基于光开关的量子交换器

为了研究量子通信系统,提出了一种基于光开关的量子交换器,它是量子通信网络的节点．该量子交换器主要由交换模块、控制模块和输入输出模块组成．它在量子通信网络的发信者与收信者之间建立光子链路,为通信双方提供量子信道,用于传输量子信息．搭建了量子交换器平台,并用微弱光源对该量子交换器平台进行了测试,结果表明该量子交换器具备了量子通信网络中节点的功能,能够成功实现量子通信网络的功能．     

中科大实现光子比特与原子比特间的量子态隐形传输

中国科技大学微尺度物质科学国家实验室潘建伟研究小组在国际上首次实验实现了光子比特与原子比特之间的量子态隐形传输。光子是量子通信中最好的信息载体,但却难以存储;而原子态可用来存储量子态。在不破坏其量子特性的情况下,将飞行（光）量子比特所载信息传送到静止（原子）量子比特上．并在需要时成功读取原子量子比特内存储的信息,将是未来量子信息处理中的重要组成部分。研究人员利用极化光子态作为量子信息的载体,利用由大约100万铷原子构成的冷原子系综作为量子存储器．制备了光子与原子系综态之间的纠缠。通过这个光子-原子纠缠源,进行了光量子比特到远程原子比特的量子态隐形传输。传输到原子比特的量子信息在存储了8S后,被成功地转换为光量子态以作进一步的量子信息处理。     

非对称偏振三维纠缠态的预警制备

在量子信息处理过程中,量子纠缠态扮演着极为重要的角色,其特殊的物理性质,使得量子信息具有经典信息所没有的许多新的特征,为信息传输和信息处理提供了新的物理资源.针对非对称偏振三维纠缠态的制备,基于交叉相位调制技术,以纠缠光子对和两个单光子比特作为初态,通过单光子与相干光的相互作用以及双光子干涉来实现.如果通过三个非计数单光子探测器来预警制备三维最大纠缠态,其概率为3/64.而如果采用特殊的分段式光子探测器,其概率可以提高到3/8,达到理论极限值.该方案在理论上是可行的,效率相对较高,而且预警式的制备为其后续在量子信息过程中的使用提供了很大的灵活性.     

中国科大实现“无噪声光子回波”量子存储方案

正中国科学技术大学郭光灿院士团队李传锋、周宗权研究组提出并实验实现"无噪声光子回波",成功将背景噪声从1光子降低到0.0015光子,首次观察到单光子的光子回波并实现高保真度的固态量子存储。该成果已于7月19日发表于《自然·通讯》,对研发量子优盘和量子网络具有重要意义。光子回波是原子与一系列电磁波脉冲相互作用时发出的相干辐射,是存储和操纵光的有力工具。光子回波作为光与物质作用的一种基本物理过程,     

潍坊学院光学学科

潍坊学院光学学科是山东省“十一五”、“十二五”省级重点学科，学科所属多光子纠缠与操纵实验室是山东省科技厅批准的“省市共建省级重点实验室培育基地”，也是本省唯一的、具有国际领先技术的量子通信实验室。该学科所开展的量子信息处理理论研究、多光子纠缠源的实验制备、量子通信的纠缠退相干研究等课题，都是当前国际上量子信息领域的热点研究内容，     

中国科大制备出八光子纠缠态刷新多光子纠缠制备与操作的世界纪录

本刊讯（记者）日前，中国科学技术大学郭光灿院士领导的中科院量子信息重点实验室李传锋、黄运锋研究组成功制备出八光子纠缠态，刷新了多光子纠缠制备与操作数目的世界纪录。11月22日，《自然·通信》在线发表了这一研究成果。量子纠缠态是实现各种量子信息过程的基础。由于光子具有抗干扰能力强、传播速度快等优点，多光子纠缠态的制备和操控一直是量子信息领域的研究重点和难点。目前世界上普遍利用晶体中的非线性过程来产生多光子纠缠态．由于此过程是概率性的，因此产生多光子纠缠态的难度会随着光子数目的增加而成倍增大。此前，国际学术界已报道的纪录是最多能制备出六光子纠缠态。     

