Background current affects the internal wave structure of the northern South China Sea

The internal wave modal equations are solved with the consideration of background currents. Analytical and numerical solutions of some specific examples, including observations in the northern South China Sea （SCS）, are obtained to investigate the effect of back- ground current on internal wave vertical structure. The effects of current shear and curvature on internal wave vertical structure are eval- uated separately. It is found that the phase speed and wave structure are modified by background currents, the current shear has little effect on wave structure, whilst the current curvature could have a strong impact on the wave structure. The extent of the effect by the current curvature on the wave structure depends on the magnitudes of current curvature, relative wave speed, and buoyancy frequency, sometimes the effect by the current curvature may even cause the wave to attenuate severely with depth. A new method to obtain the real eigenfunction with depth in the case that the waves become evanescent is also put forward. It is shown that the residual tidal current in the northern SCS is strong enough to cause the wave to attenuate severely at the uooer laver.     

Some characteristics and evolution of the internal soliton in the northern South China Sea

Based on the observational data of an internal soliton in the northern South China Sea (SCS) on June 14, 1998, the possible source of the internal soliton is analyzed, and some of its characteristic parameters such as phase speed, wave length, etc. are computed. Based on the analyses of the vertical modes of the internal wave, the characteristics of the wave-induced current during the propagation of the internal soliton are studied. A regularized long wave (RLW) equation numerical model considering effects of multi-fac- tors is employed, and the observed environmental parameters are used as the initial conditions to simulate the propagation and evolution of the internal soliton in the continental shelf of the northern SCS.     

Internal solitons in the northern South China Sea from insitu observations

In this paper, we demonstrate the characteristics of strong internal solitons at the southern edge of Dongsha Islands in the northern South China Sea （SCS） during May-June 1998, using in situ time series data from the conductivity temperature depth （CTD）, acoustic Doppler current profiler （ADCP） and thermistor chain. Our measurements indicated that the strongest internal solitons were larger than 90 m in wave amplitude, and propagated approximately westward in traveling direction, with the maximum current speed of about 2 m/s and the period of 10-20 min. The strongest internal solitons occurred noticeably during May 14- 16, 1998, which is consistent with the occurrence period of the diurnal-dominated spring internal tides.     

Progress of regional oceanography study associated with western boundary current in the South China Sea

Recent progress of physical oceanography in the South China Sea (SCS) associated with the western boundary current (WBC) and eddies is reviewed in this paper. It includes Argo observations of the WBC, eddy detection in the WBC based on satellite images, cross-continental shelf exchange in the WBC, eddy-current interaction, interannual variability of the WBC, air-sea interaction, the SCS throughflow (SCSTF), among others. The WBC in the SCS is strong, and its structure, variability and dynamic processes on seasonal and interannual time scales are yet to be fully understood. In this paper, we summarize progresses on the variability of the WBC, eddy-current interaction, air-sea interaction, and the SCSTF achieved in the past few years. Firstly, using the drifting buoy observations, we point out that the WBC becomes stronger and narrower after it reaches the central Vietnam coast. The possible mechanisms influencing the ocean circulation in the northern SCS are discussed, and the dynamic mechanisms that induce the countercurrent in the region of northern branch of WBC in winter are also studied quantitatively using momentum balance. The geostropic component of the WBC was diagnosed using the ship observation along 18°N, and we found that the WBC changed significantly on interannual time scale. Secondly, using the ship observations, two anti-cyclonic eddies in the winter of 2003/2004 in the northern SCS, and three anti-cyclonic eddies in the summer of 2007 along 18°N were studied. The results show that the two anti-cyclonic eddies can propagate southwestward along the continental shelf at the speed of first Rossby wave (～0.1 ms-1 ) in winter, and the interaction between the three anti-cyclonic eddies in summer and the WBC in the SCS is preliminarily revealed. Eddies on the continental shelf of northern SCS propagated southeastward with a maximum speed of 0.09 ms-1 , and those to the east of Vietnam coast had the largest kinetic energy, both of which imply strong interaction between eddy activity and WBC in the SCS. Thirdly, strong intraseasonal variability (ISV) of sea surface temperature (SST) near the WBC regions was found, and the ISV signal of SST in winter weakens the ISV signal of latent heat flux by 20%. Fourthly, the long-term change of SCSTF volume transport and its connection with the ocean circulation in the Pacific were discussed.     

