纯铜梯度纳米化表面硬质膜的微观结构演化与力学性能研究

利用磁控溅射法在纯铜的表面沉积TiN硬质膜,然后对镀膜后的试样进行表面机械滚压处理（surface mechanical rolling treatment, SMRT）,在其表层形成梯度纳米结构层。采用金相显微镜（optical microscopy, OM） 、扫描电子显微镜（scanning electron microscope, SEM）等对试样的表面形貌和显微结构进行表征,研究梯度纳米结构层的强化方式和组织演化规律。通过改变SMRT工艺的参数,在试样的表面制备出不同厚度的梯度纳米结构层。研究发现：随着下压量的增加,表面的梯度纳米层随之变厚,硬质膜颗粒与纯铜基体的结合更紧密;表面梯度纳米化影响了硬质膜的组织结构;颗粒被碾入纯铜表层中,提高了试样的综合力学性能,屈服强度最高增加了73%,同时其塑性降低很少;试样表面的硬度最大可以达到约1.6 GPa,并且沿厚度方向从表层到芯部的硬度呈梯度分布。     

40Cr钢表面纳米化的研究

采用超音速微粒轰击技术（SFPB）对40Cr调质钢进行表面纳米晶结构制备,并利用TEM、XRD、GX-71型金相显微镜和TuKON2100显缈维氏硬度计等对表面纳米层的组织结构和显微硬度进行了分析研究。结果表明,经过SFPB表面处理后,在40Cr调质钢表面晶粒细化,形成了随机取向的铁素体和渗碳体纳米晶粒,晶粒尺寸达到10nm,纳米层厚度为40μm;纳米晶粒尺寸随着距表面距离增加而增大,纳米化主要是位错运动的结果;经SFPB处理后表层的显微硬度提高到526HV,且随着深度的增加硬度迅速降低。     

纳米化处理超声金属表面

采用超声表面加工处理方法在45钢上制备出纳米结构表层．TEM（透射电子显微镜）、XRD（X射线衍射）、粗糙度和显微硬度试验结果表明：经超声处理后，样品表层的晶粒可细化至纳米量级，平均晶粒尺寸为50nm，且在某些区域出现纳米晶与非晶嵌套结构，表面形成残余压应力，表面粗糙度值降为原始样品的1／100，与样品心部相比，表层硬度显著提高．     

表面机械研磨316L不锈钢诱导表层纳米化

采用表面机械研磨处理方法在316L不锈钢上制备出纳米结构表层,用X射线衍射和透射电镜研究横截面组织结构的演变过程,通过测定表层到内部的硬度变化研究纳米化对硬度的影响·结果表明:经过60min表面机械研磨处理后,在距样品表面约100μm深度形成高密度位错;随着应变量和应变速率的增加,在距样品表面约50μm深度诱发了机械孪生,形成了片层状孪晶,并相互交割细化组织;最终在样品表面形成了厚度约为20μm的纳米层,表层显微组织由晶粒尺寸为10～30nm的双相组织(马氏体和奥氏体)组成·表面纳米化是通过位错 孪晶及孪晶 孪晶相互作用实现晶粒细化·表面纳米化后,表层硬度显著提高·     

工业纯铁表面自纳米化及其表征

利用高能喷丸(High energy shot peening,HESP)法在工业纯铁的表面获得一定厚度的纳米晶层,实现工业纯铁表面自纳米化。通过金相显微镜观测、扫描电子显微镜分析、显微硬度测试以及X线衍射计算分析,对工业纯铁表面自纳米化层的组织结构和性能进行研究分析。研究结果表明:采用HESP方法实现工业纯铁表面纳米化的主要工艺参数是:喷丸弹丸为直径1 mm的铸铁,喷丸压力为0.6 MPa,喷枪距离试样表面为5 cm,所获得的纳米晶的厚度随着喷丸时间的增加而增加;剧烈变形层由于晶粒得到了细化,其显微硬度大大提高,在距喷丸面10μm处,其显微硬度(HV)达到296.6,随着距喷丸面距离的增加,剧烈变形层的硬度不断减小;只要喷丸1 min,即可在工业纯铁表面获得平均晶粒粒径为68.4 nm、微观畸变为0.050%的纳米晶层;随着喷丸时间的延长,晶粒粒径越来越小,而微观应变越来越大;喷丸14 min可在工业纯铁表面获得平均晶粒粒径为28.5 nm、微观畸变为0.175%的纳米晶层。     

