半固态过共晶高铬铸铁的冲击及磨损性能研究

通过倾斜冷却体法制备了组织中初生碳化物明显细化的半固态过共晶高铬铸铁,其冲击韧性值较常规过共晶高铬铸铁试样提高了大约1倍以上;以常规亚共晶高铬铸铁为标样进行三体磨料磨损试验,结果表明半固态过共晶高铬铸铁与常规过共晶高铬铸铁的相对耐磨性分别比亚共晶高铬铸铁提高了32%和49%.对半固态过共晶高铬铸铁试样的微观分析表明,组织中存在大量的缩松,这对于半固态高铬铸铁韧性、硬度及耐磨性的提高产生了不利的影响,减少或消除缩松对于进一步提高半固态过共晶高铬铸铁的性能具有重要意义.     

热处理对高铬铸铁组织和性能的影响

研究了不同热处理状态下高铬白口铸铁显微组织,探讨了热处理对高铬铸铁冲击韧性和硬度的影响,并确定了组织与性能的相关性。分别采用金相显微镜观察热处理后高铬铸铁显微组织,洛氏硬度计测定高铬铸铁的硬度,冲击试验机测定冲击韧性。结果表明：高铬铸铁随着淬火温度的升高,硬度先升后降,冲击韧性则相反。在1 000℃淬火空冷,并在400℃回火时,材料可以获得良好的综合力学性能。     

添加铬合金化和复合变质处理对白口铸铁组织性能的影响

在熔炼过程中通过对熔体进行复合变质处理,制备普通白口铸铁和含铬白口铸铁试样及其在相同铸造条件下的变质试样;对试样进行金相显微组织观察、碳化物定量分析和宏观硬度测量,研究添加铬合金化和复合变质处理对普通白口铸铁碳化物类型、形态、分布和性能的影响。研究结果表明,铸铁铬含量较低时,碳化物类型为(Fe,Cr)3C或(Fe,Cr)3C (Cr,Fe)7C3,呈粗大网状结构;经复合变质处理后,碳化物变得孤立、分散,网状结构被消除;随着铬含量增加,碳化物全部转变为(Cr,Fe)7C3,共晶团中碳化物呈菊花状分布,并在共晶团心部附近出现近似六方形的块状(Cr,Fe)7C3碳化物;经复合变质处理后,共晶碳化物变的细小分散、分布均匀,菊花状形态消失,但六方形(Cr,Fe)7C3碳化物仍然存在;白口铸铁经复合变质处理后,其洛氏(HRC)硬度比变质前有明显提高。     

15Cr系亚共晶高铬铸铁的烧结制备与性能研究

研究了15Cr系亚共晶高铬铸铁超固相线液相烧结的制备工艺,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对合金的微观组织及冲击试样断口进行了观察和分析,探讨了烧结温度对高铬铸铁组织和力学性能的影响;并采用计算机定量分析金相组织,确定了组织与性能的相关性.研究结果表明,超固相线液相烧结制备的15Cr系亚共晶高铬铸铁相对致密度达99%以上.与普通铸造高铬铸铁相比,烧结制品碳化物外形圆润,呈短杆状均匀分布.随烧结温度的升高,基体晶粒和碳化物逐渐长大,合金力学性能呈现先升后降的规律;1 210℃×1.5 h烧结制品的冲击韧性和抗弯强度达到最大值11.3 J/cm2和2 506.8 MPa.试样的冲击断裂为准解理断裂机制,韧性较普通铸造试样大幅提高.烧结温度主要通过影响试样组织中碳化物数量、分布、形态以及尺寸,来影响合金力学性能.碳化物体积分数是影响高铬铸铁硬度的主要因素.     

基于CALPHAD的耐磨堆焊合金成分优化设计

通过CALPHAD(CALculation of PHAse Diagrams)方法,对高碳高铬耐磨堆焊合金成分进行优化设计,研究合金元素C、Ti、V、Nb对堆焊金属微观组织与相变规律的影响,并通过试验对CALPHAD设计结果进行验证。结果表明,不加入微合金元素时,耐磨堆焊合金的显微组织由初生(Cr,Fe)7C3型碳化物及共晶(Cr,Fe)7C3/γ(Cr,Fe)组成;随碳含量升高,初生(Cr,Fe)7C3型碳化物含量随之升高。加入微合金元素Ti、V、Nb后,在堆焊金属中析出M(M=Ti,V,Nb)C型碳化物,从而细化初生(Cr,Fe)7C3型碳化物,提高铁基耐磨合金的性能,延长再制造堆焊零部件表面的服役时间。     

