短光照对长爪沙鼠产热的影响

长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus)分3组驯化: ①长光温暖组即对照组(LW),14h光照,10h黑暗,(25±2)℃; ②长光低温组(LC),14h光照,10h黑暗,(4±2)℃; ③短光低温组(SW),10h光照,14h黑暗,(25±2)℃. 驯化4周后,短光低温组与对照组动物相比,其静止代谢率、非颤抖性产热率、褐色脂肪组织的质量、线粒体蛋白的质量含量和细胞色素C氧化酶、α磷酸甘油氧化酶、钠钾ATP酶活性以及肝脏的线粒体呼吸量、细胞色素C氧化酶活性均无明显变化,而长光低温组动物的以上各个指标均比对照组明显增大.结果表明,短光照不能刺激长爪沙鼠适应性产热能力的提高,而低温则可以诱导其产热能力的增强.     

冷暴露对长爪沙鼠BAT及UCPmRNA的影响

长爪沙鼠随机分为对照组和低温组 .对照组动物生活在 12h光照∶12h黑暗 (12L∶12D) ,(2 5± 2 )℃温暖环境下 ;低温组生活在 12h光照∶12h黑暗 (12L∶12D) ,(4± 2 )℃环境下 .低温组动物又根据暴露时间不同随机分为 7组 :12h组 ,2 4h组 ,3d组 ,7d组 ,14d组 ,2 1d组 ,2 8d组 .与对照组相比 ,长爪沙鼠BAT的体质量和总DNA质量在冷暴露 12～ 2 4h降低 ,而 7～ 2 8d则增加 .长爪沙鼠BAT总蛋白质的质量含量在冷暴露 2 4h时就明显增加 ,并随冷暴露时间的延长继续增加 .低温环境下 ,长爪沙鼠解偶联蛋白 (UCP)的基因表达也比对照组增加 .结果表明 ,冷暴露能够诱导长爪沙鼠的BAT细胞增补 ,UCP基因表达增加 ,从而使其适应性产热增加 .     

冷驯化对大绒鼠褐色脂肪组织产热活性的影响

大绒鼠(Eothenomys miletus)为横断山区的固有种.在冷驯化((5±0.5)℃;光照:12L∶12D)过程中,大绒鼠体重降低,非颤抖性产热(Non-shivering thermogensis,NST)随冷驯化时间延长而显著增加;与NST增加相应,褐色脂肪组织(Brown adipose tissue,BAT)的总蛋白质含量(Total protein,TP)和线粒体蛋白含量(Mitochondrial protein,MP)、细胞色素C氧化酶活性、线粒体状态IV呼吸能力和$-磷酸甘油氧化酶活性与对照组比较均出现了显著增加.这些变化是大绒鼠在低温下产热增加的细胞学基础.但是,不论是NST、还是细胞水平的变化强度,均没有典型的北方种类强烈,表现出对横断山区特殊的产热适应特征,很可能代表了横断山区小型哺乳动物在冷适应条件下的产热模式.     

不同光照制对BALB/c裸小鼠血细胞的影响

目的考察不同光照制对BALB/c裸小鼠血细胞的影响。方法将BALB/c裸小鼠分成三组:长光照组(16 h光照8、h黑暗)、正常光照组(12 h光照1、2 h黑暗)、短光照组(8 h光照1、6 h黑暗),置于不同光照环境中饲养繁殖,产生下一代,饲养至70日龄测定血细胞常规,共15项指标。结果长光照组、短光照组与正常光照时间组比较,血红蛋白(HGB)及红细胞压积(HCT)两项都明显偏低;长光照组与正常光照组比较,中间细胞总数(MTD)、中性粒细胞(GRA)数量偏高;短光照组与正常组比较,GRA%偏低,淋巴细胞百分比(LYM%)偏高,PLT偏高。讨论不同光照制对BALB/c裸小鼠血细胞会造成一定的干扰,正常光照造成的干扰较小,适合BALB/c裸小鼠饲养。     

冷驯化对黑腹绒鼠能量代谢和产热的影响

以南方常见种之一黑腹绒鼠(Eothenomeys melanogaster)为对象,经过(5±1)℃冷驯化0,7,14,21,28 d后,测定其体质量、能量收支、基础代谢率(BMR)和非颤抖性产热(NST)等代谢产热指标及褐色脂肪组织(BAT)的产热活性变化.结果表明:体质量随冷驯化时间的延长缓慢下降;摄入能、消化能、可代谢能、BMR和NST呈现增加的趋势,21 d达到最高水平或趋于稳定;随着冷驯化时间的逐渐增加,BAT的相对质量、线粒体蛋白含量及细胞色素C氧化酶(COX)活性均明显提高,21 d达到最大值.说明在寒冷胁迫下,黑腹绒鼠采用增加能量摄入和提高产热能力等对策维持能量的收支平衡.而黑腹绒鼠代谢和产热模式的特点与其自身的生活习性及生境条件密切相关.     