底材厚度对铝热反应熔化制备的块体纳米晶Fe3Al材料的组织和性能的影响

通过铝热反应熔化方法在厚度为5~15 mm的铜底材上制备块体纳米晶Fe3Al材料.通过X射线衍射(XRD)研究材料的晶粒尺寸,研究材料室温压缩下的力学性能和硬度.结果表明,所制备材料的晶粒尺寸均约为20nm,且晶粒尺寸随底材厚度的增加而增加.底材厚度为5 mm时纳米晶Fe3Al材料的屈服强度和硬度具有最大值,随着底材厚度的增加,屈服强度和硬度急剧减小,最后趋于稳定.5 mm时纳米晶Fe3Al材料的屈服强度约是10mm时的1.5倍.     

表面纳米化对高锰钢磨料磨损性能的影响

利用传统的喷丸技术，在高锰钢表面制备出了具有纳米晶结构特征的表层，并利用X射线衍射仪及高分辨透射电子显微镜表征了表面纳米晶的微观组织结构特征．喷丸处理试样的表层晶粒细化至纳米量级，喷丸60min试样的表面晶粒尺寸约为3～8nm．随着喷丸处理时间的增加，试样表面硬度增加，晶粒尺寸减小．利用三体磨料磨损试验机检验了喷丸处理前、后试样的磨料磨损性能，结果表明：喷丸时间为2～30min时，试样的耐磨性随着喷丸时间的增加而增加；喷丸30min试样的耐磨性提高了72％；过长的喷丸时间导致试样产生微裂纹而使耐磨性下降．晶粒细化和硬度提高使磨损机理发生改变，未喷丸处理试样的磨损主要为微观切削，而喷丸处理试样的磨损主要为疲劳剥落，磨损机理的改变使材料的耐磨性提高．     

铜-聚丙烯复合膜界面结构及界面效应

采用真空蒸发镀膜方法将纯铜淀积在聚丙烯膜上（铜膜厚度约为1.3μm），用X射线衍射及透射电子显微镜研究筒-聚丙烯复合膜的界面结构及界面效应对拉伸屈服强度的影响．实验结果表明，铜-聚丙烯复合膜的屈服强度与聚丙烯膜结晶度、膜表面的洁净度和平滑度有关．同时对屈服强度变化的微观机制进行了讨论．     

40Cr钢表面纳米层形成机理的研究

通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜分析研究了高能表面处理后40 Cr钢表面纳米层的组织结构，探讨了表面纳米层的形成机理．利用纳米压痕仪测定了表面纳米层的硬度．结果表明，采用高能表面处理技术在40 Cr钢表面制备出平均晶粒尺寸约为11nm的表面纳米层．纳米层的形成过程中，粒状渗碳体易于产生应力集中，在集中应力的作用下通过破裂碎化形成纳米晶；铁素体通过位错产生、缠结等，细化为小尺寸晶粒．表面纳米层的硬度明显提高．     

Mn18Cr18N钢异步轧制过程的微观组织和显微硬度

研究了不同异步轧制速比对Mn18Cr18N无磁不锈钢板材微观组织和微观硬度的影响。结果表明,通过异步热轧,板材由表层到中心层的微观组织为梯度分布,表层晶粒细化效果明显;当异速比增至1.2时,表层晶粒细化至2.2μm,细晶层厚度为390μm;异步热轧板沿厚度方向的维氏显微硬度呈抛物线形式,随着异速比的增大,硬度总体水平下降,表层到中心层的硬度下降趋势增大。     

