon-forming impact nor 4.45 billion years of mantle convection has erased the signature of Earth's heterogeneous accretion and early differentiation.     

An approach to noble-gas isotopic compositions in natural gases and gas-source tracing in the Ordos Basin, China

Isotopic compositions of noble gases, i.e. He Ar Kr and Xe, are measured in natural gases from the Zhongbu gasfield in the Ordos Basin. And heavy noble-gas isotopes (Kr, Xe) are here first used in geochemically studying natural gases and gas-source correlation. Isotopic compositions of heavy noble gases in natural gases, especially Xe, show two-source mixing in the Zhongbu gasfield. Gas sources are somewhat different in the northeast and the southwest of the gasfield. Generally, the gas source of the Lower Paleozoic makes a greater contribution in the southwest than in the northeast in the field. Two kinds of gases can be differentiated from isotopic compositions of heavy noble gases and from their relation with the Ar isotopic composition, Therefore, the comprehensive study on isotopic compositions of light and heavy noble gases can supply more useful information on gas-source correlation and tracing.     

Noble gases in corundum megacrysts from the basalts in Changle, Shandong Province, eastern China

This study presents noble gaseous data of the corundum megacrysts from the Cenozoic basalts in Changle, Shandong Province, eastern China. It is known that no noble gaseous data of corundum megacryst have been documented before. The 3He/4He ratios (1.13-7.37 Ra) of the corundums from Changle vary from atmosphere to MORB values; the 20Ne/22Ne (9.67-10.75) and 21Ne/22Ne (0.0280-0.0372) data define two linear trends on Ne three-isotope diagram, respectively, along the MFL and the correlation line between atmosphere and MORB; the 38Ar/36Ar (0.177-0.194) ratios, the 40Ar/36Ar (280.9 -404.2) ratios and the 128-136Xe/132Xe ration with obvious 129Xe excess are generally higher than at-mospheric component, but the 40Ar/36Ar ratios are much closer to atomospheric ratio. The isotopic compositions of noble gases (particularly for He and Ar) of the corundums are similar to those of py-roxene, anorthoclase megacrysts, and mantle-derived xenoliths from this area, and those of man-tle-derived xenoliths from several areas in eastern China. Therefore, the noble gases trapped in the corundums probably are from mantle source, representing a ‘mixed fluid' produced by the interaction between the lithospheric mantle and fluids releasing from the convective plate. Both the noble gas isotopic compositions and the oxygen isotopic compositions of the solid corundums are not the characteristics of crustal source. These suggest that the corundums crystallized from mantle-derived magmas with minimal crustal contamination.     

Seawater subduction controls the heavy noble gas composition of the mantle

The relationship between solar volatiles and those now in the Earth's atmosphere and mantle reservoirs provides insight into the processes controlling the acquisition of volatiles during planetary accretion and their subsequent evolution. Whereas the light noble gases (helium and neon) in the Earth's mantle preserve a solar-like isotopic composition, heavy noble gases (argon, krypton and xenon) have an isotopic composition very similar to that of the modern atmosphere, with radiogenic and (in the case of xenon) solar contributions. Mantle noble gases in a magmatic CO2 natural gas field have been previously corrected for shallow atmosphere/groundwater and crustal additions. Here we analyse new data from this field and show that the elemental composition of non-radiogenic heavy noble gases in the mantle is remarkably similar to that of sea water. We challenge the popular concept of a noble gas 'subduction barrier'--the convecting mantle noble gas isotopic and elemental composition is explained by subduction of sediment and seawater-dominated pore fluids. This accounts for approximately 100% of the non-radiogenic argon and krypton and 80% of the xenon. Approximately 50% of the convecting mantle water concentration can then be explained by this mechanism. Enhanced recycling of subducted material to the mantle plume source region then accounts for the lower ratio of radiogenic to non-radiogenic heavy noble gas isotopes and higher water content of plume-derived basalts.     

Noble-gas-rich chondrules in an enstatite meteorite

Chondrules are silicate spherules that are found in abundance in the most primitive class of meteorites, the chondrites. Chondrules are believed to have formed by rapid cooling of silicate melt early in the history of the Solar System, and their properties should reflect the composition of (and physical conditions in) the solar nebula at the time when the Sun and planets were forming. It is usually believed that chondrules lost all their noble gases at the time of melting. Here we report the discovery of significant amounts of trapped noble gases in chondrules in the enstatite chondrite Yamato-791790, which consists of highly reduced minerals. The elemental ratios 36Ar/132Xe and 84Kr/132Xe are similar to those of 'subsolar' gas, which has the highest 36Ar/132Xe ratio after that of solar-type noble gases. The most plausible explanation for the high noble-gas concentration and the characteristic elemental ratios is that solar gases were implanted into the chondrule precursor material, followed by incomplete loss of the implanted gases through diffusion over time.     

滇西富碱斑岩型多金属矿稀有气体同位素组成特征及地质意义*

通过对滇西富碱斑岩型多金属矿区稀有气体同位素组成的研究表明,黄铁矿和石英脉等流体包裹体中3He/4He值主要为0.160 8~3.470 0 Ra,远高于地壳特征值,而整体略低于地幔特征值;20Ne/22Ne和21Ne/22Ne平均值分别为11.271和0.032 2,接近地幔同位素组成;40Ar/36Ar和38Ar/36Ar平均值分别为395.51和0.197 6,均高于大气比值,而低于MORB比值;128~136Xe/130Xe值与大气相比均表现出过剩的特征。综合研究表明,滇西多金属矿区包裹体中稀有气体同位素组成在显示含矿流体的幔源特征的同时,又表现出强烈的地壳特征;成矿流体主要源于深部地幔,在参与交代蚀变过程中,其性质由熔浆向热液过渡,同时引发壳幔物质叠加混染,正是这种流体作用构成了滇西新生代富碱斑岩多金属成矿的内在统一制约因素。     

Noble gas and cosmic-ray exposure age of Juancheng chondrite

The analytical results of noble gase in recently fallen Juancheng chondrite indicate that cosmic-ray ages of cosmogenic nuclei of³He,²¹Ne and³⁸Ar are 5.1, 5.0 and 5.8 Ma, respectively, averaging 5.3 Ma. The gas retention ages radiogenic nuclei of⁴He and⁴⁰Ar are 3 200 and 4 200 Ma, respectively. The average cosmic-ray age shows that it has occurred at breakup of the meteoroid from its parent body by impact before 5.3 Ma.     

Palaeotemperature reconstruction from noble gases in ground water taking into account equilibration with entrapped air

Noble-gas concentrations in ground water have been used as a proxy for past air temperatures, but the accuracy of this approach has been limited by the existence of a temperature-independent component of the noble gases in ground water, termed 'excess air' whose origin and composition is poorly understood. In particular, the evidence from noble gases in a Brazilian aquifer for a cooling of more than 5 C in tropical America during the Last Glacial Maximum has been called into question. Here we propose a model for dissolved gases in ground water, which describes the formation of excess air by equilibration of ground water with entrapped air in quasi-saturated soils. Our model predicts previously unexplained noble-gas data sets, including the concentration of atmospheric helium, and yields consistent results for the non-atmospheric helium isotopes that are used for dating ground water. Using this model of excess air, we re-evaluate the use of noble gases from ground water for reconstructing past temperatures. Our results corroborate the inferred cooling in Brazil during the Last Glacial Maximum, and indicate that even larger cooling took place at mid-latitudes.