低温驯化提高冷胁迫下牛皮杜鹃光合作用的研究

以长白山牛皮杜鹃为实验材料,探究了低温驯化对牛皮杜鹃光合作用的影响及H_2O_2信号在低温驯化中的作用.将牛皮杜鹃分别进行低温驯化培养(18/16℃)和正常培养(25/18℃).8个月后,将实验材料分为4组,每组12棵,低温驯化植株分别用蒸馏水和50μmol/L的二联甲苯(DPI,一种NADPH氧化酶的抑制剂)预处理3 d,作为CA组和DPI+CA组,未驯化牛皮杜鹃为NA组和对照组(Control).DPI+CA,CA和NA组同时4℃冷胁迫48 h,恢复培养24 h.通过对叶绿素荧光参数进行测定分析,结果表明:冷胁迫会使牛皮杜鹃的光系统Ⅱ受损导致光合能力下降,表现在Fo、Fm、qP的下降以及NPQ的增加,这些光合参数变化的原因是光抑制的产生和光能利用率的下降.低温驯化可以有效缓解冷胁迫对牛皮杜鹃的光系统Ⅱ产生的影响,减轻光抑制、提高光能利用效率,光合作用增强.CA+DPI组的各参数结果说明H_2O_2信号参与了冷胁迫下低温驯化使牛皮杜鹃光合作用提高的过程,在低温驯化调控中发挥积极作用.本研究为提高植物抗寒性的研究提供理论基础.     

大鼠松果体钟基因Clock的昼夜节律性表达

探讨 12h光照、12h黑暗交替 (LD)光制下松果体钟基因Clock是否存在昼夜节律性表达。在LD光制下饲养SD大鼠 4周后 ,在一昼夜内每隔 4h采集松果体组织 ,提取总RNA ,进行竞争性定量RT PCR ,测定不同昼夜时点(CT)样品中ClockmRNA的相对表达量。用余弦函数获取节律参数 ,并经振幅检验分析是否存在昼夜节律。结果是松果体Clock基因mRNA表达呈现昼夜节律性振荡变化 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,峰值和谷值分别位于CT18和CT6 ,峰值相位- 2 6 8.76± 2 7.6 3,振幅 0 .4 2± 0 .14 ,中值 0 .99± 0 .10。证实LD光制下Clock基因在松果体中存在明显的昼低夜高节律性表达     

低温驯化对西藏绵头雪莲愈伤组织抗冻性及抗氧化能力的影响

【目的】研究高山植物对低温驯化的生理生化适应机制。【方法】以西藏绵头雪莲愈伤组织为材料,检测在变温[4 ℃/0 ℃(白天/夜晚,黑暗)]的低温驯化0、3、6、9、12 d过程中抗冻性、抗氧化酶和抗氧化物质含量的变化。【结果】经变温[4 ℃/0 ℃(白天/夜晚)]低温驯化后第9天西藏绵头雪莲抗冻性达到最高值,愈伤组织半致死温度(LT₅₀)由常温培养-3.5 ℃降低到 -12.0 ℃;经4 ℃/0 ℃低温驯化后,愈伤组织的可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量以及抗氧化酶活性显著提高,至第9天达最大值,蛋白质比对照增加了89.1%、脯氨酸含量为驯化前的2.14倍,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性分别比对照增加了48.04%、47.28%和73.18%,同时3种抗氧化酶的同工酶酶谱也验证了以上活性检测结果;低温驯化还提高了多酚含量,驯化至第12天时多酚含量为驯化前的3.91倍,此时多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性比驯化前增加了91.35%,与PPO同工酶的检测结果较为一致。【结论】低温驯化显著提高了高山植物绵头雪莲愈伤组织的抗寒力,在低温驯化过程中绵头雪莲发生了特有的适应低温环境的生理生化变化。     

温度和光照对大绒鼠能量收支的影响

为了研究温度和光照对大绒鼠能量收支的影响,测定了低温短光(5℃-short photoperiod,5-SD)、低温长光(5℃-long photoperiod,5-LD)、高温短光(30℃-short photoperiod,30-SD)和高温长光(30℃-long photoperiod,30-LD)条件下大绒鼠的体重、摄入能、消化能、可代谢能、粪尿能、消化率和可代谢能效率。结果表明:大绒鼠在5-SD和5-LD驯化下,体重随驯化时间逐渐降低;摄入能、消化能、可代谢能则逐渐增加;粪尿能、消化率、可代谢能效率无显著变化。在30-SD和30-LD驯化下,体重随驯化时间逐渐增加;摄入能、消化能、可代谢能则逐渐降低;粪尿能、消化率、可代谢能效率无显著变化。双因素方差分析表明,大绒鼠能量代谢特征对温度比较敏感。以上结果说明温度是影响大绒鼠能量收支策略的重要环境因子。大绒鼠在寒冷的环境条件下,低温诱导体重降低、摄食量增加,这是大绒鼠在抵抗低温胁迫维持能量平衡时重要的适应策略。     

半自然驯化条件下黑线姬鼠冬夏两季产热的比较

为探讨小型哺乳动物适应于季节性环境的产热机制,本文测定了户外半自然条件下驯化的黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)冬、夏两季的体重以及肝和褐色脂肪组织(Brown adipose tissue, BAT)的细胞色素c氧化酶及BATα-磷酸甘油氧化酶活力等指标.结果显示黑线姬鼠冬季体重显著降低,BAT绝对重量、BAT和肝的线粒体蛋白含量及BAT和肝酶的活力冬季均显著高于夏季.冬季BAT细胞色素c氧化酶活力是夏季的9.5倍,肝脏细胞色素c氧化酶活力是夏季的5倍;冬季BAT的α-磷酸甘油氧化酶活力高达夏季的19倍.以上结果表明,在寒冷的冬季为保证存活,黑线姬鼠降低体重以减少绝对能量需求,并极大地增加BAT重量及肝和BAT细胞水平上的产热能力.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the