Enhanced fatigue property by fabricating a gradient nanostructured surface layer in a reduced-activation steel

Reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels have been selected as candidate structural materials for future advanced nuclear power systems. In the present work, the influence of a gradient nanograined surface layer on the fatigue properties of RAFM steels was studied. A gradient nanostructured (GNS) surface layer with a thickness of ～85 ?μm was prepared on RAFM steel utilizing surface mechanical rolling treatment (SMRT). The mean grain size was approximate 43 ?nm at the topmost surface and increased gradually with depth. The results of the stress-controlled tension-compression fatigue experiments showed that the fatigue life enhanced approximately 6 times in the SMRT samples compared to the corresponding base metal counterparts. The relationship between the applied stress amplitude and the fatigue lifetime, and the fracture morphology showed that the surface strengthening and strain delocalization were caused by GNS, which suppressed surface crack initiation process, and hence the fatigue properties of RAFM steels improved. In addition, the deformation compatibility in GNS and coarse-grained boundaries leading to more dislocation interactions and accumulation during the cyclic process, also plays a crucial role in enhancing the fatigue properties of RAFM steel.     

Mechanical properties of electroformed copper layers with gradient microstructure

The electroformed copper layer with gradient microstructure was prepared using the ultrasonic technique. The microstructure of the electroformed copper layer was observed by using an optical microscope (OM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The preferred orientations of the layer were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical properties were evaluated with a Vicker’s hardness tester and a tensile tester. It is found the gradient microstructure consists of two main parts: the outer part (faraway substrate) with columnar crystals and the inner part (nearby substrate) with equiaxed grains. The Cu-(220) preferred orientation increases with the increasing thickness of the copper layer. The test results show that the microhardness of the electroformed copper layer decreases with increasing grain size along the growth direction and presents a gradient distribution. The tensile strength of the outer part of the electroformed copper layer is higher than that of the inner part but at the cost of ductility. Meanwhile, the integral mechanical properties of the electroformed copper with gradient microstructure are significantly improved in comparison with the pure copper deposit.     

铜极薄带轧制过程中尺寸效应的研究

利用四辊异步冷轧机轧制工业纯铜极薄带,对轧制出厚度为25~300μm的轧件进行拉伸实验,发现在其力学性能方面出现了尺寸效应现象:随着厚度的减小,材料抗拉强度先增大,达到某一厚度临界值后转而减小,即存在一个厚度阈值,在此阈值之前出现加工硬化,之后转为加工软化.针对这一现象,对轧件进行机械性能检测和EBSD等观察或分析,认为极薄带出现尺寸效应的原因是:随着轧件厚度的减薄,胞壁沿厚度方向尺寸大幅度减小,位错向胞壁迁移距离减小,异号位错在胞壁处湮灭,导致抗拉强度降低.     

镁合金表面脉冲电沉积Zn过渡层的研究

采用电沉积方法在镁合金表面制备了一种环境友好型Zn过渡层.利用SEM、XRD研究了直流和脉冲电沉积方式对Zn过渡层形貌及微观结构的影响,采用电化学方法研究了Zn过渡层的耐蚀性.结果表明,Zn过渡层在镁合金表面电沉积Sn-Ni合金过程中是必不可少的.在相同的厚度下,脉冲电沉积方式的应用更有利于制备平整致密、无孔且耐蚀性高的Zn过渡层.只有以脉冲Zn为过渡层才能获得良好的后续Sn-Ni合金镀层.     

