酸化油固定床酶法合成生物柴油研究

以固定化的假丝酵母酶为催化剂,在三段式固定床反应器内,醇油摩尔比为1∶1,采用分级流加甲醇的方式,将高酸值的酸化油转化为生物柴油,探讨了酶量、溶剂量、水量、温度、反应液流速等与产物中甲酯含量的关系。正交实验结果表明,反应的最适条件为酶用量、溶剂量、水量分别为油重的15%、10%、10%,反应液流速为0.8g.min-1,温度为45℃,在此条件下,产物中甲酯含量达到了90.18%。     

固体酸催化小桐子油制备生物柴油

采用新型固体酸SO4^2-/TiO2-Al2O3替代传统的液体酸、碱催化剂,催化较高酸值小桐子油与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油.考察了搅拌速度、固体酸催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度和助溶剂等因素对产物中甲酯含量的影响.研究结果表明,固体酸催化剂对小桐子油酯交换反应具有较好的催化活性和稳定性,产物与催化剂易于分离.在反应温度为130℃、醇油摩尔比为15∶1、固体酸催化剂用量为油质量的4%、搅拌速度为480 r/min和助溶剂正己烷与小桐子油质量比为1∶4的条件下,反应4 h产物中小桐子油甲酯含量达到97.6%,反应10次甲酯含量维持在90%左右.制备得到的生物柴油质量达到国家柴油机燃料调合用生物柴油（BD100）标准.     

餐饮废油酯交换法制备生物柴油的优化研究

以餐饮废油为原料,采用液体碱酯交换法制备生物柴油,研究了预酯化及酯交换反应条件。试验结果表明,预酯化工艺条件：甲醇：油=2：1（物质的量化）、催化剂：98％浓硫酸、反应温度为60℃、反应时间为1h;最佳酯交换反应条件：甲醇：油=6：1（物质的量比）、催化剂（甲醇钠）用量为原料油质量的0.9％、反应温度为60℃、反应时间为20min,甲酯转化率可达94％以上,甲酯产品各项性能指标达到GBtT20828--2007要求。     

新型脂肪酶LipB52催化生物柴油

一种来源于荧光假单胞菌的新型脂肪酶基因lipB52在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中获得表达,并且利用Ni-NTA亲和柱时脂肪酶LipB52进行纯化.采用固定化脂肪酶LipB52催化大豆油与甲醇的转酯反应生产生物柴油.实验考察了温度、底物摩尔比、酶用量、有机溶剂、酶的种类以及油的类型对于反应的影响,结果表明:转酯反应的最佳反应条件为:m(酶):m(油)=20:80,n(油):n(甲醇)=1:4、正庚烷作为溶剂、反应温度为30℃,在此条件下脂肪酶LipB52表现出很高的催化活性,反应40 h后甲酯的产率高达92%.     

两缺位硅钨酸正丁基季铵盐催化枞酸甲酯的环氧化反应

以两缺位硅钨酸正丁基季铵盐为催化剂,30% H2O2为氧化剂,乙腈为溶剂,研究枞酸甲酯的环氧化反应,运用紫外吸收光谱、红外吸收光谱、气相色谱和气质联用谱对氧化产物进行分析。结果表明,枞酸甲酯与H2O2发生了缓和的选择性氧化反应,氧化产物主要为单环氧枞酸甲酯和二环氧枞酸甲酯。同时分析了反应过程中催化剂用量、氧化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对枞酸甲酯氧化转化率、环氧化选择性的影响,确定了此次实验的最佳反应条件为：枞酸甲酯5 mmol,乙腈5 mL,催化剂用量为10 μmol,30% H2O2用量为0.45 mL,反应温度为50℃,反应时间10 h;此反应条件下,枞酸甲酯的氧化转化率高于98%,环氧化选择性达62%。     