喜迎量子时代

作为我国量子通信与量子信息技术首席科学家单位的中国科技大学．继今年5月先后在合肥建成世界上首个光量子电话网和在芜湖建成世界首个“量子政务网”后．近日又在合肥建成世界上首个全通型量子通信网络，首次实现了实时语音量子保密通信。据专家介绍，该成果不仅首次全面展示并检验了量子通信系统组网和扩展的能力．将量子通信实用化和产业化进程向前推进了一大步，而且可应用于国防安全、银行、重要基础设施、互联网通信、商务等，对提升我国信息安全水平具有重大的战略意义。     

基于 CAN 网络系统的故障影响研究

基于计算机系统多个节点之间进行安全性要求严格的信息交换需经合适的互连网系统来完成的．而这种系统相关性分析的准确性主要取决于设计者．主要研究了基于CAN网络系统故障影响评价而开发的环境．同时被开发的IP核能实现CAN协议控制器特性,并利用它建立了由多个节点组成的网络．采用基于模拟的故障插入方法评价故障对CAN总线传输信息和CAN控制器本身的影响．仿真分析结果进一步证明：此种故障仿真方法对于研究CAN网络系统是可行的．     

二能级系统光子回波在缀饰态表象中的动态分析

采用布洛赫矢量方法,从量子干涉角度,用缀饰态理论对二能级系统光子回波机理进行了分析,清晰地给出了光与原子相互作用过程的物理描述.探讨了绝热条件下光子回波技术对量子信息存储和信息提取的动态过程.结果表明,二能级跃迁第一个脉冲将信息写入介质,第二个脉冲为信息读出提供条件,让布洛赫矢量的v、w分量反转,此后写入的信息以光子回波的形式再现,即光子回波实质是光信息的写入和读出过程.     

基于固态自旋体系的高保真度量子逻辑门的实验研究

量子计算利用量子力学的原理,能够有效处理很多经典计算难以解决的问题,比如大数因子分解.在实现量子信息处理和控制的过程中量子系统总是会受到退相干的影响,这种退相干是由量子系统与外界环境的相互作用造成的.因此实现可以抑制退相干的高保真度量子逻辑门在量子计算研究中具有重要意义.本文首先介绍了实现量子计算对物理系统的要求,然后基于金刚石NV色心体系,讨论实现了动力学纠错门、高保真度的普适量子逻辑门以及时间最优的普适量子逻辑门的几个实验工作,最后给出总结.     

Entanglement of spin waves among four quantum memories

Quantum networks are composed of quantum nodes that interact coherently through quantum channels, and open a broad frontier of scientific opportunities. For example, a quantum network can serve as a 'web' for connecting quantum processors for computation and communication, or as a 'simulator' allowing investigations of quantum critical phenomena arising from interactions among the nodes mediated by the channels. The physical realization of quantum networks generically requires dynamical systems capable of generating and storing entangled states among multiple quantum memories, and efficiently transferring stored entanglement into quantum channels for distribution across the network. Although such capabilities have been demonstrated for diverse bipartite systems, entangled states have not been achieved for interconnects capable of 'mapping' multipartite entanglement stored in quantum memories to quantum channels. Here we demonstrate measurement-induced entanglement stored in four atomic memories; user-controlled, coherent transfer of the atomic entanglement to four photonic channels; and characterization of the full quadripartite entanglement using quantum uncertainty relations. Our work therefore constitutes an advance in the distribution of multipartite entanglement across quantum networks. We also show that our entanglement verification method is suitable for studying the entanglement order of condensed-matter systems in thermal equilibrium.     

Experimental demonstration of a BDCZ quantum repeater node

Quantum communication is a method that offers efficient and secure ways for the exchange of information in a network. Large-scale quantum communication (of the order of 100 km) has been achieved; however, serious problems occur beyond this distance scale, mainly due to inevitable photon loss in the transmission channel. Quantum communication eventually fails when the probability of a dark count in the photon detectors becomes comparable to the probability that a photon is correctly detected. To overcome this problem, Briegel, Dür, Cirac and Zoller (BDCZ) introduced the concept of quantum repeaters, combining entanglement swapping and quantum memory to efficiently extend the achievable distances. Although entanglement swapping has been experimentally demonstrated, the implementation of BDCZ quantum repeaters has proved challenging owing to the difficulty of integrating a quantum memory. Here we realize entanglement swapping with storage and retrieval of light, a building block of the BDCZ quantum repeater. We follow a scheme that incorporates the strategy of BDCZ with atomic quantum memories. Two atomic ensembles, each originally entangled with a single emitted photon, are projected into an entangled state by performing a joint Bell state measurement on the two single photons after they have passed through a 300-m fibre-based communication channel. The entanglement is stored in the atomic ensembles and later verified by converting the atomic excitations into photons. Our method is intrinsically phase insensitive and establishes the essential element needed to realize quantum repeaters with stationary atomic qubits as quantum memories and flying photonic qubits as quantum messengers.     

