The stratification phenomena in the thermal and solutal fields of double-diffusive convection in a circular cylinder

Natural convection due to spatial variations of fluid density is of fundamental importance in many scientific and engineering problems. In the past, investigators always pay attention to convection driven by thermal buoyancy force induced by temperature g…     

Oil cracking： An important way for highly efficient generation of gas from marine source rock kitchen

The potentials of gas generation by kerogen in the late period and by crude oil cracking are closely related to the origin of natural gas in the high- to over mature marine area and their exploration perspectives. The carbon structure of kerogens, with different types and at different evolution stages, have been experimentally studied using the high magnetic field solid ^13C nuclear magnetic resonance technique in order to determine the oil and gas potential of kerogens. Results show that the contents of gas potential carbon（GPC） of types Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ kerogens at the high- to over mature stage are very low, indicating their weak gas-generating capacity and limited gas production; however, the content of oil potential carbon（OPC） of the low mature type Ⅰ kerogen is much higher, implying that a large amount of crude oil generated during the oil-generating period will be the material for later gas generation by oil cracking. The kinetic experiment of gas generation by crude oil cracking shows that, when the temperature is about 160℃（R0=1.6%）, the crude oil will start to produce large amounts of gas; the temperature range for major gas generation of crude oil is higher than that of the kerogens, and the gas production is 2 to 4 times higher than that of kerogens. The natural gas derived from oil cracking （called oil-cracked gas） is much abundant in methyl hexamethylene, which is quite different from the natural gas produced by thermal degradation of kerogens （named kerogen degradation gas） at high- to over mature stage.     

Discussion of gas enrichment mechanism and natural gas origin in marine sedimentary basin,China

There are abundant natural gas resources in Chinese marine sedimentary basin. The exploration hot shots of natural gas are the Palaeozoic marine strata here in recent years, and several large scale gas fields have been discovered. Chinese Palaeozoic high-post matured and coal measure hydrocarbon source rocks are mainly prone to gas generation in the present. This research considered that gas source rocks and TSR are the key cause of gas enrichment of marine strata. High-quality argillaceous and coal measure hydrocarbon rocks are distributed widely in the Palaeozoic marine strata, which have been in highly matured phase in the present. The argillaceous source rock generally contains various sulfates that could accelerate crude oil cracking to gas for TSR occurrence, and coal measure source rock mainly generates gas, so Chinese marine basin gives priority to accumulating gas. Marine strata have not founded oil reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin, and they consist mainly of dry gas. Marine natural gases are the mixed gases of oil cracking gas and coal-formed gas in a general way, oil cracking gases contain usually some H2S and CO2. Hydrocarbon carbon isotopes are very complicated, and methane and ethane isotopic values bear apparent reversal caused by thermal evolution and mixing among different genetic types of natural gas. Coal-formed gases are the main component of Chinese marine natural gas. The Upper Permian of the Sichuan Basin and the Carboniferous-Permian of the Ordos Basin coal measure hydrocarbon source rock present large hydrocarbon generation potential, which are the prospecting highlight of marine natural gas hereafter. Oil cracking gas exploration will be paid much attention to in the Tarim Basin because of the lack of coal measure hydrocarbon source rock.     

Thermal cracking of n-octodecane and its geochemical significance

The mechanism of carbon isotopic fractionation for gaseous hydrocarbons is revealed by investigating the residual liquid hydrocarbons in laboratory pyrolysates of n-octodecane. The results indicate that cracking and polymerization in the relatively low temperatures and dispropor-tionation reactions leading to light hydrocarbons and pol-yaromatic hydrocarbons at high temperatures are probably causes for the carbon isotope reversal of gaseous hydrocarbons that is commonly observed in pyrolysis experiments. This study provides significant insight for quantitative modeling of natural gas δ13C values and aid in the identification and assessment of natural gases derived from oil cracking.     

Modeling and Simulation of Skid-mounted LNG Plants Using HYSYS Software

This study presents three kinds of skid-mounted plants, including single mixed refrigerant cycle （MRC）, nitrogen expander cycle, and natural gas （NG） Claude cycle. Hysys simulation shows that single MRC is the most efficient cycle among the three. The specific power of single MRC liquefiers is 1 485 k.l/kg, 15% higher than that of large liquefaction process. Considering the recovery of stranded-gas, commercial analysis suggests that the initial cost of LNG plants ranging from 1 to 100 ms/day can be paid back in 2 to 4 years.     

Explicit analytical solutions of axisymmetric laminar natural convection along vertical tubes

There are many natural convection processes in various fields, and it is still valuable to investigate the fluid dynamics and heat transfer of natural convection. The analytical solutions are meaningful in both theoretical investigation and practical applications. Specially, they can be used as the benchmark solutions to check the numerical solutions and to develop numerical differencing schemes, grid generation methods and so on. Two explicit analytical solutions of axisymmetric steady laminar natural convection along a vertical tube with porous wall and between two vertical concentric tubes are derived for better understanding of the flow and heat transfer as well as promoting the computational fluid dynamics and computational heat transfer.     

A discussion on gas sources of the Feixiansuan Formation H2S-rich giant gas fields in the northeastern Sichuan Basin

In recent years several H2S-rich oolite giant gas pools have been discovered in the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation of the northeastern Sichuan basin, and their explored gas reserves have been over 5000×10^8 m^3. However, gas sources remain unsolved due to multiple source horizons with high maturity in this area and TSR alterations. By integrating analytical data of natural gas samples with conprehensive investigations on many factors, such as oil-gas geology, distribution and evolution of source rocks, charging and adjustment of gas pools, mixture of natural gases and secondery alterations, the present study concluded that the dominant source for the Feixianguan Fr. gas pools is the Permian Longtan Fr. source rock and secondly the Silurian Longmaxi Fr. source rock. Natural gases from the various gas pools differ genetically due to the matching diversity of seal configurations with phases of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion by different source rocks, among which natural gases in Puguang Gasfield are dominated by the trapped gas generated from the Longtan Fr. source rock and commingled with the gas cracked from the Silurian crude oil, while those in Dukouhe, Tieshangpo and Luojiazhai Gasfields are composed mainly of the Silurian oil-cracking gas and commingled with the natural gas derived from the Longtan Fr. source rock.     

Stability of stratified flow and slugging in horizontal gas-liquid flow

A transient one-dimensional two-fluid model is proposed to investigate numerically the interfacial instability and the onset of slugging for liquid-gas flow in a horizontal duct. In the present model, the effects of surface tension and transverse variations in dynamic pressure are taken into account. The evolution of interfacial disturbances is displayed and compared with the linear viscous Kelvin-Helmholtz stability analyses. It shows that interfacial wave is more instable due to the non-linear effect. The model predicts well the stability limit of stratified flow in comparison with the experimental data, and also automatically tracks the onset of slugging. The results show that the initiation of hydrodynamic slugging is related to local interfacial instability. Based on the cycle of slugging, a model for slug frequency is presented, which predicts the trends of slug frequencies with gas/liquid flow rate well in comparison with the available data. The effects of physical properties on slugging have been examined. It is found that with the increase in the gas viscosity and liquid density the slugging would be inhibited, whereas, with the increase in liquid viscosity and gas density, the slugging can be promoted.     

Large eddy simulation of a particle—laden turbulent plane jet

Gas-solid two-phase turbulent plane jet is applied to many natural situations and in engineering systems.To predict the particle dispersion in the gas jet is of great importance in industrial applications and in the designing of engineering systems.A large eddy simulation of the two-phase plane jet eas conducted to in-vestigate the particle dispersion patterns.The particles with Stokes numbers equal to 0.0028,0.3,2.5,28(corresponding to particle diamster 1μm,10μm,30μm,100μm,respectively)in Re=11300 gas flow were strudied.The simulation results of gas phase motion agreed well with previous experimental results.And the simulation results of the solid particles motion showed that particles with different Stokes number have dif-ferent spatial dispersion;and that particles with intermediate Stokes number have the largest dispersion ratio.     

Study on the HPHT synthetic diamond crystal from Fe-C（H） system and its significance

Investigations of crystal habit, micro-topographic imaging, micro-composition and micro-structural analysis of HPHT synthetic diamonds from the Fe-C（H） system indicate that most of them have an octahedral habit. The crystals grow mainly layer-to-layer from center to periphery. HPHT synthetic diamond is smaller in size than natural diamond because it only goes through nucleation and growth in the early stage. In the middle and late stages, due to the coalescence of diamond grains related to differences of surface energy, the growth of HPHT synthetic diamond is limited. The active energy （E） of transforming single nitrogen into a nitrogen-pair is lowered and the time of transforming single nitrogen into a nitrOgen-pair is shortened because of the existence of hydrogen. Therefore, aggregate nitrogen （A-centers） may exist in synthetic diamond from HPHT and explosive detonation processes. It needs further discussion on a worldwide view that the time of natural diamond formation extracted from nitrogen aggregation is some hundred million years. Consideration of the way in which surface energy influences the growth of diamond can help to understand some of the remaining issues （e.g. growth mechanism, etc.） in the HPHT synthetic process and effectively explain the formation of natural diamond in terms of HPHT thermodynamic theory. Especially, it is important to pay more attention to the influence of hydrogen on surface energy in that hydrogen may be a ＂bridge＂ for explaining the formation of HPHT synthetic and natural diamond.     

自然对流气体的摆特性与浮升力

发现了密闭腔中自然对流气体有摆现象。论证了自然对流气体的浮升力及其与温度变化的关系,指出利用在浮升力作用下自然对流气体的摆特性能敏感加速度和倾角。     

自然对流边界层非线性稳定性问题的实验研究

自然对流边界层的稳定性由浮力振型失稳开始,并随着浮力振型的湍流化进入非线性阶段,与此同时,无粘性振型在外层开始失稳.实验结果表明,修正格拉斯霍夫数(Grashof)G>100时,浮力振型破碎并在最大速度点附近形成湍流层;当G>170时,外层无粘性振型湍流化而近壁层的粘性不稳定性开始失稳,形成中层-外层-内层三种流动不稳定机制此消彼长的发展过程.     