Copper foils with gradient structure in thickness direction and different roughnesses on two surfaces fabricated by double rolling

Copper foils with gradient structure in thickness direction and different roughnesses on two surfaces were fabricated by double rolling. The two surface morphologies of double-rolled copper foils are quite different, and the surface roughness values are 61 and 1095 nm, respectively. The roughness value of matt surface can meet the requirement for bonding the resin matrix with copper foils used for flexible printed circuit boards, thus may omit traditional roughening treatment; the microstructure of double-rolled copper foils demonstrates an obviously asymmetric gradient feature. From bright surface to matt surface in thickness direction, the average grain size first increases from 2.3 to 7.4 μm and then decreases to 3.6 μm; compared with conventional rolled copper foils, the double-rolled copper foils exhibit a remarkably increased bending fatigue life, and the increased range is about 16.2%.     

退火对表面纳米化纯钛热稳定性的影响

采用表面机械研磨技术实现纯钛材料表面纳米化,并研究了纳米化处理后的材料表层组织结构,详细分析了样品表层纳米晶组织在不同温度、不同时间退火后的热稳定性.结果表明:纯钛TA2经过表面机械研磨处理后可以在表面形成等轴且取向随机的纳米晶层,晶粒尺寸约为12nm.对表面纳米化样品退火后发现,表层纳米晶组织在773 K以下温度退火后具有良好的热稳定性,晶粒尺寸没有明显增大;在773 K温度退火150min后晶粒尺寸稍有增大,而在773 K温度退火240min后晶粒尺寸明显增大,且横截面显微硬度也比表面纳米化后未退火样品显著下降,良好的热稳定性消失.     

铜箔轧制滑移系演化的晶体塑性有限元模拟

为了定量描述厚度尺寸对极薄带轧制微观变形不均匀性的影响,采用率相关晶体塑性理论和Voronoi图的多晶模型,考虑试样尺寸,晶体取向及其分布,模拟了不同厚度铜箔在相同压下率条件下的变形行为,得到了在细观尺度上铜箔的微观应力应变和滑移系分布.模拟获得的应力-应变曲线和实验测得的曲线基本一致.通过对20%压下率不同厚度铜箔的轧制变形的研究表明,无论是在晶粒内部还是在晶粒间,材料变形都非常不均匀,主要是由在铜箔厚度方向上只有一层晶粒时,晶粒尺寸、形貌和取向的不均匀分布,近邻晶粒取向差以及滑移系启动特性所引起的.     

Effect of nitrogen introduction methods on the microstructure and properties of gradient cemented carbides

Gradient cemented carbides with the surface depleted in cubic phases were prepared following normal powder metallurgical procedures. Gradient zone formation and the influence of nitrogen introduction methods on the microstructure and performance of the alloys were investigated. The results show that the simple one-step vacuum sintering technique is doable for producing gradient cemented carbides. Gradient structure formation is attributed to the gradient in nitrogen activity during sintering, but is independent from nitrogen introduced methods. A uniform carbon distribution is found throughout the materials. Moreover, the transverse rupture strength of the cemented carbides can be increased by a gradient layer. Different nitrogen carriers give the alloys distinguishing microstructure and mechanical properties, and a gradient alloy with ultrafine-TiC_0.5N_0.5 is found optimal.     

Inhomogeneous deformation and recrystallization behavior of through-thickness tantalum sheet under one-cycle clock-rolling

Effects of low clock rolling passes on through-thickness deformation and recrystallization behavior of the Ta sheet have been investigated. The clock-rolled samples with one cycle (8 passes) were systematically examined under different thickness layers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray diffraction line profile analysis (XLPA) showed that the extremely inhomogeneous texture evolution generated and the bulk stored energy existed in the through-thickness clock-rolled Ta sheet after 8 passes. The electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) results revealed the misorientation of the grains in the deformed samples, indicating that grain subdivision in the surface and center layer was more serious than that in the quarter layer. High intensities misorientation indicates the presence of microshear bands in the surface and center layer. During annealing, the difference of the stored energy and the fragmentation of deformation microstructure along the thickness led to a heterogeneous driving force for the nucleation of the grains, resulting in subsequent different recrystallization rate in the different regions of the sample.