建德铜矿热水沉积硅质岩的发现及其地质意义

作者在建德铜矿石炭纪地层中发现了与地层整合产出的层状硅质岩。硅质岩常量元素，向量元素，稀土元素和包裹体地球化学特征表现为热水沉积硅质岩。由于热水沉积硅质岩与层状矿体密切共生，故本区水沉积硅质岩的发现对解决建德铜矿成因和在本区寻找同类矿床具有重要意义。     

古海洋中的热水喷口—广西大厂例析

笔者首次发现广西大厂存在泥盆纪存在海底热水活动的喷口，地质和地球化学研究表明，它们是由富二氧化硅、硫化物和成矿元素的热水溶液喷出海底沉积形成的，是大厂超大型矿床、硅质岩和生物礁古油藏热水沉积成因最直接的标志。     

山东平阴地区中元古代层状硅质岩热水沉积地球化学特征及沉积环境意义

在山东平阴地区中元古界地层中存在与地层整合产出的层状硅质岩。硅质岩富Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ，相对贫Ａｌ；富集Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ｂｉ、Ｇａ；ＲＥＥ总量低，Ｃｅ负异常，ＨＲＥＥ相对富集；δ３０Ｓｉ变化范围为－０．１‰～０．４‰，δ１８Ｏ变化范围为＋１３．６‰～＋２０．１‰，具有热水沉积硅质岩的地球化学特征。在Ａｌ－Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ和Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ－（Ｎｉ＋Ｃｏ＋Ｃｕ）三角图上均属热水沉积硅质岩。硅质岩ＭｎＯ／ＴｉＯ２比值、δＣｅ值和δ３０Ｓｉ值分析表明本区层状硅质岩主要是在深海环境下沉积的。     

山东平阴地区中元古代层状硅质岩热水沉积地球化学特…

在山东平阴地区中元古界地层中存在与地层整合产出的层状硅质岩。硅质岩富Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ，相对贫Ａｌ；富集Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ｂｉ、Ｇａ；ＲＥＥ总量低，Ｃｅ负异常，ＨＲＥＥ相对富集；δ＾３０Ｓｉ变化范围为－０．１‰－０．４‰，δ＾１８Ｏ变化范围为＋１３．６‰－＋２０．１‰，具有热水沉积硅质岩的地球化学特征。     

吉林老岭大横路式热水沉积叠加改造型钴矿床

大横路式钴矿床位于辽吉元古库裂谷带中部的老岭金、多金属成矿带中,是国内近年来发现和查明的新类型钴矿床。该类矿床产于古元古代老岭群富硼、碳千枚岩夹石英岩（硅质岩）建造之中;矿体由含碳绢云千枚岩、含电气石绢云千枚岩、石英岩、电英岩组成,呈层状、鞍状产出,产状与国岩一致;矿石中钴呈独立矿物硫钴镍矿、辉钴矿、方钴矿和含钴黄铁矿等产出。通过对矿床层控特征、矿体产状与矿石组合、矿石沉积组构、容矿岩石地球化学、热水沉积岩、稀土元素及同位素组成等几方面的研究,证明该矿床具有明显的海底热水沉积成因特征,矿床受后期热液改造叠加强烈。从而提出大横路式钴矿床为海底热水沉积－热液叠加改造型矿床。     