波流作用下大尺度圆柱周围局部冲刷深度简化数值模型

利用数模研究了波流共同作用下大尺度孤立圆柱周围的局部冲刷问题．该数模包括波浪场模型、流场模型、剪应力模型和冲淤形态模型．在数值计算中,通过分别求解缓坡方程和浅水环流方程得到波浪场和流场的分布情况,据此计算出水质点的底流速,得到底床剪切应力场的分布情况．可通过底面剪应力与泥沙起动应力的比较来调节底床的地形．计算了不同条件下孤立圆柱附近的局部冲刷情况,据此研究了波高、流速对局部冲刷的影响,发现最大冲刷深度随流速、波高的增大而增长．数模采用有限元方法,结果比较合理．     

密度层化流体波动场中小尺度水平圆柱体受力模拟

随着海上采油事业发展,海底输油管线受力分析得到了广泛重视．抛弃刚盖假设,模拟了密度分层流中内波与表面波耦合场,采用Morison公式计算了不同深度处水平小尺度圆柱受到的内波和表面波联合作用力．数值结果表明：表面波对内波的影响是不可忽略的;迁移加速度相对当地加速度是一小量;内波场产生的水平波浪力幅值较小,只在水平方向引入高波数振型;内波对垂向波浪力的影响较大;惯性力远大于拖曳力．这些为海底管线受力分析提供了理论基础．     

开封市一次区域暴雨天气过程的综合诊断分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°的6 h再分析资料等,对2010年8月14日开封市一次区域暴雨天气过程进行综合分析,结果表明:此次过程是在贝加尔湖附近高空冷低压东移南下,伴随高空横槽转竖,引起华北切变线加强,地面倒槽北侧冷空气南下,饱和暖湿气流被迫抬升凝结而致暴雨.暴雨的水汽供应主要来自对流层中低层,强水汽辐合出现在华北切变线附近和强降水前,与暴雨区相对应.地面倒槽附近的上升气流与切变线附近的上升气流叠加,与副热带高压中心内部的下沉气流构成了经向闭合环流圈,为暴雨天气的出现提供了强上升气流.高层辐散、低层辐合的大气垂直结构增强了大气的抽吸作用,促进垂直上升运动的发展.     

River plumes as a source of large-amplitude internal waves in the coastal ocean

Satellite images have long revealed the surface expression of large amplitude internal waves that propagate along density interfaces beneath the sea surface. Internal waves are typically the most energetic high-frequency events in the coastal ocean, displacing water parcels by up to 100 m and generating strong currents and turbulence that mix nutrients into near-surface waters for biological utilization. While internal waves are known to be generated by tidal currents over ocean-bottom topography, they have also been observed frequently in the absence of any apparent tide-topography interactions. Here we present repeated measurements of velocity, density and acoustic backscatter across the Columbia River plume front. These show how internal waves can be generated from a river plume that flows as a gravity current into the coastal ocean. We find that the convergence of horizontal velocities at the plume front causes frontal growth and subsequent displacement downward of near-surface waters. Individual freely propagating waves are released from the river plume front when the front's propagation speed decreases below the wave speed in the water ahead of it. This mechanism generates internal waves of similar amplitude and steepness as internal waves from tide-topography interactions observed elsewhere, and is therefore important to the understanding of coastal ocean mixing.     

Passive-source ocean bottom seismograph （OBS） array experiment in South China Sea and data quality analyses

Long-term passive source ocean bottom seis- mograph （OBS） observatory is challenging due to various technical difficulties. In order to gain experience in this field, and to reveal the lithospheric structure beneath the extinct ridge in the central South China Sea （SCS）, we carried out a passive source OBS array experiment, which includes 18 OBSs, in the deep portion of SCS. Here we present the instrumentation, the OBS deployment and recovery of this experiment, and more importantly, the data quality evaluated by a number of approaches. Through processing and inspecting waveforms from global, regional and local earthquakes, we find that most of recovered OBSs have good data quality with discernible main phases. The ambient noise analyses of OBS recordings show that their noise is higher than the global average, and the horizontal component is noisier than the vertical, indicating current impacts on horizontal components are more severe. In the period range of 5-10 s, there is a noise notch for the SCS OBSs, and noise levels of horizontal components are comparable to the vertical. This feature, which is not seen at OBS stations in open ocean, suggests the distant sources for double frequency microseism in this marginal sea are not significant. In addition, we successfully determined the orientations for 7 OBSs by investigating their Rayleigh wave polarizations; and we demonstrated the dispersion feature of Rayleigh waves through the frequency-time analysis. Finally, we summarized lessons learned from this experiment regarding the passive source OBS investiga- tions in SCS.     