脂肪酶催化大豆色拉油甘油解制备二甘酯

研究了脂肪酶催化大豆色拉油甘油解制备二甘酯过程。对多种商业化和自制固定化酶进行了筛选,并对影响甘油解过程的几个重要参数进行了研究,如底物油与甘油摩尔比、酶剂量、初始水质量分数、温度、搅拌方式和溶剂效应。采用递进法进行实验,优化参数的最佳条件为:油与甘油摩尔比1∶1,Novozym435脂肪酶(油质量10%) ,初始水质量分数0% ,反应温度50℃。在无溶剂体系中,反应16h,二甘酯质量分数达到56.3%;当采用叔丁醇作为溶剂,反应24h,二甘酯质量分数达到70.4%。     

响应面法优化洋葱伯克霍尔德菌固定化脂肪酶催化合成生物柴油工艺

以自制的洋葱伯克霍尔德菌固定化脂肪酶为催化剂,在微水相、无溶剂体系中研究了大豆油和甲醇合成生物柴油的工艺。在系统考察了酶用量、醇油比、含水量、反应温度、反应时间、甲醇流加方式等因素对甲酯得率影响的基础上,利用响应面试验设计优化了各主效因子,建立甲酯得率的二次回归方程,获得了最优的工艺条件：加酶量2.4%、加水量7.1%、反应温度40.4℃、反应时间10.7h、 醇油比4.5。在此条件下,实验测得甲酯得率为97.2%,与响应面模型预测值96.9%非常吻合,说明该优化方法有效、可靠。     

α-蒎烯高选择性环氧化合成2,3-环氧蒎烷的研究

笔者以α-蒎烯为原料高选择性环氧化合成2,3-环氧蒎烷。探讨了过氧乙酸浓度及用量、碳酸钠用量、溶剂类型、反应温度及反应时间等对α-蒎烯转化率、2,3-环氧蒎烷选择性及产物组成的影响;确定了适宜的环氧化反应条件:反应温度为0～10℃;过氧乙酸浓度2.0 mol/L,α-蒎烯与过氧乙酸物质量之比为1∶1.1;α-蒎烯与碳酸钠物质量之比为1∶1.2;反应时间2 h;以氯仿为溶剂,溶剂用量为α-蒎烯与氯仿体积比1∶1.7。在此条件下α-蒎烯转化率为99%以上,2,3-环氧蒎烷的选择性大于95%,反应产物中主要杂质α-龙脑烯醛和3-蒎酮的含量仅为3.3%和1.2%左右。     

龙口页岩油中压加氢精制研究

利用小型滴流床反应器和NiW/Al₂O₃商业催化剂对全馏分龙口页岩油进行中压(≤9MPa)加氢精制研究。考察反应温度、压力、液时空速和氢油比对加氢产物的硫含量、氮含量、密度、颜色和裂解程度的影响。结果表明:提高反应温度,降低液时空速,增大反应压力有利于加氢脱氮(HDN)反应进行;氢油比高于1000之后,增加氢油比对加氢脱硫(HDS)和HDN影响较小;当反应温度为420℃、压力为7MPa、液时空速为0.5h-1、氢油比为1000时,页岩油的脱硫率和脱氮率达到最高,分别为99.6％和99.9％;龙口页岩油加氢精制的最佳反应温度为400℃、压力为9MPa、液时空速为0.5h-1、氢油比为1000。     

响应面法优化提取翅果油树种仁油的工艺条件

 为了优化翅果油树种仁油提取工艺,以单因素试验为依据,选取浸提时间、浸提温度和料液比3 因素为自变量,种仁油的提取率为响应面(response surface methodology),采用中心组合(Box-Benhnken)试验设计原理,探讨在各因素及其交互作用的影响下种仁油含量的变化。运用响应面分析法,模拟获得二次多项式回归方程的预测模型,确定翅果油树种仁油的最佳提取工艺条件为提取时间45 min,温度88℃,料液比为1:5。利用优化的提取条件,种仁油的萃取率达到92.44%,与预测值基本一致。采用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析,鉴定出翅果油中含有脂肪酸28 种,不饱和脂肪酸有9 种,共占54.17%,其中油酸甲酯12.86%,棕榈酸甲酯10%,十五烷酸甲酯9.78%,亚油酸甲酯16.57%。本研究建立的提取方法简便、可靠,为翅果油树种仁油的产业化提取提供了一定理论参考。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the