南秦岭勉略构造带三岔子硅质岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

勉略带内广泛发育古生代硅质岩,其对南秦岭造山带古生代沉积环境和构造背景具有重要的指示意义。重点分析了勉略带三岔子地区泥盆系硅质岩地球化学特征,结果显示,三岔子硅质岩SiO_2含量较高,为94.04%～98.08%,平均96.92%,质地较纯,Al_2O_3和TiO_2含量明显偏低;微量元素中Ba、U含量较高、Zr含量较低,U/Th值和Ba/Sr值较高;稀土元素显示样品的ΣREE值显著偏低,为7.61～51.04μg/g,平均22.51μg/g,经PAAS标准化后的稀土配分曲线表现出富集HREE的左倾特征,Eu正异常和Ce负异常,以及Al/(A1+Fe+Mn)值、Fe/Ti值和(Fe+Mn)/Ti值等指标均指示硅质岩具有典型的热水沉积成因。硅质岩Al/(Al+Fe)值、Al_2O_3/(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3+MnO)值、Al_2O_3/(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3)值、δCe值以及(La/Ce)_N值等地球化学特征指示其主要形成于大陆边缘环境。(La/Lu)_N值、(La/Yb)_N值及δEu值等指标反映硅质岩形成受到深大断裂相关的岩浆活动的影响。三岔子硅质岩Th/U值、U/Th值、δU值等特征指示其形成于缺氧的沉积环境。综合上述研究,该硅质岩发育地区在古生代处于伸展裂陷的构造背景之下,形成了裂陷或断陷盆地以及区域性同生断裂为主的一系列伸展构造。裂谷内岩浆活动在硅质岩的形成过程中为热水活动提供了热源,区域性同生断裂为热水流体的上升提供了通道;对流热水对周边物质的的淋滤和溶解导致了SiO_2的富集;三者的共同作用最终导致一系列不同时代的热水沉积硅质岩在勉略带中形成。     

华南地区不同时代硅质岩地球化学特征及地质意义

我国华南地区前寒武系至二叠系地层广泛发育硅质岩,开展不同时代硅质岩地球化学特征及成因研究对华南地区构造演化具有重要意义。基于华南地区前寒武系至二叠系硅质岩主量及稀土元素分析数据,结合岩石学、古生物等资料,对华南地区元古代和古生代7个层系中硅质岩开展了对比分析及成因探讨。结果表明:(1)震旦纪时期,华南地区硅质岩沉积于远洋盆地,热源受南华裂谷等张裂事件影响;(2)寒武纪时期,华南地区硅质岩沉积于远洋盆地和大陆边缘过渡带,热源受到地壳张裂作用影响;(3)奥陶纪—志留纪时期,华南地区硅质岩沉积于大陆边缘环境,热源与地壳的张裂作用有关;(4)泥盆纪时期,华南地区硅质岩沉积于海盆环境,热源与广西运动造成火山活动有关;(5)石炭纪时期,华南地区硅质岩沉积于海盆环境,热源与地壳张裂作用有关;(6)二叠纪时期,华南地区硅质岩沉积于海盆环境,热源与峨眉山地幔柱活动有关。震旦纪—二叠纪时期,华南地区与构造运动相伴生的热液活动为硅质岩形成提供了充足的硅源,是该地区硅质岩形成的主要控制因素,且硅质岩清晰记录了华南地区震旦纪—二叠纪时期古气候、古环境和古构造特征及其演化。     

滇东非海相泥盆纪地层研究—滇东曲靖晚志留世—早泥盆世早期…

分析滇东曲靖晚志留世－早泥盆世早期地层的岩石、古生物、地球化学特征。提出对曲靖地区晚志留世一早泥盆世早期沉积环境的新认识，指出该阶段以海相环境及过渡相环境为特征，受河流影响显著。     

甘肃北山中段地区双鹰山重晶石矿床地质特征及成因分析

双鹰山重晶石矿床位于北山造山带中段,赋存于寒武系双鹰山组含泥硅质岩之中,目前圈定矿体9条,主要矿体2条。本文立足于区域地质勘查资料,结合前人研究成果,在对双鹰山重晶石矿床成矿地质背景、矿床及矿体特征、矿石特征研究的基础上,对矿床的沉积环境、矿质来源及成矿模式等方面进行初步探讨。研究表明,矿床为典型热水沉积型矿床,是中-新元古代经历海底热水喷流作用而引起的热水混合沉积的产物,成矿物质主要来源于沿海底深大断裂上升的含钡热水,成矿环境表现为以化学沉积为主的深海、半深海海盆-陆棚缘相沉积环境。     

苏皖地区二叠纪放射虫硅质岩中有孔虫的发现及沉积环境初探

本文研究的苏皖地区二叠纪孤峰和大隆组放射虫硅质岩中的有孔虫属国内首次报道，通过这两个硅质岩相区有孔虫组合特征的分析，它们可与同时代碳酸盐岩相区的有孔虫组合进行比较，根据生物组合与地球化学特征分析，这两个组的含有孔虫的放射虫硅质岩可能是由于上升流作用形成的沉积。     

