汶川地震的地表破裂与逆冲-走滑作用

2008年5月12日在龙门山映秀-北川断裂带发生的8.0级特大地震,属于逆冲-走滑型地震.作者以地表破裂为切入点,在映秀-北川断裂和彭灌断裂的关键部位,对断错山脊、洪积扇、河流阶地、边坡脊、断层陡坎、河道锴断、冲沟侧缘壁位错、小路位错、公路位错、公路拱曲、构造裂缝、断层偏转、擦痕、挤压脊、坡中槽等汶川地震所导致的地表破裂和断裂带开展了详细的野外地貌测量,标定了映秀-北川断裂带和彭灌断裂的垂向断距和水平断距,结果表明汶川地震的地表破裂带沿北东东向延伸,走向介于NE30°～50°之间,倾向北西,倾角介于30°～40°之间.其中北川-映秀断裂带的破裂带从映秀向北东延伸达180～190 km,属于单侧多点破裂型,以逆冲-右行走滑为特点,垂直位错为1.60～6.00 m,水平位错为0.20～6.50 m;彭灌断裂的地表破裂出露于彭州磁蜂场-绵竹汉旺之间,长度为30～40 km,以逆冲-右行走滑为特点,垂直位错为0.39～2.00 m之间,水平位错为0.20～0.70 m.表明该地震地表破裂带存在逆冲运动分量和右行走滑运动分量,逆冲运动分量略大于或等于右行走滑运动分量.根据历史地震和活动构造地貌的年龄测定资料,作者认为该区单条断裂的强震复发间隔在1～3ka.在此基础上,初步编制了龙门山地区的地质动力模型图,并认为下地壳物质在龙门山的近垂向挤出和垂向运动,导致了龙门山断裂带的向东逆冲运动、龙门山构造带抬升和汶川特大地震.     

龙门山汶川地震特征及构造运动学初析

2008年5月12日发生的龙门山汶川地震具有震级巨大、波及面宽、震中成线性展布的特点.根据震后构造地质调查,引发本次地震的断层活动主要表现为幕式斜冲与逆冲,其运动学特征是:断裂具有先走滑后逆冲,总体表现以逆冲运动为主.根据断裂面多期擦痕特征确定,断层活动主要为三期幕式活动,第一期为逆冲走滑,第二期为逆冲冲断,第三期为走滑逆冲.由地震破裂构造确定的主压应力方向为北西一南东方向.     

龙门山前缘的芦山地震与逆冲-滑脱褶皱作用

龙门山式构造以推覆作用和滑脱作用为主要特征,近5年来地震活动性显著,在2008年和2013年分别发生了汶川(Ms 8.0)地震和芦山(Ms 7.0)地震。根据已公开发布的芦山地震的震源机制解、破裂过程、地震烈度、地表变形特征、余震分布规律等方面的研究成果,结合本次对龙门山南段活动断裂和芦山地震构造变形与地表响应的野外实地调查等方面的科研成果,作者将龙门山南段和前缘地区划分为龙门山冲断带和前缘扩展变形带2个构造变形带,对比了它们在构造变形样式、活动断裂、历史地震的差异性,提出了以推覆-滑脱岩片为特点的龙门山冲断带地震构造模式和以逆冲断层-滑脱褶皱为特点的龙门山前缘扩展变形带地震构造模式。在此基础上,分析了龙门山前缘扩展变形带的逆冲-滑脱作用与芦山地震的发震断层模式与成因机制,认为芦山地震形成于龙门山前缘扩展变形带的逆断层-滑脱褶皱带,其发震断裂为大邑断层,该断层倾向北西,呈铲状向下并汇交于滑脱面。该滑脱面就是芦山地震的震源层。     

阿克陶MW6.6地震的发震构造及滑动特征

2016年11月25日新疆阿克陶发生了M_W6.6地震。通常震中所处断层的破裂特性与周围区域应力场的动力学特征具有紧密的联系。通过对发震构造断层的精确刻画以及区域地壳中应力释放细节的深入探究,可以加深对发震构造周围地震动力学特征的认识,同时也对判定当地未来一段时间内的地震活动趋势提供了重要参考。首先搜集整理了震源附近的26条余震震源机制,利用网格搜索法反演得到震中附近的应力场,发现该地区主压应力方向为157.36°,倾伏角为1.15°,主张应力方向为66.56°,倾伏角为34.98°,与该地所处的帕米尔高原陆内俯冲形成近东西向断裂的右旋走滑兼有逆冲的背景相一致;然后利用389条余震精定位数据,结合高斯-牛顿算法和模拟退火算法拟合得到发震断层面的走向为103.64°、倾角为65.65°,这与木吉右旋走滑断裂的几何特征基本重合;将所求应力场投影到断层上,得到滑动角为152.77°,该地震表现为右旋走滑断层;最后利用本研究获得的区域应力张量模拟得到的该状态下的各种形状断层面的相对应力分布,发现该地震发生的断层面的相对剪应力接近1,破裂方向与震源区的最优剪切力方向相同,表明...     

四川芦山Mw 6.6级地震发震构造

2013年4月20日四川芦山Mw 6.6级地震发生在龙门山构造带南段,未见典型的同震地表破裂。作者在对震后400余个地震破坏宏观调查点重新厘定的基础上,参考四川数字强震台网的近场峰值加速度(PGA)记录,绘制的本次地震等震线图的极震区地震烈度为Ⅸ度,略呈长轴为NE向的扁椭圆状,不具明显的方向性。进一步综合3 323个早期余震重新定位结果、石油地震勘探剖面和震源机制解等,判定本次地震的主要发震构造为控制蒙山东麓的大邑断裂,系龙门山构造带南段NW-SE向缩短所导致的大邑断裂上冲作用的结果;新开店断裂亦在深部产生了同震破裂,造成了断裂上盘震害明显高于下盘的断层上盘效应现象。     

龙门山中央断裂运动学研究

龙门山造山带中央断裂是扬子地台与松潘一甘孜褶皱带的分界断层,其运动学研究具有重要意义.作者应用小构造解析的方法对龙门山中央断裂运动序列进行了解析,结果是:北段有5个运动世代,即右旋(半脆性)、逆冲、左旋正断、左旋逆冲和左旋正断,南段也有5个运动世代,但不同于北段,即韧性逆冲、右旋、逆冲、正断和左旋正断;中段同时兼具南、北段的某些特征,又具有自己的特点.龙门山中央断裂运动的时代跨越了印支期到喜马拉雅期.     

西北地区新构造运动对青海省地震活动的制约

喜山期以来,在印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞作用的影响下,西北地区遭受近南北向强烈挤压,形成一系列活动断裂.通过对晚更新世以来,新构造运动在青藏高原形成的活动断裂带展布的方向,以及青海省的阿尔金断裂两侧、祁连造山带、东昆仑地区区域地壳变形中应力释放和调整与地震震中分布耦合特征的研究,表明青海省NNW向断裂与NWW向断裂相交汇的区段是承受构造挤压作用最强烈,构造几何形态最复杂,构造应力最易集中的部位,成为大地震最易形成和发生的地区,对青海省地震活动具有明显的制约,应是地震预防工作关注的重点地区.     

汶川地震的岩石圈深部结构与动力学背景

中国西部地区由于受到印度板块向北推移挤压,青藏高原强烈变形,高原内部及其边缘的活断层上经常发生强烈地震,是大陆内部最活跃的地震区.汶川8级地震就发生在青藏高原东缘的松潘一甘孜地块与扬子地块交界的龙门山主中央断裂带上.作者利用面波层析成像、跨龙门山的被动源地震观测、爆破地震剖面的结果对震源附近的岩石圈结构和动力学特征进行研究,发现松潘一甘孜地块与扬子地块的岩石圈结构与性质有重大差异.扬子地块岩石圈显示为高速、坚固和稳定特性,而松潘-甘孜地块为低速、软弱及易于破碎.在松潘-甘孜地块中,中地壳内普遍存在一个低速层,它是引起中上地亮推覆运动的滑脱层,龙门山的推覆构造就是上部地壳仰冲的结果.汶川地震震源深度为14 km,正好位于龙门山推覆体的映秀-北川主中央断裂带上.     

对四川汶川大地震有关问题的思考与初步认识

汶川大地震破坏性强,次生地质灾害严重,论文介绍了汶川大地震的地质构造背景与基本情况,以及作者对汶川大地震的发震构造、震后龙门山的地震安全期、成都-德阳-绵阳经济带的地震安全性及龙门山地震对川西油气聚散的影响等问题的认识.作者认为;(1)汶川大地震的发震构造可能是彭灌断裂而非普遍认为的北川-映秀断裂,(2)成-德-绵经济带中心城市市区范围内发生灾难性地震的可能性很小,这些城市的地震威胁依然主要来自龙门山,对来自龙泉山的地震威胁也应予以考虑;(3)地震可能造成了龙门山深层天然气的散失,但有利于川西坳陷裂缝性油气藏的形成;(4)龙门山的隆升演化与地震活动可能受制于西侧松潘-甘孜地块的推覆与东侧四川盆地的俯冲双向挤压力的作用.论文提出了从龙门山压缩应变能积聚与耗散均衡估算入手推算震后的地震安全期、利用油气生产井压力数据监测地应力变化、通过地震模拟计算定量评价成-德-绵经济带地震安全性等设想与建议.     

龙门山造山带构造演化模式的建立

龙门山造山带是扬子板块的西延部分,主要受到3条断裂的控制,分别是汶川-茂汶断裂、北川-映秀断裂和江油-灌县断裂.在扬子板块与松潘-阿坝地块的挤压下,龙门山于印支晚期开始褶皱隆升造山,在造山的过程中控制造山带的3条主要断层由正断层转换成为逆断层.综合前人的观点,通过野外基础地质调查并利用平衡剖面法恢复了龙门山的造山过程,并建立了造山带构造演化模式.结果表明,龙门山在造山初期主要是受到北西方向力的作用;晚三叠世末期主要受到由于东南方向太平洋板块的挤压而迫使扬子板块挤压的应力作用;燕山期龙门山造山带继承了印支期的逆冲推覆构造作用继续上升;喜玛拉雅期推覆构造进一步发展,在推覆构造活动加剧的同时,由于重力作用,使被推到高处的不稳定岩体大量下滑,形成滑覆体和推覆体叠加的构造格局,最终演化为现今的构造样式.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.