微分方程特征值理论在Ekman流解中的应用

为了更为细致地讨论非恒常量的垂向湍黏性系数对Ekman流解的影响,基于微分方程的特征值理论,简要分析了在不同垂向湍黏系数分布条件下,Ekman流解所具有的结构特征,并结合数值方式模拟了Ekman流的垂向结构。在开边界条件下,不同深度的数值模拟结果较为一致,数值模拟验证了Ekman流的垂向结构与湍黏系数垂向分布的特征有密切关系。据此得出,不同的垂向湍黏系数结构将改变Ekman流的影响深度及表层流与风应力的夹角,Ekman流解含有垂向湍黏系数分布的特征。理论推导和数值试验均表明,在不同的黏性系数垂向分布状态下,Ekman流具有不同的垂向结构,且影响深度也各不相同。     

“07.3”强沙尘暴天气过程的观测分析

利用常规观测的地面资料、探空资料、卫星云图资料、客观分析资料以及民勤站和SACOL站的观测资料对2007年3月27-28日中国西北地区的一次强沙尘暴过程进行了分析.主要结论为:地面快速发展的冷锋以及850 hPa和700 hPa快速发展的短波槽与此次沙尘暴的形成和快速发展密切相关.民勤站沙尘浓度和地面气象要素在沙尘暴发展演化期间出现明显的变化.气压和风速在沙尘暴爆发时出现明显的跃升,气压的变化超前于风速的变化,这表明风场和气压场在沙尘暴爆发时有明显的调整过程;风速及其垂直切变与PM₁₀浓度几乎同时达到极大值,而温度垂直切变极大值出现时刻比PM₁₀浓度和风速垂直切变极大值早出现4h;强的风速垂直切变有利于激发不稳定能量的释放和沙尘暴的形成.SACOL站的沙尘浓度和地面气象要素在沙尘暴发展期间也有明显的变化.风速和气压达到峰值的时刻都超前于PM₁₀浓度出现极大值的时刻;温度垂直切变峰值出现的时刻稍稍滞后于风速垂直切变峰值出现的时刻.     

Circulation in the South China Sea in summer of 1998

Based on the CTD and meteorological data obtained by R/VXiangyanghong No. 14 in the South China Sea (SCS) in the summer of 1998, both current velocity and volume transport are calculated by using a modified inverse model. Circulation in the SCS is analyzed by combining the calculated results with ADCP data. The following results are obtained, (i) The most important feature of the circulation in the northeastern SCS is that a branch of the Kuroshio intrudes into the SCS with a small volume transport. It flows anticyclonically through the Bashi Strait and towards the southwest off the Taiwan Island, and it does not intrude into the inner SCS. (ii) The northern SCS is dominated mainly by a cyclonic circulation system with two cold eddies, (iii) The central and southwestern SCSs are mainly occupied by anticyclonic circulation systems, including three anticyclonic and one stronger cyclonic eddies. (iv) In the southeastern SCS, there is a large scope of cyclonic circulation extending in the SW-NE direction, (v) There is a “multi-eddy phenomenon” in the SCS, and a larger eddy contains several small eddies. (vi) There is western intensifying of the currents and eddies in the SCS.     

竖向变形差异对高层结构的影响

高层结构在竖向荷载作用下,产生框架柱与剪力墙的弹性竖向变形差以及由变形差引起的结构附加内力.通过实例计算表明框架承担的内力有所增大,剪力墙承担的内力减小.框架梁顶部在墙一端负弯矩大、柱一端负弯矩小,同时提出减少竖向差异的措施.     

