加氢热解煤焦的二氧化碳和水蒸气气化特性

采用热重分析仪研究了云南玉溪煤和新疆准东煤的加氢热解煤焦二氧化碳气化反应性,考察了成焦压力、停留时间及气氛对煤焦气化反应性的影响,并利用均相模型计算了各煤焦的非等温气化动力学参数。采用实验室固定床反应器,研究了上述两种煤加氢热解煤焦的水蒸气气化特性,考察了成焦气氛对煤焦气化速率和气体产物组成的影响。热重气化实验表明,准东煤焦的气化反应性明显好于玉溪煤焦,前者的反应活化能远小于后者的反应活化能;无论哪种煤,加氢热解煤焦的气化反应性随加氢过程碳转化率的增大呈下降趋势;在相近的碳转化率下,加氢热解煤焦的气化反应性明显好于氮气气氛热解所得煤焦。在水蒸气气化的情况下,准东煤焦的气化反应性同样好于玉溪煤焦。总体上准东加氢热解煤焦的产氢率相比氮气气氛热解所得煤焦有所增加,不过对于这两种煤焦,随着气化温度提高,H2与CO的物质的量之比均逐渐接近于热力学平衡所得的计算值。     

煤焦-CO_2高温气化反应特性的实验研究

利用STA409PC综合热分析仪以等温法研究煤焦-CO2高温气化反应,考察了煤种、气化温度及气流速度对煤焦气化反应的影响,并对其动力学参数进行了求算.实验结果表明:当气化温度低于煤焦灰熔点温度时,煤焦的碳转化率和反应速率峰值随气化温度的升高而增大,当气化温度高于煤焦的灰熔点温度时,煤焦的碳转化率和反应速率变化十分缓慢,甚至有下降的趋势;不同煤种的气化反应动力学参数有很大的差异,鞍钢煤焦和本钢煤焦的活化能均为140kJ/mol,阜新煤焦的活化能为70kJ/mol.当煤焦的气化反应温度高于煤焦的灰熔点温度时,扩散成为煤焦气化反应的主要限制环节,提高气流速度有利于煤焦气化反应的进行.     

煤焦催化气化中非均相反应动力学的研究

以神木煤焦为研究对象,在小型加压固定床上考察了不同气化剂(水蒸气、二氧化碳、氢气)、催化剂负载量、水蒸气分压、氢气分压和一氧化碳分压对碳转化率和气化反应速率的影响。结果表明,对于非均相的催化气化反应来说,反应速率顺序为C-H_2OC-CO_2C-H_2。H_2和CO不同程度地抑制煤焦水蒸气气化反应,CO的抑制作用明显大于H_2。在700℃,当添加5%的CO,碳转化率降低约50%。基于Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)方程,结合随机孔模型,同时考虑催化剂负载量及气化产物分压的影响,建立了煤焦催化水蒸气气化动力学模型,模型预测反应速率常数与实验值误差在10%以内,说明建立的动力学模型可以较好地模拟煤焦的催化水蒸气气化反应过程。     

加压热解煤焦的气化反应动力学研究

利用常压和加压热重的方法研究了我国典型煤种加压热解焦的CO_2气化反应特性和反应动力学,并引入分数维收缩核模型探讨反应级数与煤焦的表面结构特性的关系.实验结果表明:不同煤焦的CO_2气化反应速率的大小关系为小龙潭褐煤>神府烟煤坪寨无烟煤>合山贫煤.与常压热解煤焦的气化反应对比发现:加压热解降低了煤焦的反应性(高灰分的合山贫煤除外),加压热解煤焦的气化反应速率的峰位提前,同时起始气化反应速率减小.煤焦CO_2气化反应级数、速率常数与煤焦的表面结构特性及灰分密切相关.理论分析和实验均证明:煤焦比表面积越大,对应的CO_2气化反应级数也越大.     

用差热法研究平鲁煤焦的水蒸气加压气化动力学

用自行改造组装的多气氛高压高温差热分析装置研究了平鲁煤焦的水蒸气加压气化动力学。水蒸气分压为0.01,0.03,0.11和0.33MPa,最高反应温度为1450K.实验结果表明,反应温度对气化速率有显著影响;水蒸气分压对气化速率在低压时有明显影响;气化反应的活化能随转化率变化。与实验值基本吻合的计算值表明虑及压力和孔结构变化的动力学方程可以较好地描述平鲁煤焦在加压水蒸气中的气化行为。整个工作还表明,DTA技术也是研究煤气化动力学的一种有效手段。     

高炉熔渣中煤-CO2气化反应性的实验研究

利用STA409PC综合热分析仪以等温热重法对高炉熔渣中煤焦-CO2气化反应性进行了研究,主要考察了渣煤比、气化反应温度和煤种对气化反应的影响,并用反应速率方程法对其动力学参数进行求算.实验结果表明:煤焦的碳转化率、气化反应速率与渣煤比正相关;在煤焦的气化反应中,高炉熔渣具有一定的促进作用;在1673K以下,煤焦的碳转化率、气化反应速率峰值随温度的升高而上升,而当温度高于1673K后,煤焦的碳转化率、气化反应速率峰值随温度的上升呈现下降的趋势;不同煤种,其气化反应性有很大的差异,大同煤的气化反应性要好于阜新煤和焦炭;不同条件下,煤焦的气化反应动力学参数具有很大的差异,焦炭的表观活化能和指前因子随渣煤比的增大而升高,阜新煤的表观活化能和指前因子随渣煤比的增加先降低、后升高.     

高灰熔点煤气化特性的实验研究

研究高灰熔点煤气化特性,以水煤浆为气化原料,在沉降炉内进行了我国典型高灰熔点煤老矿中煤气化反应的实验研究.考察了气化温度和O/C摩尔比对合成气组分、碳转化率和冷煤气效率的影响.结果表明,在相同O/C摩尔比条件下,有效合成气体积分数、碳转化率及冷煤气效率随气化温度的升高而升高.在气化温度相同的条件下,随着O/C摩尔比的增加,CO2的体积分数和碳转化率随之增大,而冷煤气效率呈现出先增大后减小的趋势.在实验条件下,老矿中煤的最佳O/C摩尔比为0.90~1.05.     

煤焦气化影响因素及其反应特性研究进展

从反应影响因素、反应模型和反应过程中煤焦结构的变化方面,对煤焦气化研究现状进行了综述.在讨论煤焦颗粒大小、气化剂、矿物质含量、温度、压力、变质程度和显微组分含量影响因素的基础上,进一步分析了煤焦与CO2和水蒸气气化反应的均相、缩核、混合、活化能分布和平行反应模型,最后对气化反应过程中煤焦结构的变化进行了归纳总结.煤焦的气化反应特性不但取决于原煤的性质,还取决于气化介质、气化温度与压力.随温度升高,温度逐渐成为决定煤焦气化反应速率的主要因素.缩核模型和平行反应模型在煤焦气化反应动力学的研究中广泛应用.     

煤焦加压Boudouard反应动力学

将3种不同变质程度煤于1173K下制成煤焦,在PBBR装置上于1073～1223K温度和0.29～2.47MPa下进行煤焦Boudouard反应试验。提高反应温度和压力均能使煤焦的基碳转化率和平均比气化速率增大,且显示温度的影响大于压力。随着原煤变质程度加深,其煤焦的气化活性减小。未反应芯表面反应模型能较好描述此气化过程,并可计算出反应动力学参数。活化能,频率因子和反应级数。用Na_2CO_3和K_2CO_3作催化剂能明显加速官地煤焦与CO_2气化反应速率,并显著降低其反应活化能,且K_2CO_3的催化效果大于Na_2CO_3。     

生物质与煤共气化制取氢气的试验

采用单一流化床二步气化方法,在流化床中用纯水蒸汽做气化剂进行生物质与煤共气化制取氢气的工艺试验.研究了反应温度、生物质与煤的质量比值、水蒸气和生物质的质量比值m(S)/m(B)等参数对产氢量的影响,同时考察不同工作条件下的焦油质量浓度.通过对气体成分和产率的试验分析计算出氢气的实际产量和最大产量.试验结果表明,反应温度和水蒸气量是提高氢气实际产量以及潜在产量的重要参数.当反应温度区间在950～1 000 ℃,m(S)/m(B)为0.9,生物质与煤的质量比值为4/1时,每千克无灰干基生物质和煤的实际产氢量为68.25 g,潜在产氢量最大值可达138.01 g.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

正~~     

An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.     

Tracking data management using topology of moving object database system for moving object constrained trajectory in LBS application

Advances in wireless technologies and positioning technologies and spread of wireless devices, an interest in LBS (Location Based Service) is arising. To provide location based service, tracking data should have been stored in moving object database management system (called MODBMS) with proper policies and managed efficiently. So the methods which acquire the location information at regular time intervals then, store and manage have been studied. In this paper, we suggest tracking data management techniques using topology that is corresponding to the moving path of moving object. In our techniques, we update the MODBMS when moving object arrived at a street intersection or a curved road which is represented as the node in topology and predict the location at past and future with attribute of topology and linear function. In this technique, location data that are corresponding to the node in topology are stored, thus reduce the number of update and amount of data. Also in case predicting the location,because topology are used as well as existing location information, accuracy for prediction is increased than applying linear function or spline function.