1,1,1,2—四氟乙烷的合成研究

１，１，１，２－四氟乙烷（ＣＦ３ＣＨ２Ｆ，ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ）作为氟氯烃（ＣＦＣｓ）无污替代物广泛应用于致冷，发泡及气溶胶等行业，该文叙述了ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ的合成路线，通过对四氯乙烯（ＰＣＥ）合成路线及三氯乙烯（ＴＣＥ）合成路线的比较，选择以ＴＣＥ为原料，经过中间体１，１，１－三氟－２－氯乙烷（ＨＣＦＣ－１３３ａ）两步气相氟化合成ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ的线路。     

用HFC 32／HFC 125／HFC 134a替代HCFC 22的理论计算与分析

选用ＣＳＤ状态方程、合适的混合法则及其相互作用系数，对替代ＨＣＦＣ－２２的三元混合工质ＨＦＣ－３２／ＨＦＣ－１２５／ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ进行了热力性质计算误差分析表明计算结果达到一定的精度，在此基础上进行了理论循环计算、分析和比较．所有计算均编制程序在计算机上进行     

HFC－134a水平管内对流换热实验研究

本文对ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ水平管内单相对流换热进行了实验研究．用实验所获数据与常用换热关系式进行了比较，计算结果表明Ｐｅｔｕｋｈｏｖ和Ｔａｋａｍａｔｓｕ关系式与实验数据吻合较好．本文最后用实验数据拟合出一个ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ管内单相对流换热关系式，在给定的范围内，其算术平均误差为０．１６４％．绝对平均误差为４．９６８％．     

新一代长期绿色环保制冷剂——THR02

为保护臭氧层，《蒙特利尔议定书》规定ＣＦＣ－１２为首批禁用物质，因此，寻找其替代物的工作日益紧迫。针对目前各种替代物的不足之处，运用多目标决策分析方法，筛选出一种新的绿色环保制冷剂“清华２号”（ＴＨＲ０２），其热物理性能和循环参数与ＣＦＣ－１２非常接近，并进行了压缩机、润滑油和冰箱的性能试验以及循环的变工况模拟分析。结果表明ＴＨＲ０２具有以下特点：不破坏臭氧层，温室效应低，不燃无毒，适用于原制冷系统、压缩机与冷冻油，热工性能好，可直接灌注，长期替代ＣＦＣ－１２，且可进一步替代ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ。     

环保型冷冻机油

该项目通过优化工艺条件，用工业原料合成出不同粘度的酯类和聚醚类的冷冻机润滑油基础油，筛选出压缩机润滑油配方和添加剂，制备出与新型制冷剂ＨＦＣ—１３４ａ配套使用的环保型压缩机润滑油，适用于家用冰箱、家用空调和汽车空调等冷冻机的使用，为工业化生产提供了技术依据。     

HFC－134a和CFC－12水平管内流动沸腾换热系数的实验比较

对ＨＦＣ１３４ａ和ＣＦＣ１２水平管内流动沸腾换热进行了实验研究．在实验工况范围内，ＨＦＣ１３４ａ比ＣＦＣ１２的沸腾换热系数高３２％～４３％；流量对ＨＦＣ１３４ａ与ＣＦＣ１２水平管内流动沸腾换热系数之比的影响较大，干度和热流密度对其影响相对较小     

HFC－134a状态方程的比较

本文论述了ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ状态方程的发展，对几个重要的方程式与实验数据进行了比较，发现Ｐｉａｏ方程式是工况范围内最佳关系式．     

新型共沸混合工质HFC134a／HFC152a在冰箱上的应用

提供了在冰箱上应用新型共沸混合工质ＨＦＣ１３４ａ／ＨＦＣ１５２ａ的热力学分析和实验研究。相平衡计算表明，新制冷剂是一种共沸混合物，热力学分析和实验研究表明，新型共沸混合工质ＨＦＣ１３４ａ／ＨＦＣ１５２ａ与原制冷剂ＣＦＣ１２相比有着相似的热工性能，在合适的成分下，有一定的节能效果。文中还对新型共沸混合工质ＨＦＣ１３４ａ／ＨＦＣ１５２ａ应用于冰箱时可能存在的可燃性和充灌问题进行了讨论。     

HFC－32／HFC－134a在毛细管内流动的计算机模拟及分析

对非共沸混合工质ＨＦＣ－３２／ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ在毛细管内的流动状态进行了分析．从毛细管内流体流动的基本方程出发，结合非共沸二元工质的特性，应用混合法则分析了非共沸混合工质的节流过程．建立数学模型并求得在不同压差条件下的毛细管最佳长度．     

HFC-32/HFC-134a和HCFC-22在水平管内的强制对流沸腾换热特性

进行了非共沸混合制冷剂ＨＦＣΑ３２／ＨＦＣΑ１３４ａ和纯制冷剂ＨＣＦＣΑ２２在水平管内的强制对流沸腾换热实验．ＨＦＣΑ３２的质量分数为０．１０、０．２５和０．４０，热流密度为６、１２、１８、２４、３６、４８和６０ｋＷ／ｍ２，质量流量为１０、１５、２２、３０和４６ｇ／ｓ，实验段进口压力保持为０．４ＭＰａ．实验结果表明在质量流量大于２２ｇ／ｓ时，ＨＦＣΑ３２／ＨＦＣΑ１３４ａ的换热系数与ＨＣＦＣΑ２２相当．实验对混合制冷剂的强制对流蒸发换热退化、核态沸腾抑制和环状流周向壁温分布等现象进行了分析．采用Ｊｕｎｇ关系式的预测值与本文实验结果比较，吻合较好     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

<正>~~     

Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

Features of Women''s language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

英文诗歌中的喻类修辞

为了有助于提高英文爱好者的个人情操、文化素养和学习兴趣,以及专业人员对英语学习和研究进行多途径的探索,本文通过一些精选诗歌的引证和分析,着重论述了喻类修辞法在英文诗歌中的运用其及效果。     

Man Is Unable to Change the Miserable Life——Analysis of the Arrangement of Four Characters in The Glass Menagerie

Tennessee Williams is considered as one of the most important American playwrights since World War II.The Glass Menagerie is his first successful drama,which describes a tragic situation of family and means to say that Man is unable to change the miserable life,no matter whatever means he try,This essay focuses on the analysis of the arrangement of the four main characters:Laura.Amanda,Jim and Tom to reveal the theme.Laura is fragile.Amanda is brave.Jim is vital.Tom is sensible.And all of them develop and try the different means to struggle against life,but fail tragically.With the evidence,the paper comes to conclusion naturally that Man is unable to change the miserable life,and he dooms to fail.     

Characterization of root-nodulating bacteria on Retama raetam in arid Tunisian soils

The aim of this study is to investigate the diversity of Retama raetam root-nodule bacteria isolated from arid regions of Tunisia. Twelve isolates, chosen as representative for different 16S rRNA gene patterns, were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phenotypic analysis. Isolates were assigned to Sinorhizobium, Rhizobium and Agrobacterium. Symbiotic properties of Sinorhizobium and Rhizobium isolates showed a large diversity in their capacity to infect their host plant and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Strain RK 22 identified as Rhizobium was the most effective isolate.     

An Affordable Accurate Evaluation of the Binding Conformations Predicted by Molecular Docking Studies in Bio-System

正Recently,docking has been widely used to predict the binding-modes of protein-inhibitors,when the crystal complexes structure was absent.Most docking algorithms are able to generate a large number of probable conformations,it,however,is difficult to effectively evaluate these docking poses and identify the most reasonable bindingmode.In the present study,on the basis of the crystallographic data of human 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme