驾驶员前向避撞行为特征的降维及多元方差分析

驾驶员在追尾临撞工况下的避撞过程可以分为多个阶段(如制动前、制动后),而在每一阶段中,又存在多个分析角度(如制动快慢、制动力度)及不同的关键时刻与特征值,因此系统描述驾驶员的避撞行为需要多种参数.对多种避撞行为参数进行降维处理,并探究工况紧急程度对每类参数的综合影响.利用同济大学8自由度高仿真驾驶模拟器,研究驾驶员在不同前车减速度(0.30g,0.50g,0.75g)和不同初始车头时距(1.5s,2.5s)下的避撞行为,全面记录了驾驶员危险感知、油门释放和刹车制动等避撞行为参数.利用主成分分析对众多参数进行降维处理,将避撞行为特征划分为感知反应、制动延误、制动力度3个方面,并通过多元方差分析探究车头时距、前车减速度及二者交互项对这3个方面的影响.结果表明,驾驶员感知反应受到车头时距和前车减速度同时影响,制动延误受到车头时距、前车减速度以及二者交互项的影响,制动力度则仅受到前车减速度的影响.在变化趋势上,随着工况紧急程度的增加,驾驶员的感知反应越快,制动延误越短,而制动力度越大.     

智能汽车自动紧急控制策略

结合驾驶员在紧急工况下的驾驶行为以及不同避撞方式的避撞效能,对以自动紧急制动系统(Autonomous Emergency Braking,AEB)为代表的控制策略进行分析,发现当前的紧急制动控制策略并不能很好地适应驾驶员行为和满足避撞效能的需要.为此,提出了一种融合制动控制和转向控制的自动紧急控制(Autonomous Emergency Control,AEC)策略.在该策略中驾驶员始终在环,系统通过集成驾驶员模型、车辆模型和道路环境模型信息判断驾驶员的行为是否正确,并将控制输入与驾驶员输入叠加在一起作为车辆的输入对驾驶员不当驾驶行为进行纠正.     

工况紧急程度对驾驶员避撞行为的影响

利用同济大学8自由度高仿真驾驶模拟器研究了临撞工况紧急程度对驾驶员避撞行为的影响.通过不同初始车头时距(1.0 s,[1.0 s,1.5 s),[1.5 s,2.5 s])和不同前车减速度(0.30g,0.50g,0.75g)的组合,建立了不同紧急程度的前车减速临撞工况,运用驾驶员感知反应时间、油门释放反应时间、制动转移时间、制动延误、最大刹车踏板压力、最大减速度等指标比较了不同紧急程度下避撞行为的差异.结果表明,①随着工况紧急程度的增加,驾驶员更快地释放油门及达到最大刹车踏板压力,并且施加更大的制动力度;②当初始车头时距为1.5 s左右时,驾驶员感知反应时间约为1.2s,而当初始车头时距增大到2.5 s以上时,感知反应时间变得非常大,甚至达到了3 s;③驾驶员开始释放油门与开始制动间的转移时间不受工况紧急程度影响,保持在0.8 s附近;④在低紧急程度下,驾驶员表现出多阶段刹车行为,使得驾驶员需要更多的时间才能达到最大刹车踏板压力.     

紧急避撞路径规划及其跟踪驾驶员转向模型

针对紧急避撞工况,提出并设计了一种紧急避撞路径规划方法和路径跟踪反馈预瞄驾驶员模型。首先,提出了一种基于Sigmoid曲线与物理约束的避撞路径规划方法,并建立融合最优曲率预瞄与闭环反馈转向修正的驾驶员模型以对所规划路径实现快速和精确跟踪。之后,搭建了CarSim+Simulink离线联合仿真平台,对避撞路径规划和路径跟踪反馈预瞄驾驶员模型的有效性进行了验证。最后,基于自主改装的试验车辆,进行实车试验以验证所提出的路径规划方法及驾驶员模型的可行性与实时性。仿真及实车试验结果均表明,所规划的避撞路径和驾驶员模型可以控制车辆快速、安全地避让障碍物。     

基于自然驾驶数据的驾驶员紧急转向变道模型

提出了一种以驾驶员转向目标瞄点为核心的、面向操纵层的驾驶员紧急转向变道的模型建立方法.基于驾驶员紧急变道的阶段特征,提出了驾驶员紧急变道侧向运动轨迹的规划方法,并结合远近目标点理论分析方法,分阶段建立了驾驶员转向变道工况的驾驶员转向模型.对紧急转向变道中避撞、侧移和稳定阶段的增益因子的分布特征进行了研究,模型能够真实地预测自然驾驶中的紧急转向变道行为.     

基于驾驶倾向性辨识的避撞-报警算法

为了研究适应驾驶员个性需求的避撞-报警算法,将驾驶倾向性作为驾驶员的个性评价指标引入。以实车实验所得驾驶行为数据为基础,提出了一种驾驶倾向性的实时辨识方法。通过驾驶模拟实验,获取了不同驾驶倾向性驾驶员的反应时间和制动减速度数据;并据此提出了一种基于驾驶行为的避撞-报警算法;最后将该算法与典型安全距离算法进行仿真对比。结果表明:本文提出的避撞-报警算法具有较高的可信度,而且体现了各类型驾驶员报警触发时机差异。     

基于自然驾驶数据的驾驶员紧急制动行为特征

基于中国自然驾驶数据,建立了紧急工况下制动避撞的驾驶员模型,分析了驾驶员的紧急制动反应时间和紧急制动输入特性的规律特征.结果表明:驾驶员的紧急制动反应时间与驾驶工况的紧急程度相关,以碰撞时刻倒数的临界值0.2s~(-1)作为危险触发阈值,驾驶员的紧急制动反应时间分布为均值0.5s的正态分布;最大制动减速度随驾驶工况紧急程度变化不明显,最大制动减速度梯度随驾驶工况紧急程度的增加而增加.     

自然驾驶工况的驾驶员紧急转向变道行为

基于中国自然驾驶工况数据,提出了紧急工况下驾驶员转向变道行为的特征规律.分析了紧急转向变道避撞、侧移和稳定阶段的驾驶员转向特征,研究了转向持续时间、方向盘转速和转角的线性关系,定义了用高斯函数拟合的转向基元来表征各阶段的转向行为.研究结果表明,转向基元表征了驾驶员转向行为的一般特征,单个转向基元的方向盘最高转速和转角变化线性相关,持续时间恒定,符合人体行为学中趋向行为(reaching behavior)的特征规律.驾驶员的紧急转向变道行为是由多个转向基元组合而成,每个转向基元都是一个开环模型,可通过方向盘最高转速预判驾驶员的转向行为.     

基于纵向避撞时间的预警/制动算法

针对汽车纵向避撞系统的要求,提出了一种基于纵向避撞时间的纵向碰撞预警/避撞(FCW/FCA)算法。通过分析纵向避撞时间与驾驶员反应时间之间的关系,建立了前车不同行驶工况条件下的安全车距模型,并在3种不同行驶工况下,与Berkeley模型进行制动/预警距离的对比。研究结果表明:该算法确定的制动距离与Berkeley模型确定的距离相差很小,并且考虑了前车的运行工况;该算法还能够根据前车行驶工况的不同,确定出合理的预警距离。对比分析结果验证了该算法的有效性和可行性,能够提高车辆行驶的安全性。     

基于纵向避撞时间的预警／制动算法

针对汽车纵向避撞系统的要求,提出了一种基于纵向避撞时间的纵向碰撞预警／避撞（FCW／FCA）算法。通过分析纵向避撞时间与驾驶员反应时间之间的关系,建立了前车不同行驶工况条件下的安全车距模型,并在3种不同行驶工况下,与 Berkeley 模型进行制动／预警距离的对比。研究结果表明：该算法确定的制动距离与 Berkeley 模型确定的距离相差很小,并且考虑了前车的运行工况;该算法还能够根据前车行驶工况的不同,确定出合理的预警距离。对比分析结果验证了该算法的有效性和可行性,能够提高车辆行驶的安全性。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.     

Tracking data management using topology of moving object database system for moving object constrained trajectory in LBS application

Advances in wireless technologies and positioning technologies and spread of wireless devices, an interest in LBS (Location Based Service) is arising. To provide location based service, tracking data should have been stored in moving object database management system (called MODBMS) with proper policies and managed efficiently. So the methods which acquire the location information at regular time intervals then, store and manage have been studied. In this paper, we suggest tracking data management techniques using topology that is corresponding to the moving path of moving object. In our techniques, we update the MODBMS when moving object arrived at a street intersection or a curved road which is represented as the node in topology and predict the location at past and future with attribute of topology and linear function. In this technique, location data that are corresponding to the node in topology are stored, thus reduce the number of update and amount of data. Also in case predicting the location,because topology are used as well as existing location information, accuracy for prediction is increased than applying linear function or spline function.