飑线回波结构与环境风垂直切变的关系

为研究春季和夏季的环境风垂直切变对飑线结构的影响,结合雷达、卫星及探空资料,重点分析了2014年7月27日浙江宁波地区飑线过程的天气背景和不稳定能量垂直结构特征,揭示了产生飑线天气的先兆信息。为进一步研究飑线的回波结构与环境风垂直切变的关系,利用雷达回波的垂直剖面图,对比分析了20140727飑线与20140319台州飑线个例的垂直结构,发现在浙江地区,春季飑线强回波主体有向环境风方向倾斜的趋势;而夏季个例强回波主体无倾斜。暖空气入流上升后的出流方向受高空环境风的影响,春季高空风强,风速垂直切变大,入流上升后在风暴高层向前部出流,类似于中纬度引导型飑线的结构;夏季高空风弱,风速垂直切变小,入流气流上升后向风暴高层的后部出流,类似于热带传播型飑线的结构。为了改进飑线的临近预报水平,计算了20140727飑线的径向散度场。结合回波强度和速度分析飑线的辐合区,可以更准确地预测强对流的位置,揭示回波的生消演变。研究结果有助于深入理解飑线回波结构与环境风垂直切变的关系。     

内波垂向结构的分段求解方法

为了掌握海洋内坡的特性，针对内波垂向结构的数值解法进行了严谨的分析推导，提出了分段求解方法．将数理方程中的Strm-Liouville本征值问题应用到内波方程，可获得标准化的两种方法，进而探讨了这两种方法的统一性及实用性．计算结果表明，对半日潮的低频情况内波可存在于整个水深，而对周期为20分钟的较高频情况则内波只存在于垂向的有限范围内，在上下两层，其垂向速度的衰减很快．该方法应用于实际海洋中，可以获得一般情况下内波函数的广义Fourier级数，从理论上可以证明解函数的完备性。     

Mackenzie三角洲风暴相关的海岸水动力现象

针对西北风和东风这2种强风在Mackenzie三角洲开敞水域时期占主导地位的特点,运用SWAN模型对1次西北向风暴过程中的风暴浪进行模拟,并基于实测风、流数据和MODIS数据对2次东风引起的海岸水动力现象进行分析。结果表明:西北向风暴影响水域中上层的波浪和强流,引起明显的波浪增水和波能耗散;东向风暴可以引起从海表到海底的强流,甚至强度较弱的持续东风都可以引起上升流和水体混合;西北风和东风都会使水底的细小泥沙发生运动。     

大气波动不稳定与林区降水分布(Ⅱ)

<正>用二层模式下的斜压波模型,讨论了山地林区垂直风速切变对波动不稳定的影响,指出这是山地林区降水随高度增加的主要原因之一。 随着林区透风结构的变异,林区所形成的垂直风速切变是不同的:大范围紧密结构的原始林区形成的切变较强,降水增加较明显;稀疏林区形成的切变较弱,降水增加就不显著。对原始林区的大面积皆伐则导致林区降水减少,生态平衡失调。     

廉洲湾水流动力场对北海港域泥沙运移的影响

根据廉洲湾海洋动力场形成机制探讨了北海港域泥沙运移趋势,廉洲湾潮流具有明显往复特点,落潮流大于涨潮流,有利于湾内冲刷深槽的形成,使北海港保持相对稳定或微淤状态,便在深槽以北开阔海我浪作用加速南流江夏季冲淡水携沙向外运移,甚至波及港口一带,形成不断外移趋势,湾内工程开发不当会加快湾内泥沙洄淤的速度。     

分层流体中尾迹时间序列结构的实验研究

在大型重力式分层流水槽中,采用多点组合探头阵列的动态测量方法,通过对线性密度分层盐水中拖曳球产生的扰动密度场的时间序列分析,研究了运动物体生成内波的运动学和动力学特性,实验获得了体积效应内波向尾迹内波转变的特征结构和体积效应内波传播的三维非对称结构,由此建立了体积效应内波的预测模型.研究表明：建立以实验为依据的理论预测模型是运动源致内波研究的有效途径.     

新光大桥的动力特性和地震行波效应研究

新光大桥位于广州新光快速路主干线,是世界上第一座三跨连续钢桁拱与钢筋混凝土V型刚构结合的钢-混凝土组合体系桥梁,主桥跨度为177 428 177 m,在目前同类型桥梁中,主桥长度位居世界第一.该桥结构新颖,造型独特.文章主要针对新光大桥的动力特性和地震行波效应进行了详细研究.在两水准、两阶段抗震设防思想下给出了主要控制构件在考虑行波效应情况下的内力,并与纵桥向地震一致激励作用下的内力进行了比较;同时给出了在不同剪切波速下,主拱顶截面的位移时程曲线.研究表明行波效应以及地面剪切波速度对大跨度连续刚架钢桁拱桥的地震响应有着较大的影响.