多孔介质内自然对流传热传质研究

该文研究了含内热源圆柱形多孔介质内不均匀温度分布产生的浮力效应引起的自然对流。给出了以流函数表示的无量纲基本方程,用控制容积法对方程离散并进行了数值计算,得到了多孔介质内的流场、温度场和浓度场,讨论了瑞利数Ｒａ和刘易斯数Ｌｅ对多孔介质传热传质的影响。     

竖直加热平板自然对流边界层的浮力不稳定性

详细研究了自然对流边界层中最早失稳的浮力振型的功率谱,波长,波速与临界层位置等基本特征和它为主导其他振型尚未失稳时按线性理论得到的3种相互独立振型的振幅分布。系统地测量了它所对应的温度和速度涨落的振幅增长规律和中性曲线,实验结果表明,温度涨落的中性曲线在低格拉斯霍夫（Grashof)数Gr时有环状封闭曲线,随后是和数值计算结果相似的鼻部,至修正格拉斯霍夫数G＞100时,浮力振型迅速衰减,无粘性振型成为主导振型,特征曲线中由3种相互独立的特征解组成的3个峰形曲线的特征不复存在。     

浮升力在竖直通道湍流中的作用

采用直接数值模拟方法研究了在不同湍流引发机制作用下竖直槽道湍流中统计量的变化以及湍流结构的变化,分别给出了强迫对流、混合对流和自然对流湍流时平均速度、平均温度、湍流脉动强度、雷诺切应力的统计结果以及湍流结构.结果表明:与强迫对流时相比,混合对流时浮升力作用使高温侧的平均速度升高,速度脉动强度降低,而低温侧的平均速度降低,速度脉动强度升高;浮升力使温度脉动强度在壁面附近区域显著增强,而在通道中心区域变弱.与强迫对流和混合对流的情况相比,自然对流的平均速度分布关于通道中心线反对称,通道中间区域的速度脉动强度最大,温度脉动强度则最小;雷诺应力最大值出现在通道中心区域,而负的雷诺应力产生在壁面附近.     

具有截面自然对流通道内湍流换热的直接数值模拟

对矩形管道内具有稳定自然对流的充分发展湍流换热进行了直接数值模拟，湍流雷诺数如和普朗特数Pr分别为400和0．71，格拉晓夫数Gr为10^4、10^5、10^6和10^7．分析了管道截面上雷诺应力对主流平均速度、截面流速以及截面平均温度的影响．结果表明：在Gr较小时，湍流雷诺应力的作用使截面的平均换热系数增大；在Gr为10^7时，浮升力的作用增强，但湍流产生的雷诺应力使自然对流的作用减弱．因此，与层流相比，在Gr相同时，湍流的管道截面平均换热系数反而减小．     

固定汽泡周围的温度场分布

为估计M arangon i对流和自然对流对汽泡周围流场的影响,对加热面朝上和朝下的不同大小和过冷度的汽泡周围温度场进行了测量。通过比较测量所得温度场和带N av ier-S tokes方程的数值模拟结果可知,在完全没有浮升力时,M arangon i流会使得流场呈现一个向下的类似于射流的形状,但有了浮升力,向下的流动会立刻转向上,在加热表面附近形成涡流。即使加热面朝下,这种浮升力引起的自然对流依然影响整个流场,以至于这个系统不能很好地表现在微重力条件下的汽泡周围的流场。     

脉管制冷机内自然对流影响的数值分析

通过对脉管内自然对流的数值模拟,在相同的冷、热端温度条件下,研究重力的方向对脉管内自然对流的流场、温度场及脉管内热交换的影响,并进行了对比分析。采用二维圆柱坐标,引入Boussinesq假设,计算稳态的自然对流。计算表明,冷端在下（冷面朝上）时,自然对流对脉管内的换热有抑制的作用,有利于保持两端的温差,从而使得在冷端与冷端温度相同、热端与热端温度相同的情况下,冷端在下时端部所需的导热量是冷端在上时的31％。这一结论与实验测试结果一致。所做的理论分析对脉管制冷机的良好运行有指导意义。     

关于单摆实验最大摆角的讨论

在利用单摆测重力加速度实验中,有复摆、空气浮力、空气阻力、摆角等多种误差因素。最大摆角的选择应将这些因素综合起来分析,否则将有失偏颇。在一种普通的实验方案下,本文针对两种情况,借助Mathematica软件,计算出了最大摆角的值。     

单摆测重力加速度的修正公式

本文考虑了摆角的大小。摆线的质量，摆球的质量分布及空气的浮力等因素后，对单摆测重力加速度g的计算公式作出了修正．