Coherent quantum state storage and transfer between two phase qubits via a resonant cavity

As with classical information processing, a quantum information processor requires bits (qubits) that can be independently addressed and read out, long-term memory elements to store arbitrary quantum states, and the ability to transfer quantum information through a coherent communication bus accessible to a large number of qubits. Superconducting qubits made with scalable microfabrication techniques are a promising candidate for the realization of a large-scale quantum information processor. Although these systems have successfully passed tests of coherent coupling for up to four qubits, communication of individual quantum states between superconducting qubits via a quantum bus has not yet been realized. Here, we perform an experiment demonstrating the ability to coherently transfer quantum states between two superconducting Josephson phase qubits through a quantum bus. This quantum bus is a resonant cavity formed by an open-ended superconducting transmission line of length 7 mm. After preparing an initial quantum state with the first qubit, this quantum information is transferred and stored as a nonclassical photon state of the resonant cavity, then retrieved later by the second qubit connected to the opposite end of the cavity. Beyond simple state transfer, these results suggest that a high-quality-factor superconducting cavity could also function as a useful short-term memory element. The basic architecture presented here can be expanded, offering the possibility for the coherent interaction of a large number of superconducting qubits.     

Deterministic quantum teleportation of atomic qubits

Quantum teleportation provides a means to transport quantum information efficiently from one location to another, without the physical transfer of the associated quantum-information carrier. This is achieved by using the non-local correlations of previously distributed, entangled quantum bits (qubits). Teleportation is expected to play an integral role in quantum communication and quantum computation. Previous experimental demonstrations have been implemented with optical systems that used both discrete and continuous variables, and with liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. Here we report unconditional teleportation of massive particle qubits using atomic (9Be+) ions confined in a segmented ion trap, which aids individual qubit addressing. We achieve an average fidelity of 78 per cent, which exceeds the fidelity of any protocol that does not use entanglement. This demonstration is also important because it incorporates most of the techniques necessary for scalable quantum information processing in an ion-trap system.     

A photonic quantum information interface

Quantum communication requires the transfer of quantum states, or quantum bits of information (qubits), from one place to another. From a fundamental perspective, this allows the distribution of entanglement and the demonstration of quantum non-locality over significant distances. Within the context of applications, quantum cryptography offers a provably secure way to establish a confidential key between distant partners. Photons represent the natural flying qubit carriers for quantum communication, and the presence of telecommunications optical fibres makes the wavelengths of 1,310 nm and 1,550 nm particularly suitable for distribution over long distances. However, qubits encoded into alkaline atoms that absorb and emit at wavelengths around 800 nm have been considered for the storage and processing of quantum information. Hence, future quantum information networks made of telecommunications channels and alkaline memories will require interfaces that enable qubit transfers between these useful wavelengths, while preserving quantum coherence and entanglement. Here we report a demonstration of qubit transfer between photons of wavelength 1,310 nm and 710 nm. The mechanism is a nonlinear up-conversion process, with a success probability of greater than 5 per cent. In the event of a successful qubit transfer, we observe strong two-photon interference between the 710 nm photon and a third photon at 1,550 nm, initially entangled with the 1,310 nm photon, although they never directly interacted. The corresponding fidelity is higher than 98 per cent.     

An elementary quantum network of single atoms in optical cavities

Quantum networks are distributed quantum many-body systems with tailored topology and controlled information exchange. They are the backbone of distributed quantum computing architectures and quantum communication. Here we present a prototype of such a quantum network based on single atoms embedded in optical cavities. We show that atom-cavity systems form universal nodes capable of sending, receiving, storing and releasing photonic quantum information. Quantum connectivity between nodes is achieved in the conceptually most fundamental way-by the coherent exchange of a single photon. We demonstrate the faithful transfer of an atomic quantum state and the creation of entanglement between two identical nodes in separate laboratories. The non-local state that is created is manipulated by local quantum bit (qubit) rotation. This efficient cavity-based approach to quantum networking is particularly promising because it offers a clear perspective for scalability, thus paving the way towards large-scale quantum networks and their applications.     

Experimental realization of freely propagating teleported qubits

Quantum teleportation is central to quantum communication, and plays an important role in a number of quantum computation protocols. Most information-processing applications of quantum teleportation include the subsequent manipulation of the qubit (the teleported photon), so it is highly desirable to have a teleportation procedure resulting in high-quality, freely flying qubits. In our previous teleportation experiment, the teleported qubit had to be detected (and thus destroyed) to verify the success of the procedure. Here we report a teleportation experiment that results in freely propagating individual qubits. The basic idea is to suppress unwanted coincidence detection events by providing the photon to be teleported much less frequently than the auxiliary entangled pair. Therefore, a case of successful teleportation can be identified with high probability without the need actually to detect the teleported photon. The experimental fidelity of our procedure surpasses the theoretical limit required for the implementation of quantum repeaters.     

Realization of quantum error correction

Scalable quantum computation and communication require error control to protect quantum information against unavoidable noise. Quantum error correction protects information stored in two-level quantum systems (qubits) by rectifying errors with operations conditioned on the measurement outcomes. Error-correction protocols have been implemented in nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, but the inherent limitations of this technique prevent its application to quantum information processing. Here we experimentally demonstrate quantum error correction using three beryllium atomic-ion qubits confined to a linear, multi-zone trap. An encoded one-qubit state is protected against spin-flip errors by means of a three-qubit quantum error-correcting code. A primary ion qubit is prepared in an initial state, which is then encoded into an entangled state of three physical qubits (the primary and two ancilla qubits). Errors are induced simultaneously in all qubits at various rates. The encoded state is decoded back to the primary ion one-qubit state, making error information available on the ancilla ions, which are separated from the primary ion and measured. Finally, the primary qubit state is corrected on the basis of the ancillae measurement outcome. We verify error correction by comparing the corrected final state to the uncorrected state and to the initial state. In principle, the approach enables a quantum state to be maintained by means of repeated error correction, an important step towards scalable fault-tolerant quantum computation using trapped ions.     

Entanglement of single-atom quantum bits at a distance

Quantum information science involves the storage, manipulation and communication of information encoded in quantum systems, where the phenomena of superposition and entanglement can provide enhancements over what is possible classically. Large-scale quantum information processors require stable and addressable quantum memories, usually in the form of fixed quantum bits (qubits), and a means of transferring and entangling the quantum information between memories that may be separated by macroscopic or even geographic distances. Atomic systems are excellent quantum memories, because appropriate internal electronic states can coherently store qubits over very long timescales. Photons, on the other hand, are the natural platform for the distribution of quantum information between remote qubits, given their ability to traverse large distances with little perturbation. Recently, there has been considerable progress in coupling small samples of atomic gases through photonic channels, including the entanglement between light and atoms and the observation of entanglement signatures between remotely located atomic ensembles. In contrast to atomic ensembles, single-atom quantum memories allow the implementation of conditional quantum gates through photonic channels, a key requirement for quantum computing. Along these lines, individual atoms have been coupled to photons in cavities, and trapped atoms have been linked to emitted photons in free space. Here we demonstrate the entanglement of two fixed single-atom quantum memories separated by one metre. Two remotely located trapped atomic ions each emit a single photon, and the interference and detection of these photons signals the entanglement of the atomic qubits. We characterize the entangled pair by directly measuring qubit correlations with near-perfect detection efficiency. Although this entanglement method is probabilistic, it is still in principle useful for subsequent quantum operations and scalable quantum information applications.     

An algorithmic benchmark for quantum information processing

Quantum information processing offers potentially great advantages over classical information processing, both for efficient algorithms and for secure communication. Therefore, it is important to establish that scalable control of a large number of quantum bits (qubits) can be achieved in practice. There are a rapidly growing number of proposed device technologies for quantum information processing. Of these technologies, those exploiting nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been the first to demonstrate non-trivial quantum algorithms with small numbers of qubits. To compare different physical realizations of quantum information processors, it is necessary to establish benchmark experiments that are independent of the underlying physical system, and that demonstrate reliable and coherent control of a reasonable number of qubits. Here we report an experimental realization of an algorithmic benchmark using an NMR technique that involves coherent manipulation of seven qubits. Moreover, our experimental procedure can be used as a reliable and efficient method for creating a standard pseudopure state, the first step for implementing traditional quantum algorithms in liquid state NMR systems. The benchmark and the techniques can be adapted for use with other proposed quantum devices.