Photosynthetic microbial mats in the 3,416-Myr-old ocean

Recent re-evaluations of the geological record of the earliest life on Earth have led to the suggestion that some of the oldest putative microfossils and carbonaceous matter were formed through abiotic hydrothermal processes. Similarly, many early Archaean (more than 3,400-Myr-old) cherts have been reinterpreted as hydrothermal deposits rather than products of normal marine sedimentary processes. Here we present the results of a field, petrographic and geochemical study testing these hypotheses for the 3,416-Myr-old Buck Reef Chert, South Africa. From sedimentary structures and distributions of sand and mud, we infer that deposition occurred in normal open shallow to deep marine environments. The siderite enrichment that we observe in deep-water sediments is consistent with a stratified early ocean. We show that most carbonaceous matter was formed by photosynthetic mats within the euphotic zone and distributed as detrital matter by waves and currents to surrounding environments. We find no evidence that hydrothermal processes had any direct role in the deposition of either the carbonaceous matter or the enclosing sediments. Instead, we conclude that photosynthetic organisms had evolved and were living in a stratified ocean supersaturated in dissolved silica 3,416 Myr ago.     

湘黔地区埃迪卡拉纪-寒武纪之交硅质岩的成因探讨——来自稀土元素和Ge/Si比值的证据

对埃迪卡拉纪?寒武纪之交的贵州铜仁坝黄剖面留茶坡组层状硅质岩和湖南张家界柑子坪剖面留茶坡组穹隆状硅质岩的主量、微量元素和稀土元素以及Ge/Si特征进行分析, 探讨两种硅质岩的成因。层状硅质岩的SiO₂含量为96.06%~99.61%, 穹窿状硅质岩的SiO₂含量为98.62%~99.56%, 平均值为99.13%; 其他元素含量很低, 两者均为纯硅质岩。坝黄层状硅质岩的ΣREE为20.14~248.56 μg/g (平均100.62 μg/g), Eu/Eu*值为0.90~1.10 (平均1.06), 无明显异常, Ge/Si值为0.13~0.98 μmol/mol (平均0.50 μmol/mol), Al₂O₃与ΣREE明显正相关, 表明硅质岩成分明显受陆源输入的控制。柑子坪穹隆状硅质岩的ΣREE值低, 为3.75~7.24 μg/g (平均5.73 μg/g), Ce/Ce*值为0.46~0.66 (平均0.57), 具负异常, Eu/Eu*值为2.28~11.07 (平均4.60), 具明显正异常, Ge/Si值为1.09~1.43 μmol/mol (平均1.25 μmol/mol), Al₂O₃与ΣREE的相关性较差, 表明硅质岩为海底热液成因。Al₂O₃与Ge/Si的相关性强弱也可以反映硅质岩的来源。结合古地理环境, 推断层状硅质岩可能形成于盆地内部, 而穹隆状硅质岩可能发育在台缘同生断裂处, 因海底热液喷流而形成。以1 μmol/mol 作为Ge/Si的临界值可以为示踪硅质岩的物质来源提供新的思路。     

Discovery of hydrothermal venting community at the base of Cambrian barite in Guizhou Province, Western China: Implication for the Cambrian biological explosion

The barite deposit in the Niutitang Formation of Lower Cambrian, in Tianzhu County, Guizhou Province, western China, is a superlarge barite deposit with about 2 × 10^9 tons of reserves. Mineral, petrological and geochemical studies reveal that this barite deposit belongs to a hydrothermal sedimentary deposit. Microscopic observations indicate that a lot of algae, sponge spicules and tube-type fossils are well-preserved in this barite section, and moreover, those fossils share most characteristics of the deep-sea hydrothermal venting community in the modern Pacific. We suggest that the hydrothermal venting community was thriving in hydrothermal vent in early Cambrian, and it is of great significance for elucidating the geological background of the ＂Cambrian explosion＂.     

云南省大红山铜铁矿床中菱铁矿的成因及赋存规律

对大红山铜铁矿矿床中菱铁矿的地质背景、矿床背景、矿物组合特征进行了描述.并经地球化学分析(菱铁矿化学成分分析、同位素分析)及成矿环境分析,表明其成矿物质来源为海底火山喷发沉积物与正常沉积物的组合.成矿环境为有机质丰富的弱还原环境,有后期热液富集的特征,为海相火山喷发沉积改造型矿床.     

Questioning the evidence for Earth's oldest fossils

Structures resembling remarkably preserved bacterial and cyanobacterial microfossils from about 3,465-million-year-old Apex cherts of the Warrawoona Group in Western Australia currently provide the oldest morphological evidence for life on Earth and have been taken to support an early beginning for oxygen-producing photosynthesis. Eleven species of filamentous prokaryote, distinguished by shape and geometry, have been put forward as meeting the criteria required of authentic Archaean microfossils, and contrast with other microfossils dismissed as either unreliable or unreproducible. These structures are nearly a billion years older than putative cyanobacterial biomarkers, genomic arguments for cyanobacteria, an oxygenic atmosphere and any comparably diverse suite of microfossils. Here we report new research on the type and re-collected material, involving mapping, optical and electron microscopy, digital image analysis, micro-Raman spectroscopy and other geochemical techniques. We reinterpret the purported microfossil-like structure as secondary artefacts formed from amorphous graphite within multiple generations of metalliferous hydrothermal vein chert and volcanic glass. Although there is no support for primary biological morphology, a Fischer--Tropsch-type synthesis of carbon compounds and carbon isotopic fractionation is inferred for one of the oldest known hydrothermal systems on Earth.     

Diagenetic-metallogenic ages of pyritic cherts and their implications in Mojiang nickel-gold deposit in Yunnan Province, China

Diagenetic-metallogenic ages of pyritic cherts formed by the syn-sedimentation of hydrothermal vent and ages of the Jinchang Rock Formation in the Mojiang large nickel-gold deposit in the Ailaoshan gold metallogenic belt have been discussed on the basis of chronology of isotopic geochemistry. Nickel-gold-bearing pyritic cherts in the mining were formed by syn-sedimentation of hydrothermal vent in the Late Devonian, i.e. age by Sm-Nd isochronal method (t) = (358±8.6) (2σ) Ma and age by Rb-Sr isochronal method (t) = (354.7±0.72) (2σ) Ma. On the other hand, deep-water cherts from the Jinchang Rock Formation of the Upper Devonian in the area were initiated at the same time; that is, age by Sm-Nd isochronal method (t) = (359±21) (2σ) Ma and age by Rb-Sr isochronal method (t) = (358.02±0.30) (2σ) Ma.     

Palaeoclimatology: evidence for hot early oceans?

The oxygen isotopes in sedimentary cherts (siliceous sediments) have been used to argue that the Precambrian oceans were hot--with temperatures of up to 70 degrees C at 3.3 Gyr before present. Robert and Chaussidon measure silicon isotopes in cherts and arrive at a similar conclusion. We suggest here that both isotope trends may be caused by variations in seawater isotope composition, rather than in ocean temperatures. If so, then the climate of the early Earth may have been temperate, as it is today, and therefore more consistent with evidence for Precambrian glaciations and with constraints inferred from biological evolution.     

长江口区沉积地球化学特征的定量研究

对长江口区３２个表层样的２８种元素进行数理统计分析，并结合该区的水文、地貌和沉积环境等背景资料，探讨长江口区沉积物的元素地球化学特征。Ｑ型聚类分析结果表明长江口可划分为四大沉积地球化学区，Ｒ型因子分析揭示了控制长江口区元素来源和分布的主要因素。     

Influences of marine floor hydrothermal activity on organic matter abundance in marine carbonate rocks——A case study of middle-upper Proterozoic in the northern part of North China

FOR A LONG TIME, RESEARCHERS HAVE BEEN REGARDING THE BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY, THE SEDIMENTATION RATE, THE DEPOSITION ENVIRONMENT, AND THE PRESERVATION CONDITION OF THE DEPOSITIONAL ORGANIC MATTER AS THE CONTROLLING FACTORS OF ORGANIC MATTER ABUNDANCE IN T…