淬火回火工艺对高碳热磨片显微组织及耐磨性的影响

为了解决热磨片服役过程中出现的磨损失效问题,对高碳热磨片在淬火回火过程中的显微组织变化及耐磨性进行了研究。以高铬高碳铸铁为研究对象,利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、硬度计、磨损试验机等对经过热处理后的样品进行组织观察和性能测试。实验结果表明：样品原始组织由初生(Cr,Fe)₇C₃、共晶(Cr,Fe)₇C₃、马氏体及奥氏体组成;低温回火时,碳化物变化不明显,基体为回火马氏体+奥氏体;随着回火温度的升高,碳化物逐渐增加,回火马氏体逐渐减少;当温度超过450 ℃时,回火马氏体消失,基体组织转变为铁素体+奥氏体;硬度随回火温度的升高呈现先略微减小、然后增大再减小的趋势,在450 ℃时硬度最高,为63.4HRC;与铸态相比,均匀分布的碳化物耐磨性提高了2.53倍。研究淬火回火工艺对高碳热磨片显微组织及耐磨性的影响,为提高高碳热磨片的耐磨性、延长其使用寿命提供了理论依据。     

耐冲击工具钢5Cr8MoVSi热处理过程中组织结构的变化

对5Cr8MoVSi钢热处理工艺研究表明，经840℃退火，碳化物类型以M23C6为主，并有少量的MC和M7C3.淬火组织中剩余碳化物以MC和M7C3为主，M23C6型碳化物在淬火加热时大部分溶解．该钢随淬火加热温度升高，淬火马氏体由板条状和针状马氏体混合组织过渡到以板条状马氏体为主．在沉淀硬化的回火温度(485℃)下，淬火针状马氏体仍显示出原马氏体针；而淬火板条状马氏体的板条状方向性几乎被完全切断，显微组织呈均匀化．该钢在1000～1050℃淬火时，残余奥氏体量为10．7％～12．3％，经485℃一次回火时，残余奥氏体量减少不大，因此，应进行二次或三次回火．淬回火HRC硬度最高为58～60．     

高速钢低高温配合回火新工艺的研究

对六种高速钢(含一种基体钢)进行了较系统的研究,证明:(1)和在二次硬化温度下三次普通回火相比,恰当的低温(320-380℃)高温(二次硬化度温度)配合回火可改善高速钢的冲击韧性,二次硬度及红硬性,尤以冲击韧性改善明显(不同钢种a_k值提高约15～80％):(2)按本文推荐的低高温回火工艺处理的W6Mo5G4V2钢制造的几种铣刀,丝锥钻头寿命比普通回火提高30～150％,既节约能源又节约工时;(3)低高温配合回火引起机械性能改善与下列组织变化有关:①低温(320～380℃)回火促进随后二次硬化温度回火时M_2C碳化物的析出;③低温(320～380℃)回火引起的ε-型和M3C型碳化物均匀而充分析出,有利于随后二次硬化温度回火时M_2C和V_4C_3的细化和均匀;③低温(320～380℃)回火引起部分(5～7％)残余奥氏体转变成贝氏体,对二次硬度和红硬度有一定贡献。     

多类型碳化物钢DSA的热处理组织结构及硬度

研究表明，DSA钢中的碳化物有5种类型，即M6C、M3C、M23C6、M7C3及MC(VC)．820℃退火碳化物平均尺寸为0．91μm，860℃淬火剩余碳化物平均尺寸为0．23μm．淬火硬度HRC65-66，180～300℃回火硬度HRC59～62．该钢是一种多类型碳化物冷作模具钢，易溶解的碳化物可提高较低淬火温度时的奥氏体固溶度，提高淬火硬度．未溶解的碳化物可阻碍奥氏体晶粒长大，使淬火温度加宽．回火时析出不同类型碳化物可提高抗回火性．     

热处理工艺对高铬铸铁组织与性能的影响

高铬铸铁被认为是抗磨性能最好的且具有较好韧性的材料,因此在国外这种铸铁的应用十分广泛.铬能改变共晶碳化物的类型,改善碳化物形态,增加硬度,使铸铁韧性及耐磨性提高.为使高铬铸铁具有优越的性能,设计制订了合理的热处理工艺,并试验研究热处理工艺与成分、冷却速度与组织、硬度和冲击韧性之间的关系,在理论上给